灯光诱杀松墨天牛的效果及评价

三地两年的对比试验结果表明，４５０Ｗ的高压汞灯诱杀松墨天牛Ｍｏｎｏｃｈａｍｕｓ ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｕｓ Ｈｏｐｅ效果明显优于２０Ｗ黑光灯，灯光引诱结果与松墨天牛自然羽出民政部基本一致，灯光诱集的松墨天雌雄成虫体上均可分离到松材线虫Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ ｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ（Ｓｔｅｉｎｅｒ ｅｔ Ｂｕｈｒｅｒ）Ｎｉｃｋｌｅ。因此利用４５０Ｗ高夺汞灯监测松墨天牛及松材线虫种群有应用价值，有待进     

几种诱杀松墨天牛方法的效果比较及评价

利用３种方法诱杀松墨天牛成虫的试验结果表明,松饵木能引诱到补充营养的松墨天牛成虫,且雌成虫能在松饵木上产卵,引诱剂对引诱怀卵的松墨天牛成虫的效果较好。引诱剂和松饵木使用方便、安全,成本较低,大面积应用可降低松墨天牛种群密度,减少松材线虫传播机会。但单独使用达不到防治松材线虫病的目标。灯光诱杀远不如引诱剂和松饵木,且其成本高,安全性差,用于松墨天牛防治不宜提倡。利用引诱剂和松饵木在监测松墨天牛及松材     

温度对松墨天牛传播松材线虫的影响

【目的】研究温度对松墨天牛传播松材线虫的影响,为松材线虫病的预防和防治提供理论与技术支持。【方法】设置3个恒定温度（15、20和25℃）环境,将150只松墨天牛分为3个组（各组50只）,分别在3个恒定温度下饲养,测定不同温度条件下松墨天牛的寿命及松材线虫的存活情况,探讨温度对松墨天牛传播松材线虫的影响。【结果】松墨天牛平均寿命随着温度的降低而降低。3种温度处理对松墨天牛平均寿命的影响存在显著差异,但对初始松材线虫数量无影响。松墨天牛寿命与温度有关,而与体重无关。松墨天牛携带的松材线虫数量在最初的5 d内基本不变,然后随着松墨天牛年龄的增加而减少。当松墨天牛初始携带100～999条松材线虫时,平均传播效率随着环境温度的降低而降低;当线虫初始负荷为1～99时,温度处理对松材线虫平均传播效率的影响不显著。随着温度的降低,松材线虫离开松墨天牛所需的时间增加,松材线虫离开松墨天牛所需的时间在25℃时最短,在15℃时最长。3种温度处理下松材线虫传播效率都呈单峰传递曲线,松材线虫携带量峰值随着温度的降低而降低。【结论】环境温度降低,松墨天牛寿命缩短,线虫传播效率降低,线虫传播高峰期推迟,峰值降低,表...     

松墨天牛成虫羽化逸出及其携带松材线虫能力的研究

松墨天牛成虫是松材线虫病的主要传播媒介,研究其成虫羽化逸出规律及其携带松材线虫能力,在松墨天牛和松材线虫的监测和综合治理上具有重要意义。研究结果表明,松墨天牛成虫羽化逸出期和高峰期,平均每年分别为８３ｄ和１２．３ｄ。携带松材线虫的松墨天牛成虫平均寿命为２９．８ｄ。松墨天牛成虫全身均能携带松材线虫,其数量比率顺序为胸〉头〉腹〉触角〉足〉翅。在浙江省富阳市,林间采用引诱剂诱获的松墨天牛成虫,平均每头携     

APF-I型引诱剂诱捕器对闽侯县松墨天牛诱捕效果初探

为掌握松材线虫病发生区松墨天牛的种群发生规律,在闽侯县马尾松林内连续3 a使用APF-I型引诱剂诱捕器诱捕松墨天牛成虫,结果显示,闽侯县松墨天牛成虫种群数量高峰集中在5—7月,APF-I型引诱剂诱捕器对青口镇、南通镇和鸿尾乡的松墨天牛具有较好引诱效果。根据松墨天牛成虫活动规律,在松材线虫疫情防控工作中,松墨天牛诱捕器适宜在5—11月布设,其中5—7月为最佳防治时期。     

松墨天牛种群动态监测和诱捕器野外应用技术探讨

指出了松墨天牛是松材线虫的主要传播媒介和携带者,随着松墨天牛的取食和产卵,松材线虫会进入到松树中,故当前世界各国不仅充分重视松材线虫的防治,同时还加强对松墨天牛防治的研究,将其作为松材线虫病的一种主要防控措施。基于此,针对松墨天牛种群动态监测和诱捕器野外应用技术进行了探讨。     

松褐天牛性信息素的触角电位和气质联机鉴定

松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus是松树癌症松材线虫病Bursaphelenchus xylophilus的媒介昆虫。利用松墨天牛性信息素可以引诱到未交配,未产卵的松墨天牛,提早诱杀带线虫的松墨天牛,能更有效地减少松材线虫病的传播蔓延和松墨天牛的为害。本文通过性行为学观察、“Y”型嗅觉仪、气相色谱和触角电位（GC-EAD）、气质联机（GC-MS）分析,鉴定出1种雄性信息素壬醛,为进一步研发松褐天牛性信息素引诱剂打下了良好的基础。     

松墨天牛引诱剂及引诱作用研究

通过连续２ａ的系统研究,筛选出对松墨天牛引诱活笥最强的Ｍ９９－１引诱剂,其主要成分为单匝烯、乙醛、丙酮和有机溶剂。在松墨天牛成虫期,每个诱捕器可诱捕１５１．５头天牛成虫,平均降低下代卵量１２０４．４粒。该引诱剂对监测松墨天牛成虫种群密度及其携带松材线虫数量和防治天牛危害具有重要作用。     

应用引诱剂监测松墨天牛试验

为了准确掌握松墨褐天牛成虫在信阳新县羽化时间,监测松材线虫病发生区林间的松墨褐天牛虫口密度,有效防治松材线虫病提供科学依据,2010年至2012年的5-8月,笔者在河南省新县采用松墨天牛引诱剂监测松墨褐天牛,结果表明：新县松墨褐天牛羽化初期为5月上旬至6月上旬,6月中旬到7月中旬为高峰期,7月下旬至8月底为羽化末期。虫口密度与引诱效果成正相关,在松墨天牛成虫虫口密度大的林分,引诱效果较明显。     

松墨天牛类害虫调查及综合防治

通过黔南州都匀市松墨天牛引诱剂诱捕试验,对诱捕到的昆虫种类、数量、时间及天气进行分析,结果表明:在都匀市马尾松林中可利用天牛引诱荆诱捕松墨天牛,诱捕时间在5月上旬至9月上旬,且天气晴朗对诱获天牛有利.并概述了2004～2010年全州利用都匀市经验,实施诱捕治理松墨天牛的松材线虫预防监测项目情况.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.