江苏省夏大豆褐斑粒率与病毒病病害程度及大豆主要性状关系的研究

用抗性不同（抗、高抗、中抗和不抗）的１６个大豆品种,组成１７个杂交组合。以其杂种二代为材料,研究其褐斑粒率与病毒病发病程度的相关性及与大豆主要农艺性状的关系。结果表明：大豆花叶病毒是籽粒发生褐斑的前提,在大多数情况下,褐斑率大小与病害程度呈正相关。一般情况下,在组合内,褐斑率与百粒重呈负相关,褐斑率高的品种,脐色一般较深,生育期越长,褐斑率越大,在育种中选择低褐斑率品种作亲本时,相关性状也应予考虑     

夏大豆抗花叶病毒育种的高世代选择效果研究

通过对江苏省夏大豆不同抗性品种（高抗、中抗、不抗）组成9个杂交组合，对其F4、F5世代的单株采用叶部摩擦法按种Sb、Sa病毒株系，调查受害程度，褐斑粒度，并计算相相关性。研究结果表明：各组合F4、F5的病级与褐斑率的相关性大多数达到显著水平，其平均相关系数从－0．209－0．675^[**]。F4代应对大豆花叶病的抗性进行严格选择，F5仍需进行抗病性选择。绝大部分组合的种子褐斑粒率与病级指数的相关性达极显著水平，其杂种后代能产生超亲现象。一般而言，要得到抗性强的植株，其亲本中至少有一个为高抗。其遗传机制尚待研究。     

大豆病毒病与籽粒褐斑关系的研究

通过对我院经作所保存的２４８份大豆种质资源在田间的种植表现,来研究我省夏大豆品种对大豆花叶病毒病的感染程度,再通过观察其相应品种籽粒的褐斑粒率来研究其相关性。结果表明：大豆花叶病发病程度与籽粒褐斑粒率的相关系数为０．１８６９,未达到显著水平。但在褐斑率低的品种中,一级病害的发生率明显多于二级;在褐斑率高的品种中,三级病害的明显多于一级病害的发生率。这说明病毒病的发生与褐斑率的高低可能有某种程度的关联。试验还选出启东八月白、苏豆４号１南农８８－３１等病害程度轻、褐斑率低的品种,可供杂交时做亲本使用。     

大豆病毒病与籽粒褐斑率关系的研究

通过对我院经作所保存的 ２４８份大豆种质资源在田间的种植表现,来研究我省夏大豆品种对大豆花叶病毒病的感染程度,再通过观察其相应品种籽粒的褐斑粒率来研究其相关性。结果表明：大豆花叶病发病程度与籽粒褐斑粒率的相关系数为０．１８６９,未达到显著水平。但在褐斑率低的品种中,一级病害的发生率明显多于三级;在褐斑率高的品种中,三级病害的明显多于一级病害的发生率。这说明病毒病的发生与褐斑率的高低可能有某种程度的关联。试验还选出启东八月白、苏豆 ４号、南农 ８８－３１等病害程度轻、褐斑率低的品种,可供杂交时做亲本使用。     

大豆花叶病(SMV)若干抗性鉴定指标分析

本文通过40个大豆品种的抗大豆花叶病鉴定,阐述了种传率、褐斑率和成株抗性三个抗性鉴定指标及相互关系。结果表明:种传率、褐斑率、成株抗性分别受不同基因控制。植株感染病后,任一指标为抗性,三项指标间不存在相关性。病株种子出苗率(种子活力)下降主要受种传率影响,与褐斑率、病情指数关系不大。在田间自然传毒情况下,褐斑率、种传率均随成熟期的推迟而加重。这是原始病株(带毒种子产生的病苗)、蚜虫消长及在同一时间内,不同熟期品种生长发育期不同所致,不能反映品种本身的抗性水平。     

大豆花叶病毒对大豆生长的影响

在人工接种江苏大豆花叶病毒（ＳＭＶ）ＳＡ株系条件下，研究了ＳＭＶ对１９个抗性不同的大豆品种９个主要性状的影响。结果表明，１３个感病品种在苗期接种ＳＡ后，除根瘤数外其余８个性状均与对照有极显著差异，受ＳＭＶ影响的程度从大至小依次为单株粒重、单株叶面积、根瘤重、茎叶干重、根干重、种子褐斑粒率、株高、百粒重。抗病品种９个性状均与对照无显著差异。感病品种在苗期与花期分别接种ＳＡ后，褐斑粒率、百粒重、单株粒重有极显著差异，早期感染ＳＭＶ其危害大于中后期感染．     

影响大豆褐斑率的若干因素

用28个大豆品种分期播种,在不同发育期接种大豆花叶病毒,探讨影向褐斑率的因素。结果表明:各品种的褐斑率与接种SMVⅠ—1、SMVⅡ—3毒株间相关显著;接种SMVⅠ—1毒株的褐斑率为66.21％,SMVⅠ—2为56.54％,SMVⅡ—3为74.45％,SMVⅡ—4为65.77％;顶枯型的褐斑率为38.1％,轻花叶型为44.1％,重花叶型为57.5％,皱花叶型为65.7％,皱缩型为81.6％。早播的褐斑率比晚播的低。真叶期接种的褐斑率较复叶期和开花期接种的低。     

大豆灰斑病、病毒病双抗育种简报

大豆灰斑病、病毒病是黑龙江省三江平原大豆的两大主要病害,给大豆生产造成很大损失。大豆灰斑病在一般发病年可减产5—12％,大发生年减产31％。感病籽实的脂肪、蛋白质含量均降低。大豆病毒病一般植株发病率达60％、籽实褐斑率达10—12％,重者达70％以上,严重影响大豆出口和销售价格,尤其两种病同时流行对大豆生产影响更大。目前我省已推广了一批抗灰斑病品种,但生产中尚无抗病毒病品种,更缺少灰斑、病毒兼抗品种。     

大豆主要外观品质性状与脂肪含量的相关和逐步回归分析

以５１４份黄大豆品种为试材，分４个熟期组对大豆完全粒率、百粒重、虫食粒率、褐斑粒率、紫斑粒率与脂肪含量进行了相关和逐步回归分析。结果表明：对脂肪含量影响最大的是褐斑粒率，４个熟期组均呈显著或极显著负相关，均有显著的回归线性效应．其次是完全粒率，４个熟期组均呈显著或极显著正相关，２个熟期组有显著的回归线性效应．百粒重、虫食粒率、紫斑粒率与脂肪含量的相关系数很小，对脂肪含量影响不大。     

大豆病毒病的抗病育种

近十余年大豆病毒在不少地区有所发展,对大豆产量和籽粒品质影响很大。曾在湖北省江汉平原推广的某些大豆品种,产量虽较高,并具有不少优异特点,但因严重感染病毒病,竟酿成颗粒无收。李莹(1976)指出,大豆病毒病可使大豆籽粒产生的褐斑粒率高达95％。当前,在化学和生物防治均难以控制该病的情况下,大豆抗病毒病的育种势在必行。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。