日粮微量元素对基因表达的影响

微量元素作为动物生长发育及生产所需要的重要营养成分，既可作为代谢过程的底物和辅助因子，又可对许多编码基因的表达进行直接或间接的调控，作者综述日粮微量元素对基因表达的调控方式及途径，介绍铁、锌、硒、铜、铅等元素对部分基因表达的主要影响。     

精粗比对反刍动物采食行为及饲料利用的影响

适宜的精粗料比例是科学饲养反刍动物的基础,合理的精料投入及其与粗饲料的配比对优化反刍动物瘤胃环境具有潜在的益处。国内外学者对反刍动物营养物质消化代谢规律及影响因素作了不同侧面的研究,在我国现有饲草饲料条件下,既提高反刍动物的生产性能,又能改善动物产品质量,己成为目前我国反刍动物养殖业发展中亟需解决的问题。不同精粗比对反刍动物消化代谢有重要影响,适宜的精粗比对高效利用饲料、指导生产实践具有重大意义。     

Clinical use of dichlorvos (Nuvan) and trichlorfon (Neguvon) in the treatment of salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Compliance with the recommended treatment procedures

Veterinarians representing one third of the Norwegian fish farms were asked about the clinical use of dichlorvos and trichlorfon by use of a questionnaire. A total of 45 veterinarians had experience in treatment of salmon lice with these organophosphates. Fourty-nine percent of the veterinarians reported that the fish farmers in their region solely used the recommended treatment equipment when delousing the fish, of these 1/4 always oxygenated the treatment solution. Repeated treatment were always prescribed by 24% of the veterinarians, while 44% did this occasionally. Of the 45 veterinarians 7% were often present and 44% were occasionally present at the fish farms in connection with the treatment. The answers showed that compliance with the recommended treatment procedures was unsatisfactory.     

Pathogenesis of liver lesions caused by experimental infection with Piscirickettsia salmonis in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiologic agent of salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), or piscirickettsiosis, causes substantial economic losses to the salmon industry. The pathogenesis of the disease has not been fully characterized. The aim of this study is to describe the hepatic lesions associated with experimental P. salmonis infection in Atlantic salmon juveniles. Fish were maintained in fresh water and inoculated intraperitoneally (IP), orally, or on the gill surface with P. salmonis. A group of uninfected fish was kept as control. Liver samples from 5 fish in each inoculated group and 3 controls were collected weekly and processed for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Thickening of the liver capsule by inflammatory cells was a characteristic histologic feature of IP inoculated fish. Three weeks post-IP inoculation, 8 fish had died and 2 fish were sampled. Histological changes at this time consisted of vasculitis, presence of fibrin thrombi, vacuolated hepatocytes and focal areas of necrosis. Leukocytes containing intracytoplasmic basophilic microorganisms were seen within hepatic sinusoids. Vasculitis and intracytoplasmic vacuoles were prominent features in fish inoculated orally and on the gill surface. The presence of P. salmonis within hepatocellular vacuoles, endothelial cells, and leucocytes was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The intracellular location of P. salmonis and the vascular damage seen in infected fish are characteristic of rickettsial infections. Histological lesions induced by experimental infection with P. salmonis using the oral and gill surface routes were similar to those observed in natural outbreaks of piscirickettsiosis. The tropism of P. salmonis for endothelial cells explains the vascular lesions observed in SRS, whereas hepatic lesions are due to ischemic necrosis and direct injury by intracytoplasmic organisms.     

Influence of the composition of the ration and the feeding frequency on ph-regulation in the rumen and on feed in-take in ruminants

The author illustrates that a certain ratio between roughage and concentrates in the rations of dairy cows is necessary rather than depending exclusively on an increase of the amounts of concentrates for meeting the energy requirements at higher levels of production. In general, when lactation performance is high, merely the essential supply of concentrates entails a decrease of milk fat content, or, with an insufficient energy supply, the milk protein content drops. These relations are explained by a diagram on protein fermentation and bacterial protein synthesis.Higher feeding frequency allows higher intake of concentrates without a decrease of pH in the rumen. Hence the ratio of C₂:C₃ (acetic: propionic acid) in the rumen tends towards 3:1 instead of lower ratios, which prevents a decrease of milk fat content. The higher cellulolytic activity at the higher pH leads to higher intake of roughage. With automated systems for higher feeding frequencies it will be possible to increase milk production without decrease of milk fat content and other metabolic disorders. The better energy supply will lead to a better supply of microbial protein as well and therefore prevent a decrease in milk protein content.     

Effects of fructooligosaccharide-inulin on Salmonella-killing and inflammatory gene expression in chicken macrophages

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is one of the leading causes of food-borne salmonellosis, and macrophages play an essential role in eliminating this pathogen. Among the interventions to improve Salmonella clearance in chickens are the use of prebiotics and direct fed microbials (DFM) in animal feed as they have immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, we tested the influence of a prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (FOS)-inulin on the ability of the chicken macrophage HD11 cell line to phagocytose and kill SE, and express selected inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in an in vitro model. There were significantly fewer viable intracellular SE in HD11 cells treated with FOS-inulin than the untreated cells. However, SE phagocytosis, nitric oxide expression or production were not influenced by the prebiotic treatment. Among the inflammatory markers tested, IL-1β expression was significantly lower in HD11 cells treated with FOS-inulin. These results suggest that FOS-inulin has the ability to modulate the innate immune system as shown by the enhanced killing of SE and decreased inflammasome activation.     

摄食水平对黄颡鱼生长和饲料利用效率的影响

测定了饱食1/3、饱食2/3和饱食水平下黄颡鱼的生长和饲料利用情况。结果显示:①随着摄食水平上升,湿重、干重、脂肪、蛋白质和能量特定生长率显著上升,其中湿重特定生长率与摄食水平呈直线相关,干重、脂肪、蛋白质和能量特定生长率与摄食水平呈对数曲线相关;②饲料转化效率、蛋白质和能量储积率随摄食水平的上升而显著上升,但蛋白质和能量储积率在饱食2/3和饱食水平时差异不显著。     

DX多酶高蛋白生物饲料替代罗曼粉商品蛋鸡日粮中部分豆粕后对其生产性能的影响

应用DX多酶高蛋白生物饲料替代罗曼粉商品代产蛋鸡日粮中的部分豆粕,进行为期10周的田间试验,拟研究该产品对试验鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明:DX多酶高蛋白生物饲料对罗曼粉商品代产蛋鸡的生产性能及蛋品质具有改善作用,建议用量为5%。     

The effect of adding oral dexamethasone to feed alterations on the airway cell inflammatory gene expression in stabled horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction

BACKGROUND: Chemokine expression in airway epithelium and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is increased. HYPOTHESIS: For RAO-affected horses that are stabled and fed a pelleted ration, the addition of oral dexamethasone further improves pulmonary function and reduces inflammatory gene expression in pulmonary cells. ANIMALS: Twelve RAO-affected horses. METHODS: In a randomized cross-over experiment, the effect of feeding pellets in lieu of hay to stabled, RAO-affected horses was compared with the effect of feeding pellets and administering a 21-day decreasing dose regimen of oral dexamethasone on the expression (by kinetic polymerase chain reaction) of interleukin-8 (IL-8), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), IL-1beta, IL-6, and beta-actin in the BALF cells and of IL-8, CXCL2, 2 IL-1 receptor (IL-1R2), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the bronchial epithelium 2 days after the final dose. RESULTS: Both treatments reduced airway neutrophilia and breathing efforts but the addition of dexamethasone was associated with fewer treatment failures. Compared with feed changes alone, dexamethasone administration further reduced the expression of IL-8, CXCL2, and IL-1beta in the BALF cells 3.3-, 2.5-, and 4.7-fold, respectively. In the airway epithelium, both treatments were equally efficacious in reducing the expression of IL-8 and CXCL2 expression relative to pretreatment values, but either treatment failed to alter the expression of IL-1R2 and TLR4. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: For a rapid and consistent improvement in pulmonary function and a reduction in inflammatory gene expression of the BALF cells, a decreasing dose of oral dexamethasone in combination with feed alterations is more efficacious for horses that must remain stabled.     

Multiple route and dose pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in juvenile Atlantic salmon

The fluoroquinolone antibacterial family is a relatively recent group of bactericidal compounds, generally characterized by efficacy against a wide spectrum of bacterial organisms and exhibiting minimal adverse effects in treated patients. The fluoroquinolones are widely prescribed in both human and veterinary medicine, though in veterinary medicine in the USA there are currently only two approved compounds, enrofloxacin (Baytril®, Bayer Animal Health, Shawnee Mission, KS) and sarafloxacin (SaraFlox®, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL), both with limited species and disease label approvals. Currently, there are no approved fluoroquinolone antibacterials to treat bacterial infectious diseases in cultured fish species. Enrofloxacin was administered to juvenile Atlantic salmon as a single bolus via intraarterial (i.a.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), intramuscular (i.m.), or oral gavage routes of administration. The drug was administered via the first three routes to achieve a dose of 10 mg/kg, and via oral gavage to achieve both 10 (p.o.-10) and 5 (p.o.-5) mg/kg doses. Two-compartment model kinetics were observed with elimination of half-lives ( t _1/2) of 130.6, 34.32, 84.98, 105.11, and 48.24 h, area under the drug concentration-time curves ( AUC ) of 84.3, 75.31, 55.61, 41.68, and 38.81 μg·h/mL, and bioavailabilities ( F ) of 100, 89.34, 65.97, 49.44, and 46.04% (i.a., i.p., i.m., p.o.-10, p.o.-5, respectively). All administration routes at 10 mg/kg were found to yield comparable drug concentration–time curves for multiple tissue, indicating no distinct advantage of using one route over another from a kinetics perspective. Finally, the 5 mg/kg dose (p.o.-5) yielded comparable multiple tissue drug concentration–time curves to the 10 mg/kg dose (p.o.-10), providing pharmacokinetic evidence to justify therapeutic efficacy trials with the lower dose.     

苜蓿素对脂多糖诱导下奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症和乳蛋白合成相关基因表达的影响

为分析苜蓿素对脂多糖诱导下体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞抗炎和乳蛋白合成相关基因表达的影响,本研究将体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞分成4组,即基础培养基(对照)和基础培养基中分别加入1μg·m L-1LPS(L)、1μg·m L-1LPS+10μg·m L-1苜蓿素(L+T)和10μg·m L-1苜蓿素(T)。结果显示,1)与对照组相比,L组奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的活性显著下降(P0.05),而T组则显著升高(P0.01)。2)L+T组细胞的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于L组(P0.01),而一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)含量则显著低于L组(P0.01)。3)LPS能够显著升高细胞的白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、Toll样受体2(TLR2)、TLR4和髓样分化因子88(My D88)表达水平(P0.01),而添加苜蓿素能够显著降低IL-1β、TNF-α、TLR2和TLR4的表达水平(P0.01)。4)与对照组相比,T组细胞的酪氨酸激酶2(JAK2)、信号转导子和转录激活子5(STAT5)、雷帕霉素靶蛋白(m TOR)、真核细胞始动因子4E结合蛋白1(4EBP1)和核糖体S6蛋白激酶1(S6K1)表达量显著升高(P0.01),而碱性氨基酸转运载体1(CAT1)表达量显著降低(P0.01)。LPS能够显著降低细胞的CAT1、L型氨基酸转运载体1(LAT1)、STAT5、m TOR和4EBP1表达水平(P0.01或P0.05),而添加苜蓿素能够显著升高STAT5表达水平(P0.01)。结果表明,乳腺细胞在LPS刺激下,导致细胞内炎症因子基因表达升高和抑制乳蛋白合成相关基因的表达,而添加苜蓿素能够抑制乳腺细胞内炎症因子基因表达,但对乳蛋白合成的相关基因表达作用不明显;无LPS刺激下,添加苜蓿素能够提高乳腺细胞活性和促进乳蛋白合成相关基因的表达。     

Circulating leptin and its muscle gene expression in Nellore cattle with divergent feed efficiency

Background: Leptin has a strong relation to important traits in animal production, such as carcass composition,feed intake, and reproduction. It is mainly produced by adipose cells and acts predominantly in the hypothalamus.In this study, circulating leptin and its gene expression in muscle were evaluated in two groups of young Nellore bulls with divergent feed efficiency. Individual dry matter intake(DMI) and average daily gain(ADG) of 98 Nellore bulls were evaluated in feedlot for 70 d to determinate the residual feed intake(RFI) and select 20 animals for the high feed efficient(LRFI) and 20 for the low feed efficient(HRFI) groups. Blood samples were collected on d 56 and at slaughter(80 d) to determine circulating plasma leptin. Samples of Longissimus dorsi were taken at slaughter for leptin gene expression levels.Results: DMI and RFI were different between groups and LRFI animals showed less back fat and rump fat thickness,as well as less pelvic and kidney fat weight. Circulating leptin increased over time in all animals. Plasma leptin was greater in LRFI on 56 d and at slaughter(P = 0.0049). Gene expression of leptin were greater in LRFI animals(P = 0.0022) in accordance with the plasma levels. The animals of the LRFI group were leaner, ate less, and had more circulating leptin and its gene expression.Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that leptin plays its physiological role in young Nellore bulls, probably controlling food intake because feed efficient animals have more leptin and lower residual feed intake.     

Effect of lipopolysaccharide infusion on gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in normal horses in vivo

Horses are exquisitely sensitive to bacterial endotoxin and endotoxaemia is common in colic cases. In this study, gene expression of inflammatory cytokines was characterised in the blood of healthy horses following i.v. administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Six horses received an LPS infusion and 6 controls received an equivalent volume of saline. Gene expression of genes encoding interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) was quantified by real‐time PCR. Gene expression of all inflammatory cytokines was upregulated following administration of LPS. Interleukin‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐8 and TNF‐α gene expression peaked at 60 min, while IL‐6 expression peaked at 90 min post LPS infusion. Interleukin‐1β and IL‐6 messenger RNA expression levels were above the baseline values 3 h post LPS infusion, whereas IL‐1α, IL‐8 and TNF‐α expression levels returned to baseline values by 3 h after LPS infusion. It was concluded that LPS infusion upregulated gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the blood of healthy horses.     

3种新型添加剂对大菱鲆蛋白质消化的影响

采用3种新型添加剂对大菱鲆生长和蛋白质消化作用进行试验,结果表明,与对照组相比,添加剂组合组、β-葡聚糖组、低聚木糖组和胆汁酸组的蛋白质消化率分别提高3.6%、2.9%、3.7%(P<0.05)和1.5%(P>0.05);蛋白质消化量分别提高10.4%、9.9%、8.5%和3.0%(P>0.05);增重率分别提高15.4%、13.9%、12.4%(P<0.05)和7.4%(P>0.05);饲料系数分别降低6.9%、6.2%、5.4%(P<0.05)和3.8%(P>0.05)。说明在生长大菱鲆配合饲料中,3种添加剂组合添加后优势互补,达到最优的促消化和促生长效果;β-葡聚糖或低聚木糖单独添加,表现出优良的促消化和促生长作用;单独添加胆汁酸也有良好的效果。     

摄食水平对泥鳅生长、饲料利用率和体成分的影响

比较不同摄食水平对泥鳅生长、饲料利用率及体生化成分的影响,以期为泥鳅投饵策略的制定提供基础研究资料。将180尾平均体重为(4.81±0.68)g的供试泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillcaudatus)随机分为A、B和C三个不同的日摄食水平处理组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾泥鳅,三个处理组分别按泥鳅体重的3%、4%和5%投喂供试日粮,研究日投饵量对泥鳅生长、饲料转化率及体生化成分的影响。结果表明:①随着摄食水平的增加,泥鳅的末重、增重率、日增重和特定生长率呈递增的趋势,C组显著高于A组和B组(P<0.05),B组显著高于A组(P<0.05);②饲料转化率随摄食水平的增加呈先增后减的趋势,B组显著高于A组和C组(P<0.05),C组显著高于A组(P<0.05);③泥鳅的肌肉、全鱼中水分和灰分含量随着摄食水平的增加而减少,粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量随着摄食水平的增加而增加;其中肌肉中灰分含量B组和C组显著高于A组(P<0.05),A组肌肉中粗脂肪含量显著高于B组和C组(P<0.05),其他各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。泥鳅的生长—摄食为线性增长;在4%摄食水平下饲料转化效率最高。     

日粮调节对猪粪中恶臭化合物产生量的影响

从日粮的选择、实际饲喂策略和不同添加剂的使用等方面阐述了日粮营养调控作为一种新的调控技术,可从源头上控制猪粪恶臭的产生,与其他除臭技术相比是一种更为直接有效的方法,显示了良好的应用前景。     

Laminar inflammatory gene expression in the carbohydrate overload model of equine laminitis

Reasons for performing study: There is a need to assess the laminar inflammatory response in a laminitis model that more closely resembles clinical cases of sepsis‐related laminitis than the black walnut extract (BWE) model. Objectives: To determine if a similar pattern of laminar inflammation, characterised by proinflammatory cytokine expression, occurs in the CHO model of laminitis as has been previously reported for the BWE model. Methods: Sixteen horses administered 17.6 g of starch (85% corn starch/15% wood flour)/kg bwt via nasogastric (NG) tube were anaesthetised either after developing a temperature >38.9°C (DEV group, n = 8) or at onset of Obel grade 1 lameness (OG1 group, n = 8). Control horses (CON group, n = 8) were anaesthetised 24 h after NG administration of 6 l of deionised water. Laminar tissue was collected from horses while under anaesthesia, followed by humane euthanasia. Real time‐quantitative PCR was used to assess laminar mRNA concentrations of genes involved in inflammatory signalling. Results: Increased mRNA concentrations (P<0.05) for IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐12p35, COX‐2, E‐selectin and ICAM‐1 were present in laminae from horses with OG1 lameness but not at the DEV time, when compared to the CON horses. No differences between the groups were found for IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐10, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ or COX‐1 at either the DEV or OG1 time points. Conclusions: There was a notable difference in the temporal pattern of inflammatory events between the BWE and CHO models, with the majority of laminar inflammatory events appearing to occur at or near the onset of lameness in the CHO model, whereas many of these events peak earlier in the developmental stages in the BWE model. This suggests that, in addition to circulating inflammatory molecules, there may be a local phenomenon in the CHO model resulting in the simultaneous onset of multiple laminar events including endothelial activation, leucocyte emigration and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Potential relevance: The similar (although somewhat delayed) inflammatory response in the CHO model of laminitis indicates that inflammatory signalling is a consistent entity in the pathophysiology of laminitis.     

添加剂对饲料品质和食品质量的影响

现代化畜牧生产不仅要以合理价格为广大消费者提供丰富的畜产品,还要重视食品质量,动物福利和环境保