天然抗氧化剂在广式腊肠中的应用

广式腊肠外形美观、风味独特,深受消费者的喜爱。但是作为高脂肪含量的肉制品,广式腊肠易发生脂肪氧化酸败问题,影响了其香味和色泽。针对这一问题,综述了植物源、动物源和微生物源三大类天然抗氧化剂在广式腊肠中的研究及应用。     

肉制品保鲜技术研究进展

肉制品因营养价值高、味道鲜美而深受广大消费者的喜爱,但其加工贮藏中易被微生物污染而导致腐败变质、保质期缩短。肉制品保鲜技术研究尤为重要。围绕肉制品保鲜技术发展动态,重点阐述肉制品在低温杀菌、生物保鲜剂、包装技术、低温贮藏技术等方面研究进展,指出其应用中存在的主要问题,对肉制品保鲜技术应用前景进行了展望,为肉制品保鲜技术研究提供借鉴参考。     

酱卤肉制品加工与新技术应用研究进展

酱卤肉制品是风味独特、嫩度适中、口感俱佳、备受消费者喜爱与青睐、消费量较大的一类传统肉制品。通过概述酱卤肉制品的定义、分类及风味特点,重点阐述其加工与新技术的应用研究进展,指出酱卤肉制品生产中存在的主要问题,并提出今后加工中的改进措施,对其发展趋势和前景进行展望,为新型酱卤肉制品开发和产业化提供参考。     

植物源天然抗氧化剂在肉及肉制品中的应用研究进展

脂质氧化是影响肉类及肉制品货架期的重要因素之一。抗氧化剂可用于清除自由基,从而减缓脂质氧化、延缓不良风味产生,并提高颜色的稳定性。合成抗氧化剂可能存在安全隐患,随着消费者对食品品质及安全的要求越来越高,合成抗氧化剂逐渐被天然抗氧化剂所取代。植物材料是生物活性化合物的丰富来源,可以成为合成抗氧化剂的有效替代品。综述植物源天然抗氧化剂如中草药、香料、水果、种子提取物和精油在肉及肉制品中的应用最新进展,以期为天然抗氧化剂在肉类产品中的应用提供基础理论与技术。     

发酵肉制品风味的研究进展

发酵肉质品具有独特的风味，营养丰富，深受大众喜爱。文章综合阐述了发酵肉制品风味的概念、来源、影响条件以及肉制品的研究进展和主要文献。     

肉制品嫩化的生物学方法初探

随着生活水平不断提高,人们更加关注绿色食品,对肉的品质风味更为关注,而肉的嫩度是消费者评判肉制品好坏的常用指标。肉类的嫩度主要是由肉制品中结缔组织的致密度、弹性纤维及含水量多少所决定。肉嫩化是选择性地降解肉制品紧密连接的肌肉结构中胶原结构和结缔组织。从目前研究成果来看,通过生物学方法来人工嫩化肉不仅方法简单、条件要求相对低,     

发酵肉制品的最新研究动态与前景展望

重点论述了发酵肉制品的分类及特点、发酵剂菌种、风味特性、发酵中生物胺及发酵工艺特性的最新研究现状与动态,指出了我国发酵肉制品研发中存在的主要问题,并对发酵肉制品的发展前景进行了预测和展望,为高品质发酵肉制品的开发研究提供借鉴和参考。     

乳酸菌发酵提高果蔬抗氧化性的研究进展

乳酸菌是发酵食品中一类常见的细菌,它对发酵果蔬、发酵肉制品的品质形成具有重要的作用。乳酸菌发酵果蔬以后,除了增加果蔬的风味以外,还可显著提高果蔬的抗氧化能力,这对增加产品的益生功效,促进宿主健康具有重要的意义。对乳酸菌发酵提高果蔬抗氧化的作用进行综述,分析目前研究所存在的问题,并对未来发展的方向进行了展望。     

畜禽肉中风味物质检测方法研究进展

肉品风味物质组成及含量的研究对评价肉品质量、鉴别肉品掺假、改进肉制品加工工艺及提高肉制品价值均具有重要意义。目前关于肉品风味物质检测技术众多,包括高效液相色谱、电子鼻、气相色谱-质谱联用技术、气相色谱-离子迁移谱、气相色谱嗅闻技术,这些技术具有各自的优势。通过对常用的风味物质检测技术的工作原理、应用、优缺点等方面展开阐述,以期对相关研究提供技术参考。     

现代肉制品加工及其安全检测技术研究进展

近年来,随着科学技术的发展和生活质量的提高,消费者对肉制品的品质和安全性要求也越来越高,肉制品的加工技术和安全检测技术在高品质、绿色安全的肉制品研发和生产中的作用越发重要。通过概述肉制品的营养价值及其分类,重点阐述肉制品加工技术及其安全检测技术的研究进展,指出研究中存在的主要问题,并对未来的研究前景进行展望,为高品质肉制品的绿色加工与安全检测研究提供借鉴参考。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.