长期定位施肥下潮土磷素盈亏及对无机磷的影响

目的 探讨长期定位施肥下潮土磷素盈亏、各形态无机磷的变化及土壤磷素盈亏对无机磷的影响,为潮土合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。方法 在“国家潮土肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验基地”,以NK（不施磷肥）处理为对照,研究华北地区常见的4种施肥模式（NPK（单施化肥）、SNPK（秸秆还田）、MNPK（有机无机配施）、1.5MNPK（高量有机无机配施））下,土壤表观磷盈亏、累积磷盈亏、各形态无机磷含量变化,以及土壤磷素盈亏对各形态无机磷的影响。结果 25年不施磷肥土壤磷始终处于亏缺状态,土壤磷累积亏缺431.8 kg·hm ^-2,4种施磷肥模式（NPK、SNPK、MNPK、1.5MNPK）25年土壤磷分别累积盈余291.2、398.4、1742.4、2 676.9 kg·hm ^-2。长期不施磷肥,土壤无机磷以Ca₂-P减少最多,减少49.0%。试验前13年上述4种施肥模式土壤Ca₂-P增加1.2—5.4倍,平均增加1.26—5.73 mg·kg ^-1·a ^-1,后12年单施化肥、秸秆还田和有机无机配施Ca₂-P增长速率降低99.2%—112.6%,高量有机无机配施土壤Ca₂-P年降低2.0 mg·kg ^-1,以上4种施肥模式土壤Ca₂-P相对含量25年增加1.0%—3.5%;连续25年施用磷肥,土壤Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P分别增加1.4—6.5、1.8—3.3、1.1—2.2倍,平均增加4.69—19.81、1.67—3.10、1.23—2.37 mg·kg ^-1·a ^-1,其相对含量分别增加8.4%—30.0%、3.3%—4.0%、1.8%—3.3%;Ca₁₀-P和O-P含量长期维持在350—410、100—160 mg·kg ^-1,但其相对含量分别减少11.4%—29.7%、3.1%—8.9%。25年不施磷肥,土壤每亏缺100 kg P·hm ^-2,Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca₁₀-P、O-P分别减少1.2、2.7、1.1、1.5、0.8、7.5 mg·kg ^-1。单施化肥和秸秆还田模式土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm ^-2,Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca₁₀-P、O-P分别增加3.9—5.0、21.5—21.6、6.5—7.4、4.8—5.6、4.0—7.5、2.4—7.2 mg·kg ^-1。有机无机配施模式（MNPK、1.5MNPK）土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm ^-2,Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca₁₀-P、O-P分别增加1.8—2.8、14.2—16.4、2.5—3.2、1.9—2.6、-0.2—1.2、0.3—1.9 mg·kg ^-1。 结论 长期施用磷肥能够提高潮土磷盈余量,提高土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P含量及其占总无机磷的相对含量,其中有机无机配施模式提高程度高于单施化肥和秸秆还田;潮土盈余相同磷量时,土壤无机磷以Ca₈-P增量最多,其次是Al-P、Fe-P;单施化肥土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P增加量高于秸秆还田和有机无机配施模式。     

茶园红壤磷素形态组成特点及其影响因素研究

为了解茶园土壤磷素化学形态特点及磷的生物有效性,从浙江省境内采集35个代表性茶园红壤,详细鉴定土壤磷素形态,并与周围的荒地红壤进行比较。结果表明,茶园红壤磷素以无机磷为主,有机磷与无机磷占全磷的比例平均分别为27.39%和72.61%,有机磷占全磷的比例与土壤有机碳含量呈正相关。茶园红壤有机磷主要为中度活性有机磷与中度稳定性有机磷为主,高度稳定性有机磷和活性有机磷占比较低;无机磷以闭蓄态磷为主,其次为铁磷和铝磷,钙结合态磷含量较低。Ca₂-P、Al-P和Fe-P占全磷的比例随土壤磷素积累而提高,施用有机肥可促进茶园红壤有机磷、Ca₂-P和Al-P的形成。与荒坡红壤比较,茶园红壤具较高的有机磷、Ca₂-P和Al-P。土壤有效磷与Ca₂-P、Al-P的相关性最高。     

不同磷肥品种在石灰性土壤中的磷形态差异

【目的】研究不同磷肥品种在塿土中磷形态转化及有效性差异,有助于选择合适的磷肥品种从而减少土壤磷素累积和提高磷素有效性,为该区磷肥-作物-土壤匹配提供理论依据。【方法】以塿土长期定位试验有效磷含量较低的耕层（0—20 cm）土壤为供试土壤,玉米（郑单958）为供试作物进行盆栽试验。试验共设8个处理：不施磷肥（Control）;过磷酸钙（SSP）;钙镁磷肥（CaMg P）;磷酸一铵（MAP）;磷酸二铵（DAP）;聚磷酸铵（Poly P）;磷酸脲（Urea P）;过磷酸钙加硫酸铵（SSP+ASA）。用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级法测定土壤无机磷组分,并分析其与玉米植株吸磷量、土壤有效磷之间的关系。【结果】不同磷肥品种均可显著影响土壤有效磷含量,但随时间变化其动态特点有所不同。在玉米种植期间,施不同磷肥品种土壤有效磷平均含量大小为：DAP＞Urea P≥Poly P＞MAP＞SSP+ASA＞SSP＞CaMg P＞Control。不同磷肥品种均可显著提高玉米植株干物质量、吸磷量及肥料利用率,较Control处理分别提高了64.8%—221.3%、114.1%—593.0%、2.1%—11.0%,其中DAP和Poly P处理相似且增幅最大。土壤有效磷含量与玉米植株吸磷量和干物质量均呈极显著的正相关关系。不同施磷处理均可显著增加土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P含量,增幅分别为36.9%—610.0%、21.7%—85.5%、57.2%—83.0%和28.5%—77.8%,O-P和Ca₁₀-P增加不明显。其中,MAP、DAP、Poly P和Urea P可显著提高石灰性土壤中Ca₂-P和Ca₈-P的含量;Al-P和Fe-P增加较大的是SSP+ASA和SSP处理;CaMg P处理显著提高了O-P和Ca₁₀-P含量。Poly P处理土壤Ca₂-P含量显著高于MAP和Urea P,仅次于DAP处理,但土壤Ca₈-P含量显著低于DAP、MAP和Urea P。与SSP相比,SSP+ASA显著增加了Ca₂-P和Al-P含量,分别增加了24.9%和11.9%,有效磷含量提高了11.4%。土壤无机磷组分中Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P和Al-P与土壤有效磷和植株吸磷量呈显著正相关关系。【结论】供试土壤条件下,磷酸二铵（DAP）的磷素固定较低、有效磷含量高,聚磷酸铵（Poly P）降低了土壤Ca₂-P向Ca₈-P的转化,可减少磷在石灰性土壤中的沉淀,磷素有效性与施磷酸二铵的相当,这两种肥料是适合该区施用的磷肥品种;在石灰性土壤中施用酸性肥料硫酸铵不仅可以提高土壤有效磷含量,而且减少了磷素的累积。     

施磷对灌耕草甸土无机磷形态和有效磷的影响

为探讨磷肥品种和施磷方式对灌耕草甸土无机磷形态和有效磷含量的影响,设置重过磷酸钙基施(TSP-B)、磷酸一铵基施(MAP-B)、聚磷酸铵基施(APP-B)、磷酸一铵滴施(MAP-D)、聚磷酸铵滴施(APP-D)和不施磷肥(CK)6个处理,室内培养120 d分别测定各土层无机磷和有效磷含量。结果表明：三种磷肥基施处理显著提升5～20 cm土层无机磷总量以及0～20 cm土层有效磷和Ca₂-P含量,而Ca₈-P含量仅在5～10 cm土层中显著增加(P<0.05)。TSP-B和MAP-B处理显著增加了0～5 cm和10～20 cm土层中Fe-P含量以及5～10 cm和10～20 cm土层中Al-P含量(P<0.05)。与MAP-B和APP-B处理相比,MAP-D和APP-D处理均显著增加了0～5 cm土层中无机磷总量及有效磷、Ca₂-P和Ca₈-P含量,且APP-D处理无机磷总量、有效磷含量和Ca₂-P含量均显著高于MAP-D处理(P<0.05)。灌耕草甸土无机磷中...     

等有机质 土有效磷和无机磷形态的关系

目的 在有机质含量相同的土壤上探讨土壤无机磷组分对有效磷的贡献,为合理的磷肥管理提供决策依据。方法 采集并筛选陕西关中平原冬小麦-夏玉米种植区 土有机质含量相近（10.03-10.68 g·kg ^-1）,有效磷含量梯度（平均分别为10.73、18.06、20.61、24.01、30.73、43.69和58.58 mg·kg ^-1）的土壤样品,采用蒋柏藩-顾益初改进的Chang和Jackson无机磷分级方法进行磷组分测定。 结果 西北冬小麦-夏玉米种植区耕层土壤的无机磷以钙磷为主,约占无机磷总量的66.67%,其中磷酸二钙（Ca₂-P）,磷酸八钙（Ca₈-P）和磷灰石（Ca₁₀-P）分别占2.80%、16.80%和47.09%;铝结合的磷酸盐（Al-P）,铁结合的磷酸盐（Fe-P）和闭蓄态磷酸盐（O-P）分别占16.28%、5.23%和11.81%。随着Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Ca₁₀-P、Al-P、Fe-P和O-P含量的增加,Olsen P呈显著线性增加;磷活化系数（土壤有效磷与全磷之比,PAC）与Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P和O-P呈显著线性正相关关系。通径分析结果表明,该区域土壤无机磷对土壤有效磷（Olsen P）的贡献依次为Ca₂-P（0.974）＞Al-P（0.186）＞Ca₈-P（0.182）＞Fe-P（0.150）＞Ca₁₀-P（0.007）＞O-P（-0.074）,各形态无机磷对磷活化系数（PAC）的贡献为：Ca₂-P（0.768）＞Al-P（0.082）＞Ca₈-P（0.071）＞Fe-P（-0.018）＞Ca₁₀-P（-0.055）＞O-P（-0.388）,与土壤磷组分对有效磷的贡献大体一致。逐步回归分析结果表明,Ca₂-P和Ca₈-P对Olsen P贡献最大,但仅Ca₂-P对PAC的贡献最大。结论 在有机质相同或相近条件下,Ca₂-P是陕西关中平原小麦-玉米种植区 土最有效的磷源。土壤磷有效性的提高主要通过增加高有效性的磷形态比（例如Ca₂-P）和缓效磷形态（如Ca₈-P、Al-P）,降低土壤中有效性极低的Ca₁₀-P的比例来实现的。由此看来,关中平原长期施用磷肥土壤磷仍主要以有效性相对较高的磷素形态存在。     

不同有机碳水平下塿土磷的有效性及无机磷形态转化

【目的】在土壤Olsen-P和全磷含量基本接近但土壤有机碳水平呈梯度的陕西省关中平原塿土上,研究有机碳对土壤各形态无机磷有效性及其形态转化的影响,为合理培肥土壤,有效利用土壤累积态磷提供理论依据。【方法】采集并选取了陕西省关中平原小麦-玉米种植体系下塿土Olsen-P含量相近（平均含量范围17.41—18.72 mg·kg^-1）,不同有机碳水平（有机碳平均含量分别为6.38、8.34、10.17、11.95、13.64和15.74 g·kg^-1）的土壤样品,采用蒋柏藩-顾益初改进的Chang和Jackson的石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法分别对土壤中各磷组分（二钙磷（Ca₂-P）、八钙磷（Ca₈-P）、铝结合态磷（Al-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（O-P）和十钙磷（Ca₁₀-P））含量进行测定。【结果】在陕西关中平原小麦-玉米种植区塿土中,有机碳对土壤各形态磷素水平及形态转化起重要作用。随着有机碳含量的增加,土壤中Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、缓效磷库（Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P）和难利用磷库（O-P和Ca₁₀-P）含量均显著增加（P≤0.05）,Ca₁₀-P相对稳定。有机碳含量与土壤活性磷库（Ca₂-P）、缓效磷库（主要为Al-P）的相对含量（占无机磷总量的比例）呈极显著正相关关系,与难利用磷库（主要是Ca₁₀-P）呈极显著负相关关系。土壤Olsen-P含量与难利用磷库含量呈显著正相关关系。【结论】在Olsen-P相近,全磷也基本相似的条件下,土壤有机碳促进了土壤中难溶态磷酸盐向缓效态磷库和活性态磷库的转化,提高了有效磷源占无机磷总量的比例,从而提高了土壤磷素有效性。研究结果表明可通过合理的措施培肥土壤,从而有效地促进土壤累积态磷的活化利用。     

覆膜滴灌条件下基于玉米产量和土壤磷素平衡的 磷肥适用量研究

【目的】 针对东北半干旱区覆膜滴灌玉米生产中大量施磷导致的效率低与环境风险增大问题,通过3年定位试验,系统研究了覆膜滴灌条件下不同磷肥用量对玉米产量、磷肥利用效率和土壤供磷能力的影响,为该区域玉米磷肥合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】 于2015—2017年在吉林省半干旱玉米主产区（乾安县）布置定位田间试验。共设6个磷肥用量处理,分别为0（P₀）、40 kg·hm ^-2（P₄₀）、70 kg·hm ^-2（P₇₀）、100 kg·hm ^-2（P₁₀₀）、130 kg·hm ^-2（P₁₃₀）和160 kg·hm ^-2（P₁₆₀）,测定指标包括玉米产量及其构成、成熟期植株磷含量和土壤有效磷含量,并计算作物吸磷量、磷肥利用效率和土壤-作物系统的磷素表观平衡状况。【结果】 施磷可显著提高玉米产量,增幅依次为6.2%—21.2%（2015年）、9.0%—20.6%（2016年）和12.9%—30.3%（2017年）,3年平均增幅为9.2%—23.9%,增产的主要原因是施磷增加了穗粒数、百粒重和收获指数。玉米产量随磷肥用量的增加呈先升后降趋势,其中以P₁₀₀处理玉米产量最高。磷素表观回收率和磷素偏生产力均随磷肥用量的增加而下降,磷素农学利用率随磷肥用量的增加先升后降。与不施磷肥相比,随磷肥用量和施磷年限的增加,0—40 cm土壤有效磷含量呈增加趋势,其中P₁₀₀处理土壤有效磷含量与试验起始时土壤有效磷含量相近。连续种植3季玉米后,P₀、P₄₀和P₇₀处理土壤磷素表观平衡值均表现为亏缺,亏缺量随磷肥用量的增加而下降;P₁₀₀、P₁₃₀和P₁₆₀处理的土壤磷素表现为盈余,并随磷肥用量的增加而增加。将盈余率（x）与磷肥用量（y₁）、土壤有效磷含量（y₂）、磷肥利用效率（y₃）分别进行拟合,当x=0时,磷肥用量为92.4 kg·hm ^-2,玉米产量为12 497 kg·hm ^-2,0—20 cm和20—40 cm土壤有效磷含量分别为34.6 和28.4 mg·kg ^-1,磷素表观回收率为24.1%,磷素农学利用率为21.9 kg·kg ^-1,磷素偏生产力为146.1 kg·kg ^-1;其结果与最高产量处理（P₁₀₀）相对应的玉米产量、土壤有效磷含量和磷肥利用效率结果相近;以理论盈余率为0时施磷量的95%为置信区间,得出最佳施磷范围在88—97 kg·hm ^-2。【结论】 本研究中磷肥用量88—97 kg·hm ^-2范围内不仅能获得玉米高产,还能维持土壤磷素平衡,可作为东北半干旱区覆膜滴灌条件下玉米高产与环境友好的磷肥管理参考依据。     

连续秸秆还田对油菜水稻轮作土壤磷素有效性 及作物磷素利用效率的影响

【目的】探究长江流域水旱轮作制度下,化学磷肥和秸秆还田配施磷肥对作物生产力的贡献,以及对土壤磷有效性和磷素效率的影响,为农田土壤磷素管理提供科学依据。【方法】试验于2014—2018年在湖北省武汉市华中农业大学进行,选取定位试验中的3个处理,分别为：（1）不施磷（NK）;（2）施磷（NPK）;（3）施磷配合秸秆还田（NPK+S）。通过测定作物产量、磷含量及土壤有效磷,分析作物磷素利用效率,探讨土壤有效磷变化与磷累积盈亏的响应关系。【结果】与NK处理相比,NPK处理的油菜和水稻平均产量分别提高530.3%和35.9%,磷积累量分别提高495.3%和98.5%;与NPK处理相比,NPK+S处理的油菜和水稻平均产量分别提高19.1%和11.0%,磷积累量分别提高20.6%和11.7%;油菜产量和磷积累量对磷肥和秸秆的响应优于水稻。秸秆还田条件下,油菜和水稻的平均磷素农学效率分别提高6.8%和33.9%,油菜、水稻和周年的磷素累积利用率分别提高8.6%、17.0%和19.8%。秸秆还田对水稻磷素利用率和农学效率的影响更为显著。4年油菜水稻轮作后,不施磷处理土壤磷素累积亏缺110.2 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2,有效磷浓为1.9 mg·kg ^-1;施磷处理土壤磷素累积盈余210.9 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2,有效磷浓度（4.3 mg·kg ^-1）较不施磷处理提高126.3%;施磷配合秸秆还田处理土壤磷素累积盈余（222.1 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2）较NPK处理增加5.3%,有效磷浓度（5.1 mg·kg ^-1）较NPK处理提高18.6%。秸秆还田显著提高了土壤有效磷浓度,但土壤磷盈余量没有明显增加。连续秸秆还田和施用化学磷肥条件下,水稻土每盈余100 kg·hm ^-2的磷,NPK和NPKS处理土壤有效磷分别提高1.8和2.0 mg·kg ^-1。秸秆还田促进了土壤磷素有效化。【结论】施磷显著增加了油菜、水稻的产量和磷积累量,提升了土壤磷盈余量和有效磷浓度;秸秆还田在施磷肥的基础上进一步增加了油菜、水稻的产量和磷积累量,提高了作物特别是水稻对磷素的利用率和农学效率,同时能够在避免土壤磷素过量积累的情况下提高土壤有效磷浓度。     

温室栽培条件下土壤无机磷组分的累积、迁移特征

 【目的】揭示温室栽培条件下磷肥施用量大,但利用率低的原因,探明磷素养分淋溶损失的主体成分,为合理施用磷肥、提高磷肥利用率、减少环境污染提供依据。【方法】以辽宁沈阳地区具有代表性的温室为研究对象,通过对不同使用年限温室土壤剖面全磷及无机磷各组分含量的分析测定,探讨温室栽培条件下土壤无机磷的累积、迁移特点。【结果】(1)温室土壤全磷、无机磷、速效磷的含量均较露地土壤有明显增加,且耕层(0—20 cm)的累积量最高,平均含量分别为露地土壤的3.1倍、3.3倍、3.6倍,无机磷占全磷含量的92.1%,速效磷仅占全磷含量的16.6%。(2)温室土壤各无机磷组分的含量及其相对组成均较露地土壤变化明显,Ca8-P、Al-P、Ca2-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P的平均含量分别为露地土壤的10.2、5.9、5.0、3.1、2.7、1.5倍,温室土壤无机磷各组分占全磷含量的比例表现为Al-P(26.1%)＞Fe-P(18.1%)＞O-P(17.6%)＞Ca10-P(14.4%)＞Ca8-P (10.5%)＞Ca2-P(5.6%)。其中Ca2-P的有效性最高,但累积量最低;O-P、Ca10-P的有效性低,但累积量高,从而导致土壤磷素的利用率降低。(3)温室土壤中,Al-P和Fe-P是耕层土壤(0—20 cm)磷素养分的主要累积形态,两者可占无机磷总量的49.8%;O-P、Ca10-P是底层土壤磷素养分的主要累积形态,两者在20—100 cm土层的累积量可达无机磷总量的46.6%—78.2%,且该比例随土层深度的增加而有所增加。【结论】温室栽培条件下,土壤磷素养分虽有大量累积,但其迁移、转化的主要存在形态均以有效性较低的Ca10-P、O-P、Fe-P为主,如何提高这部分磷源的生物有效性,降低其环境风险,是温室土壤磷素养分管理的关键。     

螯合剂对施加生物质炭土壤无机磷组分的影响

以生物质炭土壤为研究对象，采用室内模拟大田培养试验，研究了有机酸对不同地力土壤无机磷形态组分变化的影响。结果表明，在培养过程中，有机酸对生物质炭土壤无机磷形态的转化具有一定影响，有效地促进了低、中、高地力土壤中Al-P、O-P和Ca₁₀-P的释放。土壤中磷素均以Ca₁₀-P存在；活性磷分别占无机磷总量的28.37%、31.51%、37.45%;加入外源磷后，低、中、高地力土壤中Al-P分别增加了1.08倍、1.09倍、1.16倍，活性磷分别占无机磷总量的29.33%、32.71%、39.90%。     

Effect of Applying Chicken Manure and Phosphate Fertilizer on Soil Phosphorus Under Drip Irrigation in Greenhouse

【Objective】 Aiming at the problem of phosphorous accumulation in greenhouse soil, the effects of applying chicken manure and phosphorus fertilizer on phosphorus accumulation in soil under drip irrigation were studied.【Method】 The solar greenhouse in North China Plain using drip irrigation was taken as research object. Five treatments were designed, including no fertilizer (CK), single phosphate (P₁), single chicken manure (OM), chicken manure and reduced phosphate fertilization (OM+P₁), chicken manure and habitual phosphate fertilization (OM+P₂), to reveal the enrichment and transformation, migration and distribution in vertical section of soil at different growth stages and availability of inorganic phosphate form in soil.【Result】 The results showed that the combination of chicken manure and phosphate fertilizer significantly increased the accumulation and residue of total phosphorus, available phosphorus (Olsen-P) and inorganic phosphorus in soil. In the soil layer of 0-20 cm, total phosphorus content decreased with the development of cucumber growth period, highest in seeding stage and lowest in late fruiting stage period. Under different fertilization treatments, total phosphorus contents were significantly different, and the sequence of each growth period was OM+P₂ treatment>OM+P₁ treatment>P₁ treatment>OM treatment>CK treatment. The Olsen-P contents at different levels in the soil profile varied greatly. In seedling stage, the range was 44.43-86.08 mg·kg ^-1 at soil of 0-20 cm, 6.51-10.05 mg·kg ^-1 at soil of 20-40 cm, and there was very little variability in soil layer lower than 40 cm. The effect of water on the movement of phosphorus was slight under the condition of drip irrigation in greenhouse. So Olsen-P mainly concentrated in the soil layer of 0-20 cm, which accounted for 68.76-87.78% of the available phosphorus in soil profile of 0-100 cm in each growth period. Compared with CK, the other treatments increased the proportion of Olsen-P in total phosphorus by 1.23%-2.47%. The sequence of inorganic phosphorus content of different forms in soil layer of 0-20 cm was Ca₁₀-P>Ca₈-P>O-P>Ca₂-P>Al-P>Fe-P, among which, the proportion of Ca-P was the highest (79.55%-83.35%). As the amount of phosphorus fertilizer increased, so did the accumulation of phosphorus. The contents of Ca₈-P, Ca₂-P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca₁₀-P under fertilization treatments were all significantly higher than that under CK, with Ca₈-P increased the most, followed sequentially by Ca₂-P, Al-P and Fe-P. Phosphate fertilizer would be converted into Ca₈-P through Ca₂-P soon after it was applied into the soil, which accumulated in the soil in a slow manner. Among all forms of inorganic phosphorus, Ca₈-P accumulated the most, Al-P and Fe-P also accumulated to a certain extent.【Conclusion】 Traditional excessive fertilization caused phosphorus remaining in the soil in the forms of Ca₈-P, Al-P and Fe-P, resulting in the accumulation of soil phosphorus and waste of phosphorus fertilizer. On the basis of 30,000 kg·hm ^-2 chicken manure, adding phosphate fertilizer had no significant effect on increasing yield but obviously increased the residual accumulation of phosphorus. If only chicken manure was applied, the dosage should not exceed 30 000 kg·hm ^-2. If inorganic phosphate fertilizer was combined, the amount of chicken manure should be reduced, while the inorganic phosphate fertilizer rate should be less than 300 kg·hm ^-2. The specific amount and proportion of fertilizer application need further study and discussion.     

Research on Optimum Phosphorus Fertilizer Rate Based on Maize Yield and Phosphorus Balance in Soil Under Film Mulched Drip Irrigation Conditions

【Objective】 In order to improve phosphorus efficiency and reduce environmental risk due to a large number of phosphorus application under mulched drip irrigation in northeast semi-arid region for maize production, a 3-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different phosphorus application rates on maize yield, phosphorus utilization efficiency and soil phosphorus supply ability, so as to provide scientific references for rational phosphorus fertilizer application in this region. 【Method】 The field experiment was conducted in semi-arid maize production region of Jilin province (Qian'an county) from 2015 to 2017. Six treatments of phosphorus application rate (P₂O) were designed in the field experiments, including 0 (P₀), 40 kg·hm ^-2 (P₄₀), 70 kg·hm ^-2 (P₇₀), 100 kg·hm ^-2 (P₁₀₀), 130 kg·hm ^-2 (P₁₃₀) and 160 kg·hm ^-2 (P₁₆₀), which were used for the calculation of phosphorus uptake, phosphorus utilization efficiencies and apparent phosphorus balance in the soil-crop system. The measurement indexes contained maize yield and its components, phosphorus content of plant at mature stage and soil available phosphorus concentration. 【Result】 The result showed that the maize yield with phosphorus application were significantly increased by 6.2%-21.2% (2015), 9.0%-20.6% (2016) and 12.9%-30.3% (2017) respectively, and increment by 9.2%-23.9% in average three years. The yield was enhanced by increasing grains per ear, 100-kernel weight and harvest index by applying phosphorus fertilizer. Maize yield increased at first and decreased later with increasing of phosphorus application rate, and the highest yield value was found under P₁₀₀ treatment. Phosphorus recovery efficiency and partial productivity declined, however, phosphorus agronomic efficiency increased at first and decreased later with increasing of phosphorus application rate. Available phosphorus content in soil layer (0-40 cm) was improved with the increasing of phosphorus application rate and period compared with P₀ treatment, and the content under P₁₀₀ treatment was very close to its initialization value. The apparent phosphorus balance in soil was negative in the P₀, P₄₀ and P₇₀ treatments after a three-year continuous maize-cropping, and the phosphorus deficient amount was decreased with the increment of phosphorus application rate. While the apparent phosphorus balance in soil was positive under the P₁₀₀, P₁₃₀ and P₁₆₀ treatments, and phosphorus surplus amount was increasing with the increment of phosphorus application rate. When surplus rate was 0, phosphorus application rate, maize yield, available phosphorus content in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil, phosphorus recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency and partial productivity were 92.4 kg·hm ^-2, 12 497 kg·hm ^-2, 34.6 mg·kg ^-1, 28.4 mg·kg ^-1, 24.1%, 21.9 kg·kg ^-1 and 146.1 kg·kg ^-1, respectively, by simulating between phosphorus application rate (y₁), soil available phosphorus content (y₂), phosphorus utilization efficiency (y₃) and surplus rate (x), respectively. These results were similar to maize yield, soil available phosphorus content and phosphorus utilization efficiency under the maximum yield under the P₁₀₀ treatment. The optimum phosphorus application rate was at the range of 88-97 kg·hm ^-2 under 95% confidence levels, when theoretical surplus rate was 0. 【Conclusion】 The results suggested that the recommended phosphorus application rate was at the range of 88-97 kg·hm ^-2, which could not only ensure higher maize yield, but also keep soil phosphorus balance under this experimental conditions. The research provided phosphorus fertilizer management for both high-yielding maize production and friendly environment under mulched drip irrigation conditions in northeast semi-arid region of Jilin province.     

添加螯合剂对磷酸二铵溶解、固定及转化的影响

【目的】促进磷肥溶解、减少磷素固定是提高磷肥利用率的重要途径。本研究通过向磷酸二铵中添加羟基乙叉二膦酸和葡萄糖酸钠制备磷肥试验产品,研究其溶解和防固定性能及磷素肥际转化特征,为磷肥高效利用提供依据。【方法】选择羟基乙叉二膦酸（HEDP）和葡萄糖酸钠（SG）两种螯合剂,分别按0、0.5%、1%、3%、5%的添加比例与粉状磷酸二铵混匀并挤压造粒,制备出普通磷酸二铵（P）、HEDP_0.5%+P、HEDP_1%+P、HEDP_3%+P、HEDP_5%+P、SG_0.5%+P、SG_1%+P、SG_3%+P和SG_5%+P等9种颗粒磷酸二铵试验产品。分别采用水溶出率法和CaCl₂沉淀法分析比较不同磷酸二铵试验产品的水溶性磷的溶解速率和固定率,并利用土壤培养法研究其肥际移动和转化特征。【结果】（1）添加HEDP和SG的磷酸二铵平均溶解速率较普通磷酸二铵分别提高27.7%和20.0%;HEDP和SG在5%和0.5%添加量时溶解速率最高,分别达5.1%·min^-1和4.8%·min^-1,溶解15 min的溶出率分别为76.6%和72.6%,较普通磷酸二铵提高39.2%和32.6%。（2）添加HEDP和SG,磷酸二铵中水溶性磷固定率分别降低10.3%和6.6%,与普通磷酸二铵相比,HEDP和SG添加量分别为5%和3%时水溶性磷固定率最低,分别为58.1%和61.3%,较普通磷酸二铵降低17.0%和11.8%。（3）HEDP+P和SG+P处理肥际土壤有效磷含量较普通磷酸二铵分别显著提高39.5%和21.2%,以HEDP+P肥际土壤有效磷含量更高。HEDP和SG添加量均在3%时肥际微域有效磷含量最高,分别为2.9和2.5 g·kg^-1,较普通磷酸二铵提高53.3%和31.9%。（4）HEDP+P和SG+P处理肥际微域Ca₂-P含量较普通磷酸二铵分别提高38.2%和43.0%,均在螯合剂添加量为3%时最高;在施肥层上下5 mm肥际微域范围内,HEDP+P和SG+P的处理Ca₈-P含量较P处理分别降低33.6%和14.5%,HEDP和SG添加量分别在0.5%和3%时肥际微域Ca₈-P含量最低,分别为0.9和1.5 g·kg^-1,较P处理分别降低53.4%和25.8%。（5）肥际微域中有效磷和Ca₂-P含量与磷肥的溶解速率显著正相关,与水溶性磷固定率显著负相关（P<0.01）。【结论】添加羟基乙叉二膦酸和葡萄糖酸钠均可促进磷酸二铵溶解,有效减少磷素固定,其中羟基乙叉二膦酸的助溶解及防固定效果更好,且当其添加量为3%时能更显著地提高肥际土壤有效磷含量,并减少Ca₂-P向Ca₈-P的转化。