番茄SRAP-PCR反应体系建立与优化

利用正交实验设计L16(45)对番茄SRAP-PCR反应体系的5个因素(Mg2+、dNTPs、引物、Taq DNA聚合酶和模板DNA)在4个水平上进行优化试验研究。结果表明:各因素水平变化对反应体系影响的大小依次为:Mg2+dNTPs引物Taq DNA聚合酶模板DNA;建立的番茄SRAP-PCR最佳体系(25μL)为:Mg2+2.5mmol/L、Taq DNA聚合酶0.5U、dNTPs0.25mmol/L、引物0.4μmol/L、模板DNA 80ng。     

蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

为建立和优化蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应体系,以“仙桃1号”蛋黄果为试材,SCoT1为引物,采用L₁₆(4⁵)正交试验,对影响SCoT-PCR反应的DNA、Mg²⁺、dNTPs、引物及Taq聚合酶等因素进行优化;并选用3份地理位置相距较远的蛋黄果种质为模板,对优化反应体系进行验证。结果表明,不同因素对蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应体系的影响存在差异,但不显著,其中最大的影响因素是Taq聚合酶含量,其次是dNTPs浓度、模板DNA含量、引物浓度和Mg²⁺浓度。蛋黄果SCoT-PCR最佳反应体系(20μL)为模板DNA 80 ng、3 mmol/L Mg²⁺、0.25 mmol/L dNTPs、0.4μmol/L引物、Taq 2 U。在该体系下,3份蛋黄果种质均能稳定扩增出清晰明亮、数目丰富且稳定性高的条带,说明优化的SCoT-PCR反应体系适用于蛋黄果SCoT分子标记。     

粉枝莓SCoT分子标记的PCR反应体系建立

以粉枝莓为试材,以改良CTAB法提取的基因组DNA为模板,从引物、dNTPs、Mg~(2+)浓度以及退火温度4个因素,对SCoT-PCR反应体系进行了优化,以建立适合粉枝莓SCoT-PCR最佳扩增体系。结果表明:SCoT-PCR反应体系的最佳条件为dNTPs 0.125mmol·L~(-1)、Taq DNA聚合酶0.15μL、引物1.0μmol·L~(-1)、Mg2+0.625mmol·L~(-1)、模板40ng、反应体积20μL、退火温度为51℃。该优化体系扩增的产物条带清晰,稳定性高。     

玫瑰SCoT-PCR反应体系优化及引物筛选

以玫瑰为试材,采用L16(45)正交设计和单因素试验2种方法,研究模板DNA、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物和Taq酶5个因素对玫瑰SCoT-PCR反应体系的影响,建立最优化的反应体系并筛选合适引物。结果表明:模板DNA浓度为1.50ng/μL,Mg2+浓度为2.00mmol/L,dNTPs浓度为0.35mmol/L,引物浓度为0.70μmol/L,Taq酶用量为0.50U时,可建立玫瑰SCoT-PCR最佳反应体系,并筛选出20条扩增条带清晰、多态性丰富的SCoT引物。反应体系的优化及引物的筛选,为日后利用SCoT分子标记技术对玫瑰进行相关研究提供理论依据和技术支持。     

温郁金SCoT-PCR反应体系的正交优化

以温郁金为试材,运用L25(56)正交设计在5个水平上对影响温郁金SCoT-PCR反应的模板DNA、Mg2+、dNTPs、Taq酶和引物5个因素进行优化试验,对PCR结果进行极差分析。建立并优化温郁金的目标起始密码子多态性-聚合酶链式反应(SCoT-PCR)体系,以期为温郁金的遗传多样性分析及分子鉴定等研究提供技术支持。结果表明:建立了温郁金SCoT-PCR的最佳反应体系(20μL):引物0.8μmol/L,dNTPs 0.4mmol/L,Mg2+1.5mmol/L,Taq酶0.5U,模板DNA 40ng,且确定各因素对温郁金SCoT-PCR反应效果的影响大小依次为:dNTPsTaq酶引物Mg2+模板DNA,其中dNTPs对体系影响最大。优化的温郁金SCoT-PCR反应体系在多个温郁金品种遗传多样性研究中得到了验证,结果表现出良好的稳定性、重复性和多态性丰富等特点,可用于今后温郁金品种遗传多样性分析、系统发育分析、遗传图谱构建、基因定位和分子标记辅助育种等研究。     

偃麦草SRAP-PCR反应体系优化

以偃麦草叶片DNA为模板,利用单因子和L16(45)正交实验设计对影响偃麦草SRAP-PCR反应效果的Mg2+、引物、dNTPs、DNA、Taq DNA聚合酶5种因素进行优化,并比较了不同退火温度对扩增反应的影响,通过综合比较分析建立偃麦草SRAP-PCR的优化反应体系。结果表明:优化的偃麦草SRAP-PCR总体系20μL中,Mg2+1.75 mmol/L,引物0.15μmol/L,dNTPs 0.20mmol/L,DNA 50ng,Taq DNA聚合酶0.75U,2μL 10×PCR buffer;Mg2+和引物浓度对扩增效果影响最大,DNA浓度影响最小;采用该体系对32份偃麦草进行验证,扩增结果清晰稳定,此体系的建立为利用SRAP分子标记进行偃麦草遗传多样性、抗性标记等研究奠定了技术基础。     

山梨SSR反应体系的建立及其稳定性验证

以山梨为试材,提取基因组DNA,运用5因素5水平正交实验设计,对SSR反应体系中的DNA模板、Mg2+、Taq酶、dNTPs和引物用量进行优化试验,确立适宜的SSR反应体系。结果表明:20μL反应体系中,模板DNA 10ng、Mg2+(20mmol/L)2.5μL、Taq酶1.25U、dNTPs(10mmol/L)1.0μL、引物(10μmol/L)1.5μL、10×PCR buffer 2.0μL;应用该SSR体系,在引物筛选试验及山梨×"幸水"后代群体中进行扩增,扩增效果较好,证实了该体系的适用性和稳定性。     

西藏光核桃SRAP-PCR反应体系的优化和引物筛选

以西藏12份光核桃种质为试材,采用正交设计,从dNTPs、Mg²⁺、引物、模板DNA和Taq DNA聚合酶5种因素5个水平来优化SRAP-PCR反应体系,并对引物进行了筛选。结果表明:光核桃25μL的SRAP反应体系的最佳组分包括2.5μL 10×buffer,0.35 mmol/L dNTPs,1.5 mmol/L Mg²⁺,0.4μmol/L引物,20 ng模板DNA和2.5 U Taq DNA聚合酶。各因素对扩增反应结果均有不同影响,其中以dNTPs浓度影响最大,模板DNA的影响最小。应用该体系从40个引物组合中共筛选出扩增条带清晰、多态性丰富的SRAP引物组合23个。这一体系的建立及多态性引物组合的筛选为利用SRAP标记技术进行光核桃遗传多样性研究提供了依据。     

正交设计优化大白菜ISSR-PCR反应体系

以大白菜为试材,采用新型植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取大白菜基因组DNA,采用正交实验设计方法,对dNTPs、Mg2+、Taq DNA聚合酶、引物、及模板DNA五因素四水平进行优化,筛选并建立了适合大白菜的ISSR-PCR反应体系。结果表明:25μL的反应体系中含有1.5mmol/L Mg2+、200μmol/L dNTP、0.5UTaq DNA聚合酶、0.7μmol/L引物、30ng模板DNA。在此基础上探讨了最佳循环次数,应用该优化反应体系,用3个不同循环数对资源DNA进行ISSR-PCR扩增,结果显示优化的反应体系适宜的循环次数是30。     

杜鹃花ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立和优化

以杜鹃花为试验材料,采用正交实验方法,研究模板DNA浓度、ISSR引物浓度、dNTPs浓度、Taq DNA聚合酶浓度、Mg2+浓度等5个因素对ISSR-PCR反应体系的影响,以建立适合杜鹃花的ISSR-PCR最佳扩增体系。结果表明:杜鹃花ISSR反应体系的最佳条件为模板DNA用量为60ng/20μL,ISSR引物浓度0.60μmol/L,dNTPs浓度0.50μmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶浓度30U/mL,Mg2+浓度为0.6mmol/L。采用该反应体系可以从10份杜鹃花(R.simsii)基因组内扩增出稳定性高、重复性好ISSR-PCR产物。该研究为杜鹃花的遗传多样性分析、ISSR指纹图谱构建、亲缘关系鉴定等研究奠定了基础。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. west coast

Habitat for wide-ranging species should be addressed at multiple scales to fully understand factors that limit populations. The marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, forages on the ocean and nests inland in large trees. We developed statistical relationships between murrelet use (occupancy and abundance) and habitat variables quantified across many spatial scales (statewide to local) and two time periods in California and southern Oregon, USA. We also addressed (1) if old-growth forest fragmentation was negatively associated with murrelet use, and (2) if some nesting areas are more important than others due to their proximity to high quality marine habitat. Most landscapes used for nesting were restricted to low elevation areas with frequent fog. Birds were most abundant in unfragmented old-growth forests located within a matrix of mature second-growth forest. Murrelets were less likely to occupy old-growth habitat if it was isolated (> 5 km) from other nesting murrelets. We found a time lag in response to fragmentation, where at least a few years were required before birds abandoned fragmented forests. Compared to landscapes with little tono murrelet use, landscapes with many murrelets were closer to the ocean's bays, river mouths, sandy shores, submarine canyons, and marine waters with consistently high primary productivity. Within local landscapes (≤ 800ha), inland factors limited bird abundance, but at the broadest landscape scale studied (3200 ha), proximity to marine habitat was most limiting. Management should focus on protecting or creating large, contiguous old-growth forest stands, especially in low-elevation areas near productive marine habitat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Role of cyclic nucleotides in the acute hypoxic responses of hypoxic subcultured porcine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells

AIM: To detect the role of cyclic nucleotides in the alleviation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in chronic hypoxic animals. METHODS: The intracellular cAMP and cGMP of the cultured porcine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and endothelial cells (PAEC) were assayed by RIA. The length of single PASMC during acute hypoxia was measured by imaging analysis system. RESULTS: The basal levels of cAMP and cGMP in PASMC and cGMP in PAEC of Chronic hypoxic groups decreased remarkably compared with normoxic groups (P＜0.01). Under acute hypoxia, the contents of cAMP and cGMP in PASMC of chronic hypoxic groups increased significantly (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, the percentage of PASMC with weak constrictive response in chronic hypoxic group was higher than that of control group. CONCLUSION:It's suggested that the changes of cAMP and cGMP in chronic hypoxic PASMC and PAEC might contribute to the increase in the basic tension of pulmonary artery and the alleviation of HPV in chronic hypoxic animals.