长期施肥对土壤活性有机碳指标的影响

以棕壤长期肥料定位试验地土壤为试材,研究和对比了不同施肥处理耕层土壤各项活性有机碳指标对长期施肥的响应。研究结果表明,长期施用化肥、有机肥以及有机肥配施化肥均显著改变了土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量。与此同时,土壤的轻组有机碳(LFOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量亦对长期施肥产生与TOC基本一致的响应。相关分析结果表明,土壤的LFOC、ROC和MBC可以作为长期施肥对土壤TOC影响的评价指标,且三者的指示灵敏度依次为MBC>LFOC>ROC。     

秸秆施用及蚯蚓活动下土壤有机碳变化表征指标的筛选

在长期连续稻-麦轮作的小区试验中,通过运用主成分分析法与聚类分析法等,对施用秸秆与接种蚯蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)后土壤有机碳变化表征指标的敏感性进行了分析与评价。结果表明,不同土壤有机碳变化表征指标对农田施用秸秆与蚯蚓活动的响应不同,用所选取12种指标可较完整地表达土壤有机碳的含量与组成变化,但较多的信息及信息的不一致影响进一步的分析。各指标可依主成分分析与聚类分析结果分为两大类,一类为与土壤有机碳含量密切相关的指标,如可溶性有机碳(DOC)、热水提取态碳(HWEC)、潜在可矿化碳(PMC)、基础呼吸(BR)、酸提取态碳(AEC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、总有机碳(TOC);另一类为与微生物密切相关的潜在影响土壤有机碳的指标,如微生物熵(Mq)、代谢熵(qCO2)与微生物生物量碳(MBC)。运用与土壤有机碳含量密切相关的指标可用于评价秸秆施用对土壤有机碳的影响,且不必全部测定,只需选测一种或两种指标,而其他指标可通过回归方程获得。与微生物密切相关的指标可用于评价蚯蚓活动对土壤有机碳的潜在影响。     

Walkley–Black analysis of forest soil organic carbon: recovery, limitations and uncertainty

Organic carbon levels of 542 soil samples from temperate lowland forest were determined by the original and modified Walkley–Black (WB) dichromate methods and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. The performance and the lower and upper quantification limits of the WB method were assessed. Variable recovery rates were related to laboratory and field conditions and to the sample composition. The percentage carbon recovered by the original WB method was found to be systematically lower than commonly accepted, and the correction factor was estimated at 1.58 instead of 1.30–1.35. However, a good linear relationship with TOC enabled acceptable prediction of soil organic carbon which was most precise when using the original WB method. Texture class and pedogenetic horizon showed significant differences in recovery. Depending on the modifications of the WB method, recoveries varied significantly between laboratories, explaining up to 29% of the total variation of the topsoil carbon assessment of a site. Low recovery from samples was partly attributed to charcoal and resistant elementary carbon particles. No interference was found to be caused by iron or manganese compounds. In order to use WB carbon data of forest soils, laboratory‐ and method‐specific determination of the recovery rate using a total analyser is strongly recommended. The original WB method was unable to predict reliably forest soil carbon contents higher than 8% TOC.     

不同水土保持耕作措施对径流泥沙与土壤碳库的影响

为了研究南方红壤坡地不同水土保持耕作措施的蓄水保土和固碳减排效应,通过江西省水土保持生态科技园5a的定位观测资料,对3种耕作措施（横坡间作,纵坡间作和果园清耕）条件下坡面产流产沙及土壤碳库的变化进行了分析。结果表明：（1）与裸露对照相比,3种耕作措施均具有一定的蓄水减流和保土减沙效应,其减流率在21.16%～75.32%,减沙率在38.08%～80.57%,红壤坡地不同耕作措施的蓄水保土效应从优至劣排序为：横坡间作〉纵坡间作〉果园清耕;（2）与裸露对照相比,3种耕作措施均具有提高土壤有机碳质量分数和增加土壤碳库的作用,其表层土壤总有机碳质量分数增加幅度为37.24%～66.34%,土壤碳储量增加幅度为35.23%～55.34%,红壤坡地各项耕作措施实施5a后的表层土壤碳库指数和土壤碳储量大小排序均为：纵坡间作〉横坡间作〉果园清耕;（3）间作措施的蓄水保土和固碳减排效益优于清耕措施,适宜在红壤坡地推广。     

黄土高原吕梁山不同撂荒年限土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布特征

为探究不同撂荒年限土壤结构及有机碳分布特征,试验选取黄土高原吕梁山自然撂荒1、2、3、5、10、15、20a枣园土壤为研究对象,以清耕作业下的枣园土壤为对照(CK),利用干筛和湿筛法测定并分析各样地0～20 cm 土层中土壤团聚体稳定性、团聚体有机碳与土壤总有机碳含量及其相关性.结果表明:撂荒初期,土壤团聚体含量呈波动...     

养殖水中总有机碳与化学需氧量和生化需氧量相关性的研究

总有机碳能较全面地反映水体有机物的污染程度,总有机碳的测定具有操作简单、分析快速、结果准确等特点。研究了养殖水中的总有机碳与化学需氧量和生化需氧量相关性,总有机碳与化学需氧量的相关系数为０.９９１８,总有机碳与生化需氧量的相关系数为０.９３６２,可以用总有机碳来估算和衡量水体的污染情况。     

民勤绿洲区苜蓿地土壤有机碳组分分布特征

为了解西北民勤绿洲区紫花苜蓿种植后土壤有机碳组分的变化趋势及影响因素,以民勤绿洲区3a(A3)、14a(A14)和22a(A22)苜蓿种植地为研究对象,以棉花种植地(CK)为对照,通过野外调查取样以及室内测试分析,对土壤中的全部有机碳(TOC)、重组有机碳(HFOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和微生物量碳(MBC)的含量进行测定,分析变化趋势并对其规律进行研究。结果表明:相对于棉花种植地,22a苜蓿地土壤容重和电导率分别降低了13.9%和95.4%。3~22a苜蓿地较棉花种植地(CK)的TOC、LFOC、HFOC和MBC分别表现出175.0%,1 416.0%,47.8%和216.0%的增长幅度,变化差异较为显著。在垂直剖面上,棉花种植地(CK)显著低于苜蓿地LFOC、POC、MBC含量,并随土层加深而不断降低。逐步回归分析表明LFOC与TOC显著正相关(p0.05)。苜蓿种植年限、土层以及这两个变量的交互作用对POC/TOC产生显著影响(p0.01),对TOC、LFOC、HFOC、POC、MBC、LFOC/TOC、HFOC/TOC和MBC/TOC均产生极显著影响(p0.001)。苜蓿种植提高了土壤质量,降低了土壤容重和盐碱性,连续种植14a是苜蓿最为合理的种植年限,同时苜蓿种植有利于0—60cm垂直土层有机碳组分的累积,尤其对TOC、LFOC和MBC的增长效果极其显著。     

施用秸秆对土壤有机碳组成和结构稳定性的影响

在室内条件下培养 6个月时随秸秆添加量的增加 ,土壤中总有机碳 (TOC)、焦磷酸钠提取有机碳 (SPPC)、水解碳水化合物 (HDC)、热水提取碳水化合物 (HWC)的含量和水稳性团聚体含量极显著增加 ,粘粒分散率除一个盐土土样外其余 3个土样显著降低。虽然玉米秆和小麦秆分别对TOC、SPPC、水稳性团聚体和粘粒分散性的影响之间没有显著差异 ,但是有小麦秆处理比玉米秆处理HDC和HWC含量高的趋势。TOC、SPPC、HDC和HWC分别与水稳性团聚体显著正相关 ,与粘粒分散率显著负相关 ,但总体而言 ,HWC与团聚体的稳定性更相关 ,HDC和粘粒的分散性更相关。     

Evaluation of a rapid microwave digestion method for determination of total organic carbon in soil

Precise measurement of soil organic carbon (SOC) is essential for constructing regional inventories, developing best agricultural management practices, and modeling purposes. Currently, the automated dry combustion method is considered standard, but the method is both costly and time-consuming. There is a need for a simple, easy to use and cost-effective method of organic C determination in soil. A simple method of total organic carbon (TOC) determination in soil that involved wet digestion of K₂Cr₂O₇-H₂SO₄-soil mixture in a commercial microwave oven followed by spectrophotomteric measurement of Cr (III) was evaluated. The method was compared with automated dry combustion and two other wet digestion methods. The method showed close agreement with dry combustion method (R² = 0.90; root mean square error = 0.70) and the TOC measured with the two methods did not differ for a range of soils drawn from lowland and upland land-uses and varying in pH (6.2–9.3), TOC (2.8–14 g kg^?1), and calcium carbonate content (0–6.7%). The recovery of the added organic C by the microwave method was 98.6 ± 4.2%. The results suggested that microwave-spectrophotometric method could be easily adopted in routine soil analysis as it is not only precise, rapid, and cost-effective but also produced small volume of reagent waste.     

集约经营毛竹林土壤活性有机碳库研究

为了解毛竹林集约经营后土壤有机碳库发生的变化,采集了集约经营历史5～10年竹林的土壤样品进行分析,并与粗放经营毛竹林进行比较。研究结果表明:毛竹林集约经营后土壤总有机碳、水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量都明显减少,与粗放经营毛竹林之间有显著差异(P<0.05),并且微生物量碳占总有机碳比例也显著降低,水溶性有机物质的分子量也明显变小。集约经营后竹林土壤矿化态碳数量及其占总有机碳比例增强,说明毛竹集约经营使土壤有机物质稳定性变差,矿化率增加。毛竹林土壤总有机碳、水溶性碳、微生物量碳及矿化态碳两两之间相关性均达极显著水平(P<0.01),土壤各类有机碳含量与土壤全氮、水解氮含量间相关性也达显著或极显著水平。毛竹集约经营未改变各类有机碳的剖面变化特征。     

冻融次数和含水量对棕壤总有机碳和可溶性有机碳的影响

以东北地区棕壤为供试土样,采用人工控温,室内培养的方法,使土样经受不同冻融处理,研究了冻融次数和含水量对棕壤有机碳的影响。研究结果表明,冻融次数和含水量对棕壤总有机碳的影响不显著,冻融次数对可溶性有机碳的影响达到显著水平,随着冻融次数的增加土壤可溶性有机碳含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,在试验设计范围内表现为冻融降低了棕壤可溶性有机碳的含量,可溶性有机碳占总有机碳的比例随冻融作用的变化趋势与可溶性有机碳基本一致。土壤可溶性有机碳对冻融处理的反映较为敏感,可以作为反映不同冻融处理对土壤有机质影响的一个较好的指标。     

DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC CARBON IN SOIL

The organic carbon contents of a range of soils and of various organic materials (mostly of plant origin) were determined by the titrimetric methods of Tinsley and Walkley and Black, and the results compared with those obtained by Shaw's wet combustion method. Tinsley's method gave more reliable results with soils than Walkley and Black's method, but neither is satisfactory for precise work. Both give high results with organic materials less oxidized than elemental carbon and low results with organic materials more oxidized, although this effect is masked with materials which do not react completely under Walkley and Black conditions. Quantitative results were obtained on a range of whole plant materials with both Tinsley's and Walkley and Black's methods. The latter thus provides a very rapid method for the determination of carbon in plants. The carbon contents, determined by Tinsley's method, of a range of pure organic compounds agreed with the predicted values. Tinsley's method does not give quantitative results with certain soils, partly because of the oxidation level of the organic matter in these soils and partly because oxidation is incomplete.     

民勤绿洲区撂荒农耕地土壤有机碳变化特征及影响因素

对民勤绿洲区不同撂荒年限农耕地0-60cm土体4个土层中土壤总有机碳（TOC）、轻组有机碳（LFC）和重组有机碳(HFC)剖面分布以及与土壤主要属性的关系进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)撂荒区0-60cm土层土壤,TOC、LFC和HFC含量分别介于3.21-5.23g/kg、0.34-1.51 g/kg、2.55-4.30 g/kg之间,相对于常规耕作,撂荒过程中土壤TOC 、LFC和 HFC的下降主要发生在耕层（0-20cm）,撂荒50年间,TOC 、LFC和 HFC年均减幅分别为1.94%,5.46%和2.13%;20-60 cm土层土壤TOC和HFC含量总体呈现缓慢增长的趋势,撂荒50年TOC和HFC年增幅分别为0.31%和0.88%,LFC持续减少,年均减幅为1.18%。(2)撂荒地HFC对TOC的贡献大于LFC,土壤TOC和HFC分别与粘粒百分比（Clay）和粉粒百分比（Silt）呈极显著正相关,与沙粒百分比（Sand）呈极显著负相关,LFC与Silt、Sand和Clay均未达到统计学上的显著水平,但LFC分别与土壤pH、EC和SAR达到显著或极显著水平,说明LFC对土壤盐碱化较为敏感。(3)逐步回归分析表明,土壤全氮（TN）,总碳氮比（TOC/TN）对土壤TOC 、LFC和 HFC影响较大。（4）随撂荒时间延长,耕层土壤逐步趋于粗质化,粘粉粒含量不足,容重降低,盐碱化提高,不利于土壤有机碳的积累,随土层加深,粘粉粒含量提高,有助于土壤有机碳的固持。     

不同复垦年限煤矸山重构土壤有机碳及其组分差异

土壤有机碳含量是土壤肥力状况的重要标志之一,其活性组分对田间管理措施反映敏感。因此,分析煤矸山复垦重构土壤有机碳含量及其组分差异对于揭示土壤碳库变化、指导复垦地田间管理措施的实施有重要意义。本研究以山西省霍州曹村煤矸山复垦后5a(R-5a)、7a(R-7a)和9a(R-9a)的果园为对象,通过与当地原地貌果园(CK)对比,分析了3种复垦样地土壤总有机碳(TOC)及其组分可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)的差异,以及与土壤环境因子间的关系。结果表明:①随复垦年限的增加,3种复垦样地土壤TOC、LFOC和HFOC含量均呈先增后减趋势,DOC含量呈增加趋势,MBC含量呈先减后增趋势;但与CK相比,3种复垦样地土壤TOC、DOC、MBC、LFOC和HFOC含量均明显偏低。②DOC/TOC和MBC/TOC在R-7a样地中最低,LFOC/TOC随复垦年限的增加呈增加趋势,HFOC/TOC呈减少趋势,表明土壤中更多的有机碳从稳定态转变为活性态。③土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、碳氮比、黏粒含量、pH和含水量均不同程度影响有机碳含量,其中全氮、全磷、黏粒含量和土壤pH为关键因子。     

Dissolved carbon and nitrogen release from deadwood of different tree species in various stages of decomposition

The aim of study was to estimate how the deadwood of different tree species in various stages of decomposition releases dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total nitrogen concentration. The deadwood of seven species (Common alder, Common aspen, Common ash, Silver fir, Norway spruce, Common hornbeam, and Silver birch) were selected. Three logs from each species in the third, fourth, and fifth decay classes were chosen for analysis. The investigation was carried out in Czarna Rózga Reserve in Central Poland. The leachate from deadwood was collected in lysimeters. Concentrations of total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (IC), total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN) were determined. In our investigations, the concentration of TOC measure in filtered water samples was equal to DOC. Additionally, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) values were determined in water samples. The results confirmed the importance of the wood species and the stage of decomposition on the concentration of DOC and TN. Significant differences in the concentration of DOC and TN in leachates released between coniferous and deciduous species were noted. Most DOC and TN were released from decomposing hornbeam and aspen wood, the least DOC, and TN were released into the soil from coniferous species, especially the spruce.     

Predicting Total Organic Carbon Content of Soils from Walkley and Black Analysis

Globally, there is problem of computing soil carbon stock because the Walkley–Black method gives only an approximation of soil organic carbon content. Until now, no universal relationship between Walkley–Black carbon (WBC) and total soil organic carbon (TOC) has been developed that could be applicable in all kinds of soil. In the present study, relationships between WBC and TOC were established from samples collected from central and northern India. TOC was measured by dry combustion technique and WBC was determined by wet digestion methods. A relationship between WBC and TOC was developed by taking into account silt + clay content (SICL) of soil and mean annual rainfall (MAR) of the region (adj. R² = 0.99, n = 100). The present study gives an easy approach to measure TOC by easily available data sets (WBC, SICL, and MAR). Using this relationship, computation of soil carbon stock that was done earlier with WBC values could be revisited and improved.     

肥料减施条件下水稻土壤有机碳组分对紫云英—稻草协同利用的响应

研究紫云英与稻草不同利用模式在化肥减量条件下稻田表层土壤有机碳及其活性组分的差异,为合理利用有机物料调控土壤肥力提供参考。采用湖南省南县连续5年(2011—2015年)大田定位试验的方法,研究了减量施肥下洞庭湖地区紫潮泥双季稻田0-20cm表层土壤总有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)对紫云英与稻草不同利用模式的响应。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)相比,单施化肥(F100)TOC、MBC、DOC、EOC和LFOC的含量均有显著上升,增幅分别为12.2%,19.5%,18.6%,11.3%和100.9%。化肥减量20%条件下紫云英与稻草利用模式更有助于有机碳组分的积累,其中晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英(F80+HR+A)处理效果最为突出,与CK相比,增幅分别为18.3%,47.2%,24.1%,20.0%和204.0%。减量施肥下紫云英单独利用相比稻草单独还田更益于MBC、DOC与EOC的积累,增幅分别为9.8%,4.0%和0.6%,土壤LFOC则相反,下降了34.8%。敏感指数分析表明土壤有机碳及其活性组分中LFOC对土壤质量变化最为敏感,其次是MBC,二者可作为衡量土壤质量状况的良好指标。F80+HR+A各有机碳组分敏感性均显著高于F100处理。相关性分析表明水稻产量、土壤有机碳及其组分之间均呈极显著相关(p0.01)。综上所述,化肥减量条件下不同紫云英与稻草利用模式对紫潮泥稻田土壤有机碳及其活性组分含量的影响存在明显差异,稻草还田能够显著提高土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的含量,紫云英的利用则有利于土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳的积累,而紫云英与稻草协同利用模式,尤其是晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英更有助于土壤有机碳及其活性组分的积累。     

Organic carbon and its fractions in paddy soil as affected by different nutrient and water regimes

As an essential indicator of soil quality, soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions play an important role in many soil chemical, physical, and biological properties. A 4-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrient and water regimes on paddy soil organic carbon quality by measuring the major SOC fractions. Four nutrient regimes were compared: (i) control; (ii) chemical fertilizers only (CF), (iii) combined application of chemical fertilizers with farmyard manure (FYM) (CM), and (iv) combined application of chemical fertilizers and wheat straw (CS). Two soil water regimes included continuous waterlogging (CWL) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). The total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in paddy soil were 40–60% and 37–67% higher in the combined organic sources and chemical fertilizers treatment against the sole chemical fertilizers treatment (CF), especially under continuous waterlogging (CWL). By fractionalizing SOC, it was observed that, under the water regimes of CWL, easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and mineralizable organic carbon (MNC) in the organically treated paddy soil were significantly (P<0.05) lower, as compared with alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Especially for CM treatment, EOC, POC, LFOC, MBC, and MNC in the paddy soils under the regime of CWL were 23.5%, 32.7%, 16.3%, 56.8% and 25.1% lower than those by AWD, respectively. The proportions of EOC, POC, LFOC, MBC and MNC as a percent of TOC in the CWL were lower than those in the AWD, especially for the CM treatment. In the water regime of CWL, no significant differences were seen in the corresponding proportion of all the investigated organic fractions to soil total organic carbon (TOC) among the three fertilization treatments, whereas in the AWD, the corresponding proportions of different carbon fractions to TOC in the organic fertilizer treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in the chemical fertilizer treatment. Under continuous waterlogging, the proportion of soil water stable aggregate >250 μm (WSA) decreased by 42–45% and clay dispersion ratio (R_CD) increased by 12–38%, as compared to the water regimes of AWD, when FYM or wheat straw was incorporated into paddy soil. Correlation analysis showed that, under the water regimes of AWD, WSA was significantly and positively related to EOC, LFOC and POC with the coefficients (r) of 0.822, 0.889, 0.912 (P<0.01), respectively. R_CD was negatively correlated to EOC, LFOC and POC with the r=−0.796, −0.854, and −0.897 (P<0.01), respectively, under AWD. Under the water regimes of CWL, there were no significant (P<0.05) correlations between WSA as well as R_CD and any organic carbon fraction except POC.     

长期保护性耕作对黄绵土总有机碳和易氧化有机碳动态的影响

长期定位试验研究了黄土高原西部旱农区不同耕作措施(传统耕作T、免耕+秸秆覆盖NTS、免耕NT、传统耕作+秸秆翻埋TS、传统耕作+地膜覆盖TP和免耕+地膜覆盖NTP)对黄绵土土壤总有机碳和易氧化有机碳的影响。结果表明, 土壤有机碳含量随土壤深度的增加而降低, 10~30 cm土层土壤有机碳含量的下降较为明显, 并且在0~5 cm、5~10 cm和10~30 cm土层中, 均表现为由研究初期各处理相对差异较小到试验中后期各处理出现显著差异的变化。不同耕作措施下0~30 cm土壤总有机碳和易氧化有机碳在2002-2012年的平均含量均为NTS>TS>NTP>NT>T>TP。与传统耕作相比, 免耕各处理和传统耕作秸秆翻埋处理可增加1.2%~7.2%的土壤总有机碳, 5.3%~16.6%的土壤易氧化有机碳含量, 而传统耕作覆膜处理分别降低4.3%和2.7%。免耕和秸秆覆盖处理均有利于黄绵土土壤有机碳和易氧化有机碳的积累, 免耕结合秸秆覆盖效果最佳, 而多年传统耕作覆盖地膜后有机碳明显降低。免耕秸秆覆盖处理土壤总有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量平均值在2004年、2006年、2008年、2010年及2012年分别较2002年提高9.5%和42.9%、13.2%和67.6%、21.5%和71.5%、1.1%和15.9%、2.7%和12.6%。因此, 在西部黄土高原黄绵土区, 采用免耕结合秸秆覆盖的保护性耕作措施有利于土壤总有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量的提高, 从而有利于土壤质量的持续改善。易氧化有机碳对不同耕作措施的响应比总有机碳更灵敏, 可以将其作为指示黄绵土有机碳变化的早期指标。     

土壤中钙键和铁/铝键结合的有机碳差异的比较

为研究矿质元素在有机碳矿化中所起的作用,以棕壤、黄棕壤、红壤为供试土壤,比较了不同利用方式和施肥处理土壤中钙键、铁/铝键结合的有机碳的差异。结果表明,从北至南的地带性土壤(棕壤、黄棕壤和红壤)系列中,全钙及与有机碳结合的钙依次降低,钙键结合的有机碳占有机碳总量的比值依次升高;铁/铝键结合的有机碳及其占全碳的比值依次升高。与自然土壤相比,耕作土壤在不施肥条件下,钙键有机碳、铁/铝键有机碳占有机碳总量的比值增加,且铁/铝键有机碳占有机碳总量比值的增加率始终比钙键有机碳占有机碳总量比值的增加率要高;覆膜比不覆膜时铁/铝键有机碳占有机碳总量比值的增加率比钙键有机碳占有机碳总量比值的增加率高得多。这表明,与全土有机碳相比,有机碳矿化稳定性由高到低依次是铁/铝键有机碳、钙键有机碳、全土有机碳。