关于禄劝县草地畜牧业的思考

禄劝县草地资源丰富,草地畜牧业具有广阔的发展前景。但由于草地利用不合理,掠夺式经营,草场严重超载过牧,草地退化,草地畜牧业生产力较低。为保障禄劝草地畜牧业的健康快速发展,必须转变经营方式,发展现代畜牧业生产,大力开展人工种草和天然草场改良,对草地进行合理的保护及管理利用,提高草地载畜能力,实现草地合理持续利用,在使生态环境获得恢复与保护的同时增加农民收入,实现生态环境保护与畜牧业生产协调发展。     

天祝县气候变化对畜牧业可持续发展的影响及对策

用多年系统观测的气象资料分析了天祝县年、季、月气候变化对畜牧业的影响，认为气候变化是制约天祝草地畜牧业发展的主要因素，针对气候变化的制约条件提出了草地可持续发展对策；改良退化草场，科学合理利用草场；发展季节畜牧业，建立农区牲畜育肥基地；加强畜牧业基础设施建设，提高防灾减灾能力；加强草的水利建设，科学灌溉草场；适地、适草、适畜，发挥不同类型草场区域优势，开展集约经营。     

阿坝州草地畜牧业牲畜异地肥育战略探讨

<正> 草场的改良和合理利用,实行以草养畜,以草定畜,适当控制畜群数量,是提高草地生产力的有效措施。而充分利用我州半农半牧区高山、林间草场以及农副稿秆,走农牧结合之路,推行草地牲畜异地肥育,发展季节性畜牧业,则是提高草地     

坝上地区草原建设迫在眉睫

坝上农牧区无论从自然特点、历史特点还是社会特点来说，发展畜牧业是这里最大的优势。尤其是入世以后，应审时度势，迅速调整产业产品结构，直接趋向国际市场有所依据。北方牧区必须进行草地改良建设，只有把畜牧业摆到突出位置上，才能使这里的经济建立在一个稳固的基础之上。为此坝上地区已有建设草原的具体办法和经验，应继续搞好人工种草、围栏保护草场、实行松土复壮、松土补播、灌溉施肥治碱，主要依赖于科学的田间管理与合理利用草地生态防治措施对牧草病虫害的防治等行之有效的措施进行改良培育草场，提高产草量，增加载畜能力。同…     

喜德县天然草场保护与利用的探讨

草是畜牧业的物质基础,保护和利用草地资源,对于畜牧业的发展具有重要意义。针对喜德县的自然条件,天然草场的现状,草场资源评价,自然草场资源保护与合理利用中存在的问题,探讨如何保护天然草场和合理利用草地资源。     

喜德县天然草场保护与利用探讨

草是畜牧业的物质基础,保护和利用草地资源,对于畜牧业的发展具有重要意义.针对喜德县的自然条件,天然草场的现状,草场资源评价,自然草场资源保护与合理利用中存在的问题,探讨如何保护天然草场和合理利用草地资源.     

喜德县天然草场保护与利用探讨

草是畜牧业的物质基础，保护和利用草地资源，对于畜牧业的发展具有重要意义。针对喜德县的自然条件，天然草场的现状，草场资源评价，自然草场资源保护与合理利用中存在的问题，探讨如何保护天然草场和合理利用草地资源。     

青海畜牧业的升级措施--访青海省农牧厅厅长申忠玉

青海是我国重要草原牧区之一 ,牧区面积占全省总面积的96 %以上 ,可利用草原面积占全国可利用草原总面积的14.43 % ,仅次于内蒙古、新疆、西藏 ,居全国第四位。畜牧业是全省国民经济的基础产业 ,也是牧区少数民族赖以生存和发展的主体产业 ,那么青海畜牧业的发展状况如何呢 ?借中国牧业通讯第九次通联工作会议在青海召开之际 ,记者采访了青海省农牧厅厅长申忠玉。记者 :申厅长 ,青海畜牧业有哪些得天独厚的优势 ?申忠玉 :青海畜牧业以高寒草地畜牧业为主 ,全省草食牲畜的74 %分布在牧区6个州。牧区基本上依靠天然草场放牧 ,草场类型分为草甸…     

西北牧区灌溉人工草地适宜发展规模分析

针对西北牧区水资源和草地资源已被超极限利用的现状,应用水草畜平衡原理,分析了西北牧区灌溉人工草地的发展规模,提出了西北牧区灌溉人工草地适宜发展规模为215.76～239.71万hm^2,载畜量控制在13833.18万羊单位之内即可实现草畜平衡,总体可达到人工种植冷季补饲水平。新增灌溉需水量约为71.85～83.55亿m^3,占2000年灌溉总用水量（777亿m^3）的9.25%～10.75%。解决这一灌溉需水量的可行途径是建设节水型社会,提高水资源利用效率。     

实行草地有偿承包使用制加强草地资源管理与建设

八十年代以来，随着农村牧区经济体制改革。实行牲畜作价归户私有私养不限数量的体制后，这就同草场使用上的公有公用的经营方式产生了矛盾。严重地阻碍了草地的科学管理、合理利用和有效建设，在解决这一问题上，内蒙古赤峰市牧区和半农半牧区普遍推行了“畜草双承包”责任制，牲畜作价归户，户有户养，草场按人畜比例划分到户，实行“有偿承包使用”制度，加强了草地的法制管理，调动了广大牧民建设草原的积极性，促进了草地畜牧业的商品化发展，自一九八五年以来连续八年获得牧业丰收。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …