家蚕杆状病毒bro-d基因缺失对病毒基因转录和细胞凋亡的影响

家蚕核型多角体病毒(Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus,BmNPV)bro (baculovirus repeated ORF)-d基因普遍存在于多种感染鳞翅目昆虫的多角体病毒基因组中,是杆状病毒中一类重复开放阅读框序列.为了解bro-d基因在病毒感染过程中的作用及其与宿主细胞凋亡之间的关系,本研究利用Red重组技术敲除BmNPV基因组中的bro-d基因,构建基因缺失型病毒bro-d-ko-Bacmid,并将该缺失型病毒转染家蚕BmN细胞,利用qRT-PCR技术检测bro-d基因的缺失对病毒基因组复制、转录水平以及抑制凋亡蛋白2基因(inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2,iap2)的影响.结果显示,bro-d基因缺失后会导致病毒基因组的复制水平显著下降(P＜0.05),同时病毒的早期基因lef-3、晚期基因vp39和极晚期基因p1O的转录水平也都显著下降(P＜0.05);iap2的转录水平显著下调(P＜0.05).在bro-d基因缺失型病毒的复制水平明显低于野生型病毒的情况下,仍会导致细胞活力显著下降(P＜0.05);bro-d基因缺失引起细胞B淋巴细胞瘤-2(B-celllymphoma-2,Bcl-2)蛋白含量明显低于野生型病毒,而Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2 assaciated X protein,Bax)含量显著高于野生型病毒(P＜0.05),进而导致细胞凋亡水平上升.结果表明,bro-d基因不仅对病毒各时期基因表达水平具有调控作用,也可通过调控iap2的表达进而调控宿主细胞的凋亡水平.研究成果为深入了解bro-d基因在病毒感染过程中的功能提供了基础资料,也为通过延长宿主细胞寿命、提高目的蛋白表达产量来进行杆状病毒表达载体的改造提供了新思路.     

瞬时表达葡萄病毒A外壳蛋白基因对烟草中病毒转录的影响

为验证葡萄病毒基因在模式植株上瞬时表达对接种宿主中病毒复制与感病症状的影响,本研究以一株鲜食葡萄无核王子混合感染葡萄病毒A(GVA)的不同变异株为试验材料,克隆其中一个变异株的外壳蛋白基因的部分核酸序列。在p BI121质粒35S启动子后插入具有发夹结构的外壳蛋白基因片段并转化农杆菌EHA105。农杆菌瞬时浸润本氏烟叶片5 d后,以摩擦接种GVA侵染性克隆的体外转录物作为处理组,只单独接种病毒侵染性克隆体外转录物的烟草作为对照组。结果表明,GVA体外转录产物接种30 d后,对照组植株系统叶表现黄化症状,而瞬时表达具有发夹结构的病毒外壳蛋白基因的处理组植株症状不明显,且系统叶上病毒基因的转录量相对较低,表明宿主叶片上瞬时表达病毒结构基因,可诱导植物产生抗病性,该结果为抗病葡萄种质的创制提供了一定的理论依据。     

断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合症的病理组织学观察

断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合症（PMWS）是由猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）引起的一种疾病。对来源于广西各区域15个猪场内经过PCR检测PCV2为阳性的PMWS病猪的器官组织进行病理组织学观察，结果显示：淋巴结和脾脏中的淋巴细胞明显减少，淋巴滤泡结构消失，其间有明显的组织细胞增生。脾小体结构不明显，有部分病例明显观察到嗜酸性细胞浸润；混合感染猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）的病例其淋巴结尚见有局灶性坏死区以及明显的充血；肺里支气管周围炎及间质性肺炎变化，肺泡壁Ⅱ型细胞肿胀，变圆，巨噬细胞数量增多，继发细菌性感染的病例在支气管内尚见有明显的嗜中性粒细胞浸润；肝细胞变性坏死．尤其在肝小叶区．见多核聚集现象；肾小管不同程度萎缩、坏死，间质明显水肿。     

杆状病毒AcMNPV orf59基因的克隆表达、抗体制备及亚细胞定位

用PCR方法从苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus,AcMNPV）基因组中扩增到orf59基因,插入原核表达载体pET-32a(+),构建pET-Ac59质粒,再将该质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21,在IPTG诱导下表达了分子量约为30kDa的融合蛋白。用纯化的表达产物免疫新西兰大白兔制备了多克隆抗体,应用该抗体检测了AcMNPV感染的昆虫宿主细胞（Sf9）中orf59基因的表达,结果显示：在感染后的细胞中有两条分子量分别约为38kDa和25kDa蛋白质带能与所制备的抗体发生特异性反应。间接免疫荧光分析发现：在病毒感染的晚期,Ac59蛋白同时存在于所感染宿主的细胞核和细胞质中。这些研究为下一步深入进行Ac59功能的研究奠定了一定的基础。     

猪瘟兔化弱毒株E2蛋白A/D抗原区基因的原核表达

通过RT—PCR扩增了编码猪瘟病毒兔化弱毒囊膜糖蛋白点E2基因；另行设计引物，扩增其中一段所编码的蛋白质抗原性好且适于在大肠杆菌(Eschedchia coli)中表达的基因(E2蛋白AID抗原区)，构建了不同的重组原核表达载体(pTH-E2来源于pThioHisB载体；pET—E2来源于pET-32a( ))，并对其表达特性进行了研究。将其分别转化到相应的宿主菌中，构建成2株重组工程菌(TOPE2含有pTH—E2；BL21E2含有pET—E2)。结果表明，两种重组菌都获得了高效表达，但BL21E2表达量明显高于TOPE2。另一重要发现是，在E2蛋白上，除了690～812位肽段，所选肽段在大肠杆菌中表达后，也能和抗猪瘟病毒高免血清反应。     

G418抗性筛选标记在板栗疫病菌中的应用

板栗疫病菌一低毒病毒系统．是一个优良的研究植物病原真菌致病和病毒一宿主相互作用分子机制的模型。随着研究的深入，原有的苯菌灵和潮霉素两个遗传转化筛选标记已不能满足研究需要。文章报道构建一个由构巢曲trpC启动子驱动的G418抗性Neo基因盒，并成功应用于板栗疫病菌的遗传转化研究。     

海洋双RNA病毒(MABV) VP2和VP3基因在昆虫细胞中的高效表达

海洋双RNA病毒(Marine birnavirus, MABV) 可引起多种海洋鱼贝的腹水病等病症。利用RT-PCR技术得到了MABV Y-6株系A片段的cDNA，进而克隆了病毒的外壳蛋白VP2e的抗原决定簇区642 bp片段(vp2e)和另一结构蛋白VP3编码区序列。通过转座作用构建了重组杆状病毒表达载体，在昆虫细胞中对VP2e 和VP3进行了表达。SDS-PAGE检测和薄层扫描表明，VP2e和VP3与增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescence protein, EGFP)融合蛋白表达量分别占整个昆虫细胞蛋白的15.8％和8.2％。用His Tag单抗和MABV病毒多抗对表达的VP2e融合蛋白进行Western blot检测，结果表明表达产物具有很好的抗原性。同样，用His Tag单抗和VP3多抗对表达的VP3融合蛋白进行的Western blot检测，证明融合蛋白表达正确，并且表达产物可溶，易于纯化。实验结果为该病毒结构蛋白和MABV疫苗研究提供了基础。关键词: 海洋双RNA病毒； VP2e; VP3; 杆状病毒表达系统; 表达纯化     

同源片段大小对板栗疫病菌同源重组频率的影响

低毒病毒／板栗疫病菌系统是一个具有独特优点的、崭新的研究病毒与宿主相互作用的模型系统。以同源重组为基础的基因打靶是研究基因功能和病毒与宿主相互作用分子机制的重要手段。为了研究在板栗疫病菌同源重组遗传操作中同源片段大小对同源重组频率的影响，利用一段5．4kb板栗疫病菌染色体DNA序列，构建了以潮霉素抗性基因为遗传转化筛选标记的3个同源双交换片段以及3个同源单交换质粒，分别转化板栗疫病菌EPl55原生质体，检测筛选同源重组转化子并计算发生同源重组频率。结果表明，在板栗疫病菌中3个同源双交换片段FHA1（1．7～2.0kb）、FHA2（1.0～1.2kb）和FHA3（0.5kb）的同源重组频率分别为3．73％、2。06％和0；3个同源单交换质粒pFHl（1．76kb）、pFH2（1．23kb）和pFH3（O．54kb）的同源重组频率分别为0.95％、0和0。这些结果为板栗疫病菌同源重组遗传操作中同源片段大小的设计提供了依据。     

牛白细胞介素18的原核表达及其生物学活性研究

将牛白细胞介素18(bovine interleukin-18,BoIL-18)的成熟蛋白基因亚克隆到原核表达载体pGEX6p-1中，并在宿主菌BL21（DE3）中进行表达；用BoIL-18在昆虫细胞中的表达产物制备的兔多克隆抗体作为一抗进行Western blot分析；采用亲和层析法，对表达产物进行纯化；利用MTT染色法研究重组BoIL-18（re BoIL-18）对牛外周血单核细胞(PBMC) 增殖的促进作用；采用双抗体夹心ELISA法研究reBoIL-18诱导脾淋巴细胞产生IFN-γ的情况；采用微量细胞病变抑制法检测reBoIL-18对VSV导致细胞病变的抑制作用。结果:得到了BoIL-18的高效表达产物，表达量为31.8％，Western blot 显示，在44KD处有一特异性条带；纯化后获得了纯度较高的reBoIL-18蛋白；纯化的BoIL-18对PBMC增殖具有明显的促进作用，并且能够促进IFN-γ的诱生和抑制VSV病毒的活性。     

棉铃虫核型多角体病毒ORF27基因的表达和细胞内定位

棉铃虫核型多角体病毒（HaSNPV）ORF27编码区全长768bp，编码255个氨基酸残基组成的多肽，预计分子量29.5kD。PCR扩增获得该基因，克隆到融合表达载体pGEX-4t-2中，表达蛋白分子量55.5kD，表达量约占细菌总蛋白的9.2%。割胶透析法纯化融合蛋白，免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体。再把该基因插入到转移载体pFastBacHTb，转化大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细胞，构建重组病毒；提取病毒基因组DNA，在Lipofectin介导下转染昆虫细胞Tn-5B1-4。表达蛋白分子量为32kD，表达量约占细胞总蛋白的2.9%。将ORF27在昆虫细胞中表达产物固定，免疫电镜法确定表达蛋白主要存在于细胞的细胞质中。ORF27基因表达及在细胞内定位为其进一步研究提供了基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.