香菇提取物对白血病细胞HL-60增殖的抑制作用

香菇是全球第二大人工种植最为普遍的食用菌。研究表明,香菇具有抗癌、抗氧化、抗菌及降血脂等活性,目前大多数研究集中于香菇子实体的抗癌活性。在对香菇在固体培养基上进行培养的过程中,培养基中发现菌丝分泌一种棕色物质,猜测这些棕色物质可能具有某些生物活性。本研究的目的在于探讨这些棕色物质是否对急性早幼粒细胞性白血病细胞HL-60的增殖具有抑制作用。香菇在固体培养基上培养3￣4周后,通过离心和冷冻干燥得到棕色物质,然后进行一系列的分离纯化。通过台盼蓝染色排除法测定了得到的各种组分对HL-60增殖的抑制作用,通过荧光显微镜双染色法测定了各组分对HL-60细胞凋亡的诱导作用。结果表明,作用72h后,粗提物、透析所得低分子量组分和大孔树脂分离所得低极性组分对HL-60的细胞增殖具有明显的抑制作用,IC50分别为(135±0.59),(102±0.66)和(23±0.45)μg/mL。同时,粗提物中的活性成分为低极性物质,其分子量小于10000D,并非香菇多糖。荧光显微镜双染色结果表明,作用12h后,粗提物诱导HL-60细胞的凋亡指数由32%提高至64%。结果表明,香菇提取物对于HL-60细胞的增殖具有显著的抑制作用。     

樟芝多糖的分离纯化和抗氧化活性

【研究目的】研究樟芝多糖分离纯化的方法以及其体外抗氧化活性,【研究方法】水浸提樟芝多糖,Sevag法除蛋白,利用sephadexG-200凝胶柱层析进行分离纯化,红外光谱、高效液相色谱测定结构和分子量,并进行樟芝多糖的体外抗氧化试验。【结果】樟芝菌丝体多糖ACP1和樟芝发酵液多糖ACP2多糖含量分别为31.76%和38.09%,提取率分别为1.59%和4.89%,特性粘度为[η]=8.382和[η]=1.999。红外光谱测定表明,ACP1、ACP2具有多糖的特征吸收,并且其糖环为吡喃环。ACP1、ACP2经高效液相色谱GPC柱分离得到三个峰,计算得各组分的数均分子量和重均分子量。利用sephadexG-200凝胶柱层析ACP1和ACP2后各得到2个洗脱主峰ACP1-1和ACP2-1。对ACP1-1和ACP2-1进行纯度鉴定,结果表明两者为均一多糖,超氧自由基的清除率分别达到61.6%和54.7%,【结论】樟芝多糖具有较强的抗氧化能力。     

鲅鱼加工副产物水解液中ACE抑制肽分离纯化研究

以鲅鱼加工副产物为原料,经脱脂后进行碱性蛋白酶酶解,分离纯化具有ACE抑制活性的小肽。水解液经超滤、离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析和反相高效液相色谱等逐级纯化,得到较纯的ACE抑制肽。结果表明,分子量小于3 kDa的超滤组分IV具有最高的ACE抑制活性,达45.6%;超滤高活性组分进一步经DEAE-Sepharodse FF阴离子交换层析分离,得到3个组分,其中组分A2活性最高,ACE的抑制率达50.3%;A2组分继而经Sephacryl S-100HR凝胶过滤层析分离,得到2个组分,其中B2组分ACE抑制率达83.4%;最后,B2组分经反相高效液相色谱进行分离,得到活性更高的C2组分,为下一步氨基酸序列测定提供了基础。     

刺五加果多糖ASPF的结构表征及其体外抗肺癌活性研究

从刺五加果实体中纯化得到一种均一分子量多糖ASPF,对其结构表征及体外抗肺癌活性进行研究。将提取得到的粗多糖通过DEAE-52柱层析分离得到3个组分,进行体外抗肺癌活性筛选后,将ASPB-3通过Sephadex G-200凝胶柱色谱得到ASPF,选择GPC、IR、HPLC方法对该多糖进行结构解析,并采用CCK-8法研究其对肺癌细胞体外存活率的影响。测得ASPF的糖醛酸含量为22.9%,是一种酸性果胶类结构多糖,其相对分子质量M_W为9.7462×10⁴,IR扫描结果显示其具有吡喃环结构,单糖测定结果显示其由鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、木糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖6种单糖组成,对A549细胞存在抑制效果,其机制可能与作用于凋亡基因Bcl-2/Bax有关。ASPF对人肺癌细胞具有一定体外抑制作用。     

平菇、杏鲍菇和白灵菇菌丝多糖对·OH、DPPH·和NO_2~-的体外清除作用

为明确平菇、白灵菇和杏鲍菇菌丝多糖对·OH、DPPH·和NO2-自由基的清除能力。利用热水浸提法提取菌丝多糖,Sevag法纯化多糖,利用多功能酶标仪测定对·OH、DPPH·(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)、NO2-的清除率,利用DPS软件和MicroOrigin软件进行数据分析。结果表明,在200～2000μg/mL浓度范围内,白灵菇B10、杏鲍菇PL7和平菇P89菌丝多糖对DPPH·的清除率为5.98%～51.96%,EC50值分别为1.98、2.74和3.28mg/mL;对·OH清除率为43.51%～98.09%,PL7的EC50值溢出最小值,B10和P89的EC50值分别为49.6μg/mL和467.3μg/mL;对NO2-的清除率为10.22%～26.75%,P89的EC50值为5.3mg/mL,PL7和B10的菌丝多糖浓度高于500μg/mL时,清除率不再增加,最高值分别为18.53%和17.52%。菌种间抗氧化能力差异明显,同一菌株对不同自由基的清除能力也存在显著差异。3种供试菌种多糖具有较强的清除·OH能力,中等的清除DPPH·能力和较差的清除NO2-能力。杏鲍菇PL7和白灵菇B10菌丝多糖的清除·OH和DPPH·能力较强,而平菇P89具有较强的清除NO2-能力。     

灵芝多糖抑菌活性初探

通过热水提取法提取灵芝多糖,得到灵芝粗多糖,并以3种植物病原菌(胡萝卜欧氏菌、指状青霉、灰葡萄孢)和5种食品有害菌(蜡状芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、黑曲霉和黑根霉)为供试菌,采用纸片琼脂法来测定灵芝粗多糖对供试菌的抑菌强度。结果表明,灵芝粗多糖对植物病原菌中的胡萝卜欧氏菌有较强的抑制作用;对指状青霉菌有一定的抑制作用,但抑制作用较弱;对灰葡萄孢几乎没有抑制作用;对食品有害菌中的枯草芽孢杆和蜡状芽孢杆菌有很强的抑制作用;对大肠杆菌和黑曲霉抑制作用相对较弱;对黑根霉几乎没有抑制作用。总体来看,灵芝多糖对细菌的抑菌活性强于真菌。     

桔梗多糖的分离纯化与含量测定

利用离子交换凝胶柱层析法分离纯化桔梗多糖,并对纯化组分进行纯度鉴定和糖含量及蛋白质含量测定。桔梗饮片经热水浸提、乙醇分步沉淀得桔梗粗多糖PPS80,Sevage法脱蛋白后,通过DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换和Sephadex G-75凝胶柱层析进行纯化鉴定。分别采用苯酚-硫酸法和考马斯亮蓝染色法测定纯化后各组分的糖和蛋白质含量。试验结果表明,从桔梗粗多糖PPS80中分离得到2个均一性组分PPS80-I和PPS80-II,糖含量分别为90.32%和86.75%,蛋白质含量分别为0.48%和1.96%。该试验首次采用DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换柱层析结合Sephadex G-75凝胶柱层析有效分离纯化出桔梗多糖均一性组分,为桔梗多糖的进一步研究提供基础。     

海带褐藻糖胶的分离纯化及其抗氧化活性测定

为更好地开发海带资源,分别采用DEAE-Sepharose FF弱阴离子交换柱层析、高效液相凝胶色谱对海带褐藻糖胶粗品进行分离纯化,结果表明,2种方法均可用于褐藻糖胶的分离,均分离出3个组分,离子交换层析分离出的组分命名为D-1,D-2,D-3。高效液相凝胶色谱分离的3种组分命名为H-1,H-2,H-3,其分子量分别为193.148,74.407,44.452 kD。对D-1,D-2,D-33种组分进行抗氧化活性测定,3种组分对DPPH自由基和·OH均表现出一定的清除能力,且分子量越小,清除自由基能力越强,体外抗氧化活性越好。     

香菇挥发油化学成分及其抗菌活性研究

以干香菇为试材,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取香菇挥发油,气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对其挥发油组分进行分离和鉴定,琼脂二倍稀释法测定香菇挥发油抗菌活性。结果表明,香菇挥发油多为含硫化合物、烷烃等,对粪肠球菌、志贺杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、变形杆菌、伤寒杆菌有不同程度的抑制作用。香菇挥发油抗菌谱较广,可能与其含有含硫化合物有关,具有作为天然防腐剂的开发潜力。     

4类干制食用菌风味成分的GC-MS分析

采用热风干燥对新鲜白灵菇、双孢菇、香菇、杏鲍菇进行干制处理,利用顶空-固相微萃取技术分别对其挥发性成分进行提取,用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术进行分析,结果表明干制白灵菇的挥发性成分主要为醛类化合物,相对含量为43.77%;干制双孢菇的挥发性成分主要为醇类化合物,相对含量为61.873%;干制香菇的挥发性成分主要为硫化物,相对含量为74.3%;干制杏鲍菇的挥发性成分主要为醛类化合物,相对含量为44.285%。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.