大豆油酯交换法制备生物柴油的工艺研究

为提高生物柴油的转化率,以大豆油为原料,研究在KOH催化剂作用下与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺,考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、甲醇与菜籽油的摩尔比等操作条件对酯交换反应的影响。结果表明:反应最适宜工艺条件为:醇油摩尔比6:1、催化剂加入量为油脂质量的1.2%、反应温度60℃、反应时间60min,在此工艺条件下生物柴油最高转化率为96.87%。     

元宝枫油制取生物柴油的工艺优化

通过两步法制取元宝枫生物柴油.第一步采用浓H2SO4催化、甲醇预酯化对元宝枫油进行降酸、脱水处理,使其酸值降至小于1.第二步采用KOH催化、酯交换反应制取生物柴油.对两步法制取生物柴油的工艺条件进行了试验研究,并通过气相色谱分析了生物柴油的脂肪酸中酯组成及含量,同时对生物柴油的性能参数进行了检测.结果表明,第一步工艺条件为:醇油摩尔比6,催化剂质量分数0.6%,反应温度50℃,反应时间90 min;第二步最佳工艺条件为:醇油摩尔比6,催化剂质量分数0.9%,反应温度60℃,反应时间50 min,可使元宝枫油转化率达99%以上.气相色谱分析表明:元宝枫生物柴油中18～20碳脂肪酸甲酯质量分数为91.54%,其中油酸甲酯质量分数为37.03%,亚油酸甲酯质量分数为41.37%.     

生物柴油的K2CO3负载水滑石催化制备工

采用浸渍法制备K2CO3负载水滑石生物柴油催化剂,确定制备条件为:K2CO3负载量20%、共混温度80℃、焙烧温度600℃、焙烧时间6h.用该催化剂催化菜籽油转酯化制备生物柴油,考察了反应时间、醇油比、催化剂用量及反应温度对反应转化率的影响,采用气相色谱测定了脂肪酸甲酯的转化率.通过单因素试验确定了菜籽油转酯化反应的条件为:反应温度60℃,醇油比12,反应时间60min,催化剂用量4%,转化率达96.9%.用X射线衍射分析和热重分析对催化剂结构进行表征,结果显示催化剂活性与其晶相有关.     

餐饮废油酯交换制备生物柴油的试验研究

生物柴油是清洁可再生能源,已受到世界各国越来越多的关注。为此,以上海交通大学食堂的餐饮废油为原料,以自制的SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3固体超强酸作为催化剂,在试验室规模的反应装置中,采用酯交换法进行了餐饮废油酯交换制备生物柴油的试验研究。结果表明,收集的餐饮废油适合作为生产生物柴油的原料,在醇油摩尔比6:1、催化剂含量1%、反应温度70℃和反应时间2h的条件下,生物柴油转化率达到78%。生物柴油的密度、灰分、运动粘度和凝点的指标符合我国国标0号柴油质量标准。     

生物柴油制备工艺及其影响因素浅析

介绍了生物柴油制备过程中的反应动力学以及水份、游离脂肪酸、催化剂、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间等对酯交换工艺的影响。     

CaO催化剂催化橄榄油制备生物柴油

近年来能源危机加剧,矿物质能源日益短缺,开发新的能源产品替代石油已迫在眉睫.生物柴油作为内燃机代用燃料,以其优异的环保性和可再生性受到世界各国的重视.生物柴油是指以动植物油脂、废餐饮油等为原料,经酯化反应得到的脂肪酸酯类燃料.为此,以橄榄油为原料,以CaO为催化剂,采用异相碱催化法,研究了橄榄油在碱性催化剂的作用下与甲醇经酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件.实验得出:醇油摩尔比为6:1,催化剂用量为油重的2%,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为4h,酯交换反应转化率可达95.49%.     

微波辐射下酸性离子液体[Hnhp]HSO4催化葵花油制备生物柴油

生物柴油是绿色可再生能源。本文研究了在微波辐射作用下酸性离子液体[Hnhp]HSO4催化葵花籽油与甲醇通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油,考察了催化剂用量、微波功率、醇油摩尔比和反应时间对酯交换反应的影响。以正交法对合成工艺条件进行了优化,得到了制备生物柴油的较佳的工艺条件:醇油摩尔比为12:1、催化剂用量(催化剂与油的质量比)为5%、微波功率为600W、反应时间为30min时,生物柴油的收率可以达到97.16%。     

微波辐射下离子液体[EPy]H2PO4催化葵花籽油制备生物柴油

本文研究了微波辐射作用下酸性离子液体[EPy]H₂PO₄催化葵花籽油与甲醇酯交换制备生物柴油,考察了催化剂用量、微波功率、醇油摩尔比和反应时间对酯交换反应的影响。以正交法对合成工艺条件进行了优化,得到了制备生物柴油的较佳工艺条件:醇油摩尔比为12:1、催化剂用量为5%、微波功率为400W和反应时间为35min时,生物柴油的收率可以达到93.53%。     

柴油-米糠油生物柴油-甲、乙醇混合燃料特性实验

利用三元相图研究了柴油-米糠油生物柴油-乙醇混合燃料在不同温度和不同乙醇质量分数下的稳定性。选取不同配比的混合燃料对其燃料特性以及在发动机上燃用时燃烧和排放状况进行了研究,并与普通柴油进行了比较。研究表明随着温度降低,三相系统的稳定性降低;乙醇的含水率对系统稳定性有很大影响,含水率越大系统稳定性越差;混合燃料的燃料特性和普通柴油有一定差别,但总体上并不十分明显;随着混合燃料中乙醇含量增加,发动机输出功率降低,有效燃油消耗率增加,但与普通柴油相差并不大;CO、HC、NOx的排放量也随着乙醇含量增加而增加。掺入米糠油生物柴油可以明显改善柴油醇的燃料特性以及燃烧和排放状况。     

响应面法优化地沟油酯交换法制备生物柴油

以地沟油和甲醇为原料,固体碱催化剂的作用下,通过酯交换反应制得生物柴油(脂肪酸甲酯)。氢氧化钾为催化剂,利用响应面分析法中的Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,对地沟油制备生物柴油的条件进行优化。通过多元回归对生物柴油转化率的分析得到计算转化率的二次拟合方程,并且进一步通过验证性试验证实了预测模型的正确性。确定制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件:醇油摩尔比为11.08:1、催化剂用量为1.42%(相对油的质量)和反应时间为54.7min,由回归方程预测酯交换反应转化率值为91.02%,与试验值的误差约为0.4%。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。