Detection of haptoglobin in the high-density lipoprotein and the very high-density lipoprotein fractions from sera of calves with experimental pneumonia and cows with naturally occurring fatty liver

In addition to the lipoprotein-deficient d > 1.25 fraction, haptoglobin was detected in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and the very high-density lipoprotein (VHDL) fractions from sera of calves with experimental pneumonia and cows with naturally occurring fatty liver. It was not found in the chylomicrons, very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein fractions. Washing of the HDL fraction did not decrease the haptoglobin concentration. Transferrin and immunoglobulin G were immunoblotted to examine the possibility of contamination of the lipoprotein fractions by the d > 1.25 fraction. The two serum proteins were detected only in the d > 1.25 fraction, not in any lipoprotein fractions. The distribution pattern of haptoglobin in the lipoprotein fractions was distinct from that of serum albumin. Concentrations of haptoglobin in the HDL fractions from pneumonic sera were largely proportional to those in whole sera. Cholesteryl ester concentrations were decreased in sera from calves with pneumonia, as in cows with fatty liver. A protein immunologically related to hemoglobin was also detected in particular in the VHDL fractions from sera of both groups. These results suggest that haptoglobin or a complex with the hemoglobin-like protein may have a role or roles related to the lipid metabolism.     

饲粮添加脂肪酸钙对热应激肉牛生长性能和外周血淋巴细胞凋亡的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加不同水平脂肪酸钙对热应激肉牛生长性能、生理指标及外周血淋巴细胞凋亡的影响.试验选择30头体重相近[(450±10) kg]的西门塔尔杂交牛随机分为3组,每组10头,对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组分别在每头牛每天的基础饲粮中添加100和200 g脂肪酸钙,试验期39 d.结果表明,饲粮中添加脂肪酸钙对热应激肉牛的直肠温度和呼吸频率无显著影响(P＞0.05).与对照组相比,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的平均日增重分别提高了37.5％ (P ＜0.05)和20.8％ (P ＞0.05),料重比分别降低了24.38％ (P ＜0.05)和15.79％(P＞0.05).肉牛饲粮中中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和钙的表观消化率随脂肪酸钙添加量的增加而增加(P＞0.05),磷的表观消化率随脂肪酸钙添加量的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势(P＞0.05),饲粮中添加脂肪酸钙对粗蛋白质、粗脂肪的表观消化率无显著影响(P＞0.05).肉牛血清中三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)和甲状腺素(T4)的浓度随着脂肪酸钙添加量的增加呈现为先升高后降低的趋势(P＞0.05),其中Ⅱ组血清T3浓度与对照组相比提高了27.73％ (P ＞0.05),Ⅲ组血清T3浓度与对照组相比降低了4.5％(P＞0.05).肉牛血清中皮质醇的浓度随着脂肪酸钙添加量的增加而极显著升高(P＜0.01).饲粮中添加脂肪酸钙对肉牛血清中葡萄糖、尿素氮、总蛋白含量以及超氧化物歧化酶活性无显著影响(P＞0.05),Ⅲ组丙二醛含量极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).200 g脂肪酸钙添加量可以极显著降低热应激肉牛外周血淋巴细胞早期凋亡率(P＜0.01)、晚期凋亡率(P＜0.01)和总凋亡率(P＜0.01),但对外周血淋巴细胞周期和淋巴细胞比例(P＞0.05)无明显影响.综合各项指标,在热应激条件下,肉牛饲粮中适宜的脂肪酸钙的添加水平为每天每头100g.     

全株小黑麦干草对育成牛营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响

【目的】试验旨在研究全株小黑麦干草对育成牛营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响,为小黑麦干草在畜牧业中的合理使用提供数据参考。【方法】在相同的饲养条件下,选取10月龄、平均体重为（325.0±20.0） kg、健康、生理状态良好的荷斯坦育成牛30头,随机分为3组：对照组、Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,每组10头牛,每头为一个重复。对照组饲喂基础饲粮（苜蓿干草：小麦秸秆＝1：1）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别以全株小黑麦干草替代饲粮中50％（苜蓿干草：小麦秸秆：全株小黑麦干草＝0.5：0.5：1）和100％干草（100%全株小黑麦干草）,试验预饲期7 d,正试期66天。于正试期前后对每头牛称重,并每天记录采食量,计算平均日增重和料重比;正试期最后4 d采集粪便和饲粮样品,测定各营养物质表观消化率;正试期第66天晨饲前采集血液,晨饲后2 h采集瘤胃液,测定血清生化和瘤胃发酵指标。【结果】①各组育成牛体重、日增重均差异不显著（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组料重比显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。②Ⅰ组育成牛干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）和粗蛋白质（CP）表观消化率与对照组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,但极显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.01）;Ⅰ组牛中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）表观消化率显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.05）,且极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。③育成牛血清中葡萄糖（GLU）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、总蛋白（TP）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量在各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛血清白蛋白（ALB）浓度极显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组（P<0.01）;Ⅰ组牛血清尿素氮（UN）含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,但与Ⅱ组差异不显著（P>0.05）。④育成牛瘤胃pH、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量及乙酸/丙酸（A/P）在各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛瘤胃NH₃-N浓度显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,与对照组间无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛瘤胃微生物蛋白（MCP）含量显著低于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）。【结论】将育成牛粗饲料中50％的干草替换为全株小黑麦干草,对其血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵均具有一定的改善作用,且显著提高了饲粮中营养物质表观消化率。     

Serum Amyloid A and Haptoglobin Concentrations and Liver Fat Percentage in Lactating Dairy Cows with Abomasal Displacement

Background: There has been increased interest in measuring the serum concentration of acute phase reactants such as serum amyloid A [SAA] and haptoglobin [haptoglobin] in periparturient cattle in order to provide a method for detecting the presence of inflammation or bacterial infection.
Objectives: To determine whether [SAA] and [haptoglobin] are increased in cows with displaced abomasum as compared with healthy dairy cows.
Animals: Fifty-four adult dairy cows in early lactation that had left displaced abomasum (LDA, n = 34), right displaced abomasum or abomasal volvulus (RDA/AV, n = 11), or were healthy on physical examination (control, n = 9).
Materials and Methods: Inflammatory diseases or bacterial infections such as mastitis, metritis, or pneumonia were not clinically apparent in any animal. Jugular venous blood was obtained from all cows and analyzed. Liver samples were obtained by biopsy in cattle with abomasal displacement.
Results: [SAA] and [haptoglobin] concentrations were increased in cows with LDA or RDA/AV as compared with healthy controls. Cows with displaced abomasum had mild to moderate hepatic lipidosis, based on liver fat percentages of 9.3 ± 5.3% (mean ± SD, LDA) and 10.8 ± 7.7% (RDA/AV). [SAA] and [haptoglobin] were most strongly associated with liver fat percentage, r _s=+0.55 ( P < .0001) and r _s=+0.42 ( P = .0041), respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: An increase in [SAA] or [haptoglobin] in postparturient dairy cows with LDA or RDA/AV is not specific for inflammation or bacterial infection. An increase in [SAA] or [haptoglobin] may indicate the presence of hepatic lipidosis in cattle with abomasal displacement.     

Evaluation of serum cortisol, metabolic parameters, acute phase proteins and faecal corticosterone as indicators of stress in cows

To assess the validity of laboratory parameters in blood and faeces as indicators of stress in cows, concentrations of cortisol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin in serum, as well as corticosterone in faeces, were determined in two breeds of cattle (Alberes and Bruna dels Pirineus) under different systems of housing and feeding. Serum cortisol concentrations were markedly elevated in the Alberes group, probably because they were less habituated to human handling. Corticosterone concentrations in faeces were significantly increased in the Bruna dels Pirineus cattle on Alberes pastures. Concentrations of NEFAs and cholesterol were significantly elevated in the Alberes cows, indicating an adrenergic stimulus of lipolysis or the existence of nutritional stress. SAA concentrations were significantly higher in groups living in hardy conditions, whereas there were no significant differences in haptoglobin between the three groups.     

高脂饲粮和高碳水化合物饲粮对大鼠脂肪代谢的影响

本试验旨在以相同代谢能水平为基础,研究高脂饲粮和高碳水化合物饲粮对大鼠脂肪代谢的影响。选取48只8周龄雄性SD大鼠,随机分为3组,每组8个重复,每个重复2只。3个组分别饲喂高脂饲粮(HF组)、高碳水化合物饲粮(HC组)和对照饲粮(CON组),试验期9周。结果表明:1)与CON组相比,HF组、HC组大鼠的初重、末重、日增重均无显著差异(P0.05),日采食量极显著降低(P0.01),饲料转化效率极显著升高(P0.01)。2)各组大鼠的Lee’s指数、肾脏指数、胃指数、脾脏指数、肝脏指数无显著差异(P0.05)。3)与CON组和HF组相比,HC组大鼠血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01);与HC组和CON组相比,HF组大鼠血清葡萄糖含量极显著增加(P0.01),血清尿素氮含量极显著降低(P0.01)。与CON组相比,HF组和HC组大鼠肝脏甘油三酯含量极显著升高(P0.01),HF组大鼠肝脏总胆固醇含量极显著升高(P0.01)。4)与CON组相比,HF组和HC组大鼠肝脏磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸激酶(PEPCK)mRNA表达量极显著增加(P0.01);与CON组和HC组相比,HF组大鼠肝脏胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP1)mRNA表达量极显著增加(P0.01)。综上所述,相同代谢能水平下,HF组和HC组大鼠体重无显著增加。HC组大鼠血脂升高;HF组大鼠血清葡萄糖、肝脏总胆固醇含量升高,血清尿素氮含量下降。HF组和HC组大鼠肝脏甘油三酯含量升高,且通过肝脏PEPCK和SREBP1基因表达调控途径影响脂肪代谢     

马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料对肉牛瘤胃内环境及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料对肉牛瘤胃内环境及血清生化指标的影响.选择4头平均体重(455.00±19.50)kg的健康秦川杂交肉牛,随机分配到4×4拉丁方试验设计中.4组分别为:1)对照组,40％精料+60％玉米秸秆黄贮料;2)S25组,40％精料+45％玉米秸秆黄贮料+15％马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料;3)S50组,40％精料+30％玉米秸秆黄贮料+30％马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料;4)S75组,40％精料+15％玉米秸秆黄贮料+45％马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料.结果表明:各组肉牛平均日增重、干物质采食量和蛋白质摄入量均差异不显著(P＞0.05).S25、S50和S75组肉牛瘤胃液氨态氮浓度均高于对照组(P＞0.05),分别提高了58.96％、36.35％、26.17％.各组乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸比例及乙酸/丙酸、(乙酸+丁酸)/丙酸均无显著差异(P＞0.05).各组间血清总蛋白、尿素氮和葡萄糖含量均无显著差异(P＞0.05).由此可知,马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料替代部分玉米秸秆黄贮料能提高肉牛瘤胃液氨态氮浓度,对瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸含量和血清生化指标无影响.马铃薯淀粉渣和玉米秸秆混合青贮料可以替代肉牛饲粮中75％的玉米秸秆黄贮料.     

妊娠后期限饲对母羊肝脏功能及抗氧化的影响

本研究旨在评估母羊妊娠后期限饲对其肝脏功能及抗氧化性能的影响。试验选择平均体重为(52.82±2.72)kg的妊娠后期母羊(2~3胎次)36只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复2头羊。各组分别饲喂对照组日粮(代谢能:0.68 MJ/kg代谢体重/d)、处理1组日粮(代谢能:0.17 MJ/kg代谢体重/d)、处理2组日粮(代谢能:0.34 MJ/kg代谢体重/d),试验从妊娠90 d持续至140 d。结果:处理1组母羊肝脏脂肪含量较对照组和处理2组显著提高了288.03%和282.48%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,处理1组肝脏水分、灰分和蛋白质占比显著降低19.28%、44.32%和45.83%(P<0.05),但处理1组肝脏脂肪占比较对照组显著提高210.19%(P<0.05)。处理1组和处理2组血清非酯化脂肪酸含量较对照组分别提高199.94%和185.51%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,处理1组血清β-羟丁酸和肝脏甘油三酯含量显著提高392.45%和329.55%(P<0.05)。处理1组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和总抗氧化力活性较对照组显著提高103.32%、83.36%和75.85%(P<0.05),同时处理1组丙二醛含量较对照组和处理2组显著提高54.52%和67.31%(P<0.05)。结论:妊娠后期限制母羊采食量会导致肝脏重量和蛋白质含量下降,同时引起肝脏脂肪的积累,肝脏抗氧化功能失衡。     

油橄榄叶提取物对酒精性脂肪肝大鼠PP1-DNA-PK-USF1信号通路的干预作用

试验旨在探讨油橄榄叶提取物（olive leaf extract，OLE）防治酒精性脂肪肝（AFLD）的作用机制。将50只健康大鼠随机均分为5组：空白对照组，模型组，OLE高、中、低剂量组，除空白对照组外，其他各组均采用递增法灌胃食用乙醇24周，建立大鼠肝损伤模型，造模同时OLE高、中、低剂量组分别用OLE（1 000、500、250 mg/kg）进行灌胃治疗。利用生物显微技术观察肝脏组织结构的变化，全自动生化分析仪测定血脂水平，实时荧光定量PCR、Western blotting和酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测肝组织蛋白磷酸酶1（PP1）、DNA依赖的蛋白激酶（DNA-PK）、上游刺激因子1（USF1）mRNA水平和蛋白含量。结果显示，与空白对照组相比，模型组大鼠肝脏损伤程度明显加重，血清甘油三酯（TG）、游离脂肪酸（FFA）含量极显著升高（P<0.01）；肝脏PP1、DNA-PK、USF1水平和蛋白含量极显著升高（P<0.01）。与模型组相比，OLE干预后，肝脏病理改变明显减轻；血清TG、FFA含量显著或极显著降低（P<0.05；P<0.01）；肝脏PP1、DNA-PK、USF1 mRNA水平和蛋白含量显著或极显著降低（P<0.05；P<0.01）。结果表明，OLE可通过调节PP1-DNA-PK-USF1信号通路缓解肝脏脂肪变性，抑制AFLD的发展。     

Effect of various dietary fat supplementations on liver lipid and glycogen of high-yielding dairy cows in the peripartal period

In a model experiment, Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were fed on a corn-silage-based diet supplemented with 11.75 MJ NE1 per day of calcium soaps of palm oil fatty acids (CAS) or hydrogenated triglyceride (HTG) or without fat supplementation (control). All diets were fed to the cows over a period from 21 +/- 3 days (d) prior to the expected calving to d 100 +/- 5 postpartum. On d 25 (basal sample) and d 14 prepartum as well as on d 5 and 25 postpartum liver samples were collected by percutaneous biopsy. Total lipid content, fatty acid composition and glycogen of liver tissues were determined. At d 5 postpartum, both control and CAS cows had higher liver lipid (P < 0.05) and lower glycogen (P < 0.05) concentrations than cows in the HTG group. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were detected in liver fat content among the groups at d 14 prepartum or d 25 postpartum. The glycogen concentration slightly decreased in the liver of cows in each treatment group from d 14 prepartum to d 5 postpartum; however, this decrease was more intensive in both the control and CAS groups than in the HTG group. The variations in liver lipid concentrations were accompanied by significant changes in the proportion of C16:0, C16:1n-7, C18:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6 and C20:4n-6 fatty acids in the liver lipids. The results show that HTG supplementation exerted more advantageous effects on liver lipid and glycogen metabolism than did CAS supplementation.     

Effects of Different Ammonia Concentrations on Growth Performance,Immunity and Antioxidant Capacity of Beef Cattle

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different ammonia concentration on production performance, immunity and antioxidant capacity of beef cattle. In this study, 16 healthy Qinchuan cows with an initial weight of (220±5) kg were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates per group and 1 cattle per replicate.Treated with ammonia at concentrations of<5 (control), (15±3), (30±3) and (45±3) mg·m^-3, respectively. The advanced experiment period was 10 days and the formal period was 30 days. During the trial period, the production performance was recorded(ADG,ADFI and F/G), and serum samples were collected from the jugular vein at day 1, 15, 30. Then the biochemical indicators, immune globulin,cytokines and antioxidant enzymes activities were measured.The results showed as follows:1) Compared with the control group, average daily gain (ADG) significantly decreased when ammonia concentration was 30 mg·m^-3, and average daily feed intake (ADFI) was significantly decreased in all ammonia treatment groups (P<0.05), and feed∶gain (F/G) increased significantly when ammonia concentration was 15 and 30 mg· m^-3 (P<0.05). 2) The content of serum CRE、BUN、ALT、AST and LDH were significantly increased when the ammonia concentration was 45 mg·m^-3 (P<0.05), and the An content increased significantly in all ammonia treatment groups compared with the control group, indicating that ammonia exposure caused damage to liver and kidney function of cattle. 3) The immunoglobulin A (IgA) level was significantly reduced in each ammonia treatment group (P<0.05), the content of IgM was significantly decreased when the ammonia concentration was 30 and 45 mg· m^-3 (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in IgG content among the groups (P>0.05). Ammonia exposure significantly increased the levels of IL-6 at 30 and 45 mg·m^-3, and IL-4 content was significantly increased at 45 mg· m^-3 (P<0.05), IFN-γ content was significantly reduced at 30 and 45 mg· m^-3 (P<0.05), thus inducing an inflammatory response of beef cattle. 4) Ammonia exposure significantly decreased T-AOC activity at 30 and 45 mg· m^-3 and GSH-Px activity was significantly decreased at 45 mg· m^-3 (P<0.05), MDA content significantly increased at 30 mg· m^-3 (P<0.05);No significant difference was observed in the serum SOD and CAT activities in each group (P>0.05). In summary, this study suggested that excessive ammonia exposure reduced growth performance, impaired immunity and antioxidant capacity of beef cattle.     

Specific serum protein changes associated with primary and secondary Strongylus vulgaris infections in pony yearlings

The concentrations of haptoglobin, immunoglobin (Ig)G(T) and IgG were measured in the serum of four previously parasite-free pony yearlings following a single dose of 700 (Group H) or 200 (Group L) stage three Strongylus vulgaris larvae (L3) and following a reinfection with the same doses 34 weeks later. The results are compared with an uninfected control pony. The haptoglobin concentration increased during Weeks 1 to 6 and 14 to 17 after infection in the serum of the ponies receiving 200 L3, but in only one pony dosed with 700 L3 (during Weeks 1 to 16). The serum haptoglobin also increased during the first seven weeks after the second infection, in three of the four ponies following the second dose of larvae. The serum IgG(T) concentration started to increase from Week 6 or 9 in the ponies given 700 L3, reaching peaks of 44 and 32 g/litre respectively, eight to nine weeks later, compared with a peak of 16 g/litre 20 to 22 weeks after infection in ponies dosed with 200 L3. The IgG(T) concentration increased to a maximum of 25 g/litre in the serum of only one of the four ponies after the reinfection. The serum IgG concentration in all ponies increased nearly twofold during the first eight weeks after both the primary and secondary dose of larvae. It is concluded that the measurement of specific proteins is more reliable and quicker than the electrophoretic separation and quantitation of protein bands, in tracing changes in serum proteins following the artificial infection of ponies with S vulgaris larvae.     

烟酸对高精料饲粮肥育肉牛生长性能及血清生化指标的影响

本文旨在研究高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对肥育肉牛生长性能、养分表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响。选择体况良好、体重(402.2±25.4)kg的杂交公牛[西门塔尔()×中国黄牛(♀)]24头,随机分成4组,每组6头牛。Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组在精料中分别添加200、400、600和800 mg/kg的烟酸(以干物质计),饲粮精粗比85∶15,试验期56 d。结果表明:补饲烟酸对干物质采食量没有显著影响(P>0.05),Ⅳ组的生长性能优于其余3组。Ⅳ组饲粮粗蛋白质、粗脂肪的表观消化率显著地高于其余3组(P<0.05),酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著地高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著地高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。烟酸水平对血清葡萄糖、甘油三酯和β-羟基丁酸的浓度无显著影响(P>0.05),Ⅳ组血清非酯化脂肪酸浓度极显著地高于其余3组(P<0.01)。结果提示,高精料饲粮中补饲烟酸可提高肥育肉牛生长性能和养分表观消化率,本试验条件下以精料中添加800 mg/kg的烟酸效果较好。     

不同氨气浓度对肉牛生产性能、免疫和抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究不同氨气浓度对肉牛生产性能、免疫和抗氧化能力的影响。选取16头初始体重为（220±5）kg的健康秦川母牛,随机分为4组饲养于4个环控舱内,每组4个重复,每头牛为1个重复。将氨气浓度分别设置为<5（对照组）、（15±3）、（30±3）和（45±3）mg·m^-3。预试期为10 d,试验期为30 d。试验期间记录生产性能（日增重、日采食量和料重比）,并于试验第1、15和30天颈静脉采集血清样本,检测肉牛血液生化指标、免疫球蛋白、细胞因子和抗氧化酶活性。结果表明：1）与对照组相比,氨气浓度为30 mg·m^-3时显著降低了肉牛平均日增重（ADG）,平均日采食量（ADFI）在所有氨气处理组均显著下降（P<0.05）,而料重比（F/G）在氨气浓度为15和30 mg·m^-3时显著上升（P<0.05）。2）氨气浓度达到45 mg·m^-3时显著增加了血清肌酐、尿素氮、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和乳酸脱氢酶含量（P<0.05）,而与对照组相比,血氨含量在所有处理组均显著增加,表明氨气暴露对肉牛的肝、肾功能造成了损伤。3）各氨气处理组均显著降低了免疫球蛋白A含量（P<0.05）,而免疫球蛋白M含量在氨气浓度为30和45 mg·m^-3时显著下降（P<0.05）,但免疫球蛋白G含量在各组间无显著差异（P>0.05）,白细胞介素6含量在氨气浓度为30和45 mg·m^-3时显著上升,而白细胞介素4含量在45 mg·m^-3时显著上升（P<0.05）,γ-干扰素含量在氨气浓度为30和45 mg·m^-3时显著降低（P<0.05）,表明氨气暴露引发了肉牛的炎症反应。4）氨气浓度在30和45 mg·m^-3时显著降低了血清总抗氧化能力,在45 mg· m^-3时显著降低了谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性（P<0.05）,丙二醛含量在30 mg·m^-3时显著增加（P<0.05）;但血清超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性在各处理组间无明显差异（P>0.05）。综上所述,过量氨气暴露降低了肉牛的生长性能,并对肉牛的免疫和抗氧化能力产生了不利影响。     

Decreases of apolipoprotein B-100 and A-I concentrations and induction of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in nonfed calves

Reduced feed intake near parturition is suggested to be one of the major causal factors for the development of fatty liver in cows, and nonfeeding has been used as an experimental model for fatty liver. In cows with fatty liver, concentrations of lipoprotein lipids and proteins are decreased. In addition, the acute-phase protein haptoglobin is induced. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the decrease of lipoprotein concentrations and the induction of acute-phase proteins were similarly reproduced by non-feeding. Holstein female calves (n=5) were nonfed for 3 days and thereafter refed. Serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid were initially increased by the nonfeeding, and followed by decreases in concentrations of cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 and apoA-I. The apoC-III concentration was not distinctly decreased. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A were induced during the nonfeeding and refeeding process. Haptoglobin was distributed in different proportions in the high-density lipoprotein, very high-density lipoprotein and the lipoprotein-deficient fractions, whereas almost all serum amyloid A was associated with the high-density lipoprotein fraction. These results suggest that the decreases in lipoprotein concentrations and induction of acute-phase proteins found in cows with fatty liver and those with fatty liver-related diseases such as ketosis are primarily due to the reduced feed intake near parturition.     

苜蓿草粉对肉兔脂质代谢和抗氧化性能的影响

本研究旨在探讨苜蓿草粉对肉兔脂质代谢和抗氧化性能的影响。采用随机区组试验设计将120只生长兔分为6组,即分别在日粮中添加0(对照组)、20%(试验Ⅰ组)、30%(试验Ⅱ组)、40%(试验Ⅲ组)、50%(试验Ⅳ组)和60%(试验Ⅴ组)的苜蓿草粉,试验期45 d。结果表明:①除试验Ⅴ组外,血液中的甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量随苜蓿草粉的增加而降低;②肝脏和肌肉中总胆固醇、甘油三酯含量随苜蓿草粉添加量的增加而降低,但只有肌肉中的总胆固醇含量在试验组间存在差异性,即试验Ⅳ组显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其余均不显著(P>0.05);③血清、肝脏及肌肉中超氧化物歧化物酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化酶含量随苜蓿草粉的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05)。提示,在肉兔日粮中添加40%~50%苜蓿草粉能起到降低肉兔血液和肌肉中总胆固醇含量,提高兔体抗氧化性能的作用。     

Effect of hens fed dietary flaxseed with and without a fatty liver supplement on hepatic,plasma and production characteristics relevant to fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens

1. Two long-term experiments were conducted with Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens (line UCD-003) predisposed to fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS). The first investigated the effect of adding a fatty liver supplement to the diet of laying hens prior to the onset of lay, and continuing either until peak production or throughout 39 weeks into lay. The second experiment, lasting 9 months into lay, investigated the effect of adding a fatty liver supplement, with or without 100 g/kg dietary ground flaxseed, to the diet. Body weight, feed intake, plasma triglycerides (in experiment 2) and egg production were measured throughout the experiment. Liver weight, liver fat content, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content and liver haemorrhage score and fatty acid content of liver fat (in experiment 2) were measured at the end of each experiment. 2. In experiment 1, hens given diets containing the fatty liver supplement had higher egg production and eggshell strength, but there was no difference in liver parameters including MDA content or haemorrhage score compared with controls. 3. At the end of experiment 2, hens on 100 g/kg flaxseed diets had lower body weight, liver weight, liver dry matter and fat content, and plasma triglyceride concentrations than hens given the control diets. 4. Liver haemorrhage score was positively correlated with liver weight, but not with liver fat content, plasma triglyceride concentration or liver MDA content. This suggests that reducing the liver lipid content or feeding fatty liver supplements may not be as effective in controlling FLHS as controlling the size of the liver.     

Clinicopathologic evaluation of hepatic lipidosis in periparturient dairy cattle

BACKGROUND: Fatty change of the liver (FCL) is very common in dairy cattle periparturiently. Many laboratory methods have been implicated in order to assist the diagnosis. HYPOTHESIS: To investigate whether FCL in dairy cattle could be evaluated by assessment of ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) by means of an assay modified for bovine serum, other enzyme activity, serum bile acids (SBA) concentration, or other biochemical constituents. ANIMALS: A total of 187 dairy cattle were included: 106 were suspected to have liver dysfunction and were examined after referral by veterinarians; 70 were clinically healthy with mild FCL; and 11 were clinically healthy without FCL. METHODS: Blood and liver biopsy samples were obtained after clinical examination. Histologic examination by light microscopy and classification of samples according to the severity of FCL was done, and total lipid and triglyceride concentration was measured. In serum, OCT, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) activity as well as SBA, glucose, ketones, total bilirubin (tBIL), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration were measured. RESULTS: OCT and AST activity and tBIL concentration correlate well with the degree of FCL. SBA concentration does not contribute well to FCL diagnosis. The majority of FCL cases appeared within the first 21 days-in-milk (DIM). The majority of moderate-to-severe and severe FCL cases arose in the first 7 DIM. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Except for OCT, AST, and tBIL, none of the biochemical tests used, including SBA, had sufficient discriminatory power to differentiate reliably between mild and severe FCL because of poor sensitivity. A weak correlation between clinical signs and the extent of FCL was evident.     

纳米氧化锌对育肥牛生产性能、血清指标和背最长肌肌内脂肪沉积相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究纳米氧化锌对育肥牛生产性能、血清指标及背最长肌肌内脂肪(IMF)沉积相关酶活性和基因表达的影响。选用16头西杂阉公牛(西门塔尔牛×本地黄牛),随机分2组,每组8个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(不添加锌),纳米氧化锌组在基础饲粮的基础上添加80 mg/kg锌(纳米氧化锌形式)。试验期为60 d。结果表明：1)与对照组相比,添加纳米氧化锌显著提高了育肥牛的平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低了料重比(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,添加纳米氧化锌极显著提高了血清游离脂肪酸、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、葡萄糖和胰岛样生长因子-Ⅰ含量(P<0.01),显著提高了胰岛素含量(P<0.05),极显著降低了葡萄糖/胰岛素比值(P<0.01)。3)与对照组相比,添加纳米氧化锌显著提高了背最长肌IMF含量和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)活性(P<0.05),极显著降低了激素敏感脂肪酶(HSL)活性(P<0.01),显著降低肉碱转移酶-1(CPT-1)和脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)活性(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,...     

瘤胃灌注不同来源淀粉对牦牛瘤胃发酵及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨瘤胃灌注不同来源淀粉对牦牛瘤胃发酵及血清生化指标的影响.选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、体况良好、体重相近[( 244±15) kg]的去势牦牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,对照组按照1.2倍维持能量水平饲喂单一燕麦草(未灌注淀粉),玉米淀粉组和抗性淀粉组分别在对照组的饲喂基础上瘤胃灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉900 g/d.试验分为3期,每期试验18 d(15 d预试期和3d采样期).结果表明:与对照组相比,灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉显著降低瘤胃pH(P ＜0.05),极显著降低瘤胃氨态氮含量(P＜0.01),灌注4h后显著提高瘤胃微生物蛋白质和挥发性脂肪酸含量(P＜0.05).在灌注后4和6h,玉米淀粉组和抗性淀粉组血糖含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),血清胰岛素、胰高血糖素和甘油三酯含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05),血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结果提示,瘤胃灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉,降低了牦牛瘤胃氨态氮含量,提高了微生物蛋白质和挥发性脂肪酸含量,提高了血糖含量,降低了血清尿素氮含量,说明牦牛能有效利用不同来源的淀粉.