2014年锦屏县稻纵卷叶螟大发生原因及防控技术

2014年锦屏县水稻稻纵卷叶螟大发生,严重影响水稻的产量。通过一年的灯诱、排诱和田间系统调查,总结分析稻纵卷叶螟大发生的特点及原因,为稻纵卷叶螟的监测和防控提供参考。     

浦北县稻纵卷叶螟发生与防控探讨

稻纵卷叶螟是浦北县水稻上的主要害虫之一.据63a的资料统计,重发生年份发生面积（当年各世代稻纵卷叶螟发生为害面积之和）占种植面积比例达128.67％,一般年份发生比例为10％～40％;其中,年发生面积达60％以上的有6a,占9.52％,年度间差异较大.为更好地开展稻纵卷叶螟防控工作,将为害损失控制在经济许可值下,现根据1950年以来,稻纵卷叶螟的发生特点及防控对策进行相关的探讨和分析.     

稻纵卷叶螟的简易防控技术

近几年来,我地水稻上的两迁害虫(稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱)来势猛、发生重.稻纵卷叶螟原是局部发生、间歇为害的害虫,但现在随着施肥量增大、种植优质稻和矮秆品种等因素稻纵卷叶螟的发生与为害逐年加重;目前已成为影响水稻生产的常发性害虫.     

川东北地区2009年水稻稻纵卷叶螟大发生因为及防控对策

川东北地区是水稻稻纵卷叶螟常年轻发区,2007-2009年该虫在南部县大发生,特别是在2009年大面积暴发,其根本因为是大量迁入的虫源、适宜的气候条件、优质丰富的饵料、化学农药施用不当等.在此提出水稻稻纵卷叶螟的防治时策.     

川东北地区2009年水稻稻纵卷叶螟大发生原因及防控对策

川东北地区是水稻稻纵卷叶螟常年轻发区,2007—2009年该虫在南部县大发生,特别是在2009年大面积暴发,其根本原因是大量迁入的虫源、适宜的气候条件、优质丰富的饵料、化学农药施用不当等,在此提出水稻稻纵卷叶螟的防治对策。     

水稻稻纵卷叶螟及水稻螟虫防治技术指导

一、稻纵卷叶虫是为害水稻的一种重要害虫。近年来在我国水稻上危害日益加重,对水稻产量构成了严重威胁。 （一）为害状：稻纵卷叶螟主要危害水稻。以幼虫吐丝纵卷叶片结成虫苞,幼虫躲在苞内取食上表皮及叶肉组织,留下表皮,造成白叶。受害重的稻田一片枯白,使千粒重降低,瘪谷率增加,导致严重减产。     

从江县稻纵卷叶螟发生特点及防控措施

近年来从江县稻纵卷叶螟连续出现偏重发生,局部地区部分稻田大发生,发生面积大,分布广,为害重。迁入虫量大、迁入峰次多、气候条件适宜、为害高峰期持续时间长、抗药性增强及田间栽培管理条件有利,是造成稻纵卷叶螟重发生的主要原因,对此提出了综合防控措施。     

几种绿色防控技术对稻纵卷叶螟的防效及效益

2014年开展4种绿色防控技术对稻纵卷叶螟的防效试验。结果表明,安装频振式太阳能杀虫灯、设置性诱剂诱捕器、释放赤眼峰、喷施1.8%阿维菌素EC(生物农药)的平均防效分别为52.08%、43.75%、56.25%和87.50%;增产率分别为7.34%、5.08%、9.60%和22.03%;投入产出比分别为1∶5.7、1∶3.0、1∶5.4和1∶8.4。     

中国水稻害虫治理对策的演变及其展望

本文简要回顾了中国水稻害虫的变迁、相应的对策演变,从中了解、总结害虫发生与人类治虫对策之间的因果渊源,指出只有师法自然、通过生态工程实施生态治理技术才能持续双赢。     

Development and characterisation of transgenic rice expressing two Bacillus thuringiensis genes

BACKGROUND: Transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) were first commercialised in 1996. The risk that pests have the potential to evolve resistance to Bt toxins is one of the most serious challenges to this technology. Gene stacking, pyramiding two Bt genes into one variety, is considered to be an effective insect resistance management (IRM) strategy. In this study, insect‐resistant rice expressing two Bt genes was developed by sexual crossing, and then characterised. RESULTS: Homozygous rice lines of two pyramided Bt genes were obtained in the F₃ generation. Quantification of Bt toxin showed that protein concentrations of Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac and Cry2A in the two‐gene lines were comparable with their single‐gene parents, while the expression of cry1C gene decreased after gene stacking. Four two‐gene lines showed higher activity to striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) than parental lines in the laboratory bioassay. All pyramided lines and their hybrids exhibited excellent efficacy against stemborers and leaffolders in field evaluation, while most pyramided lines had no significant differences from original variety in yield under spraying of insecticide. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the two‐gene lines have commercial potential and could serve as a valuable IRM strategy. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

华南稻区优质有机稻米生产核心技术系统研究与示范

介绍有机稻米生产核心技术系统的组成、相关技术和该系统的示范效果。     

Potential allelopathic rice lines for weed management in Cambodian rice production

In Cambodia, the planting of rice lines with a competitive and/or allelopathic ability would be a very useful way to supplement weed management in the rain‐fed, low‐input production systems. The present study examines a wide range of rice germplasm, mainly from Cambodia, and uses a series of bioassay techniques to identify those that might have a weed growth‐suppressing, allelopathic trait. A laboratory bioassay study that involved 359 rice lines showed that there were 15 that could significantly reduce the growth of awnless barnyard grass seedlings. In a second laboratory bioassay, involving the best 96 rice lines that were identified in the first study, 14 were shown to suppress the shoot growth of awnless barnyard grass, 11 could suppress the shoot growth of barnyard grass, six could suppress the shoot growth of small umbrella sedge, four could suppress the shoot growth of two‐leaf fimbristylis, four could suppress the shoot growth of water primrose, and three could suppress the shoot growth of gooseweed. Of the 13 rice lines that were able to suppress the growth of at least two weed species, there were three lines that could suppress the growth of three weed species, one line that could suppress the growth of four weed species, and one line that could suppress the growth of five weed species. In a third soil‐based, pot bioassay that studied the 18 best lines coming from the second laboratory bioassay, all showed a significant weed growth‐suppressive ability. A linear regression analysis showed that there was no correlation between their weed growth‐suppressive ability and their physical seedling size, supporting the idea that the growth suppression was allelopathic in nature and not a physical competition effect. In summary, the results indicate that an allelopathic trait does exist in some Cambodian rice lines and that this trait is effective in the growth suppression of a number of major rice weeds.     

沿淮中稻害虫优化防治技术研究

在田间系统调查和试验的基础上,研究了安徽沿淮中稻主要害虫稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱的防治策略和优化防治措施。结果表明,采用在水稻大田生长前期（水稻移栽至7月上旬）不施药,保护和培育天敌对害虫的自然控制作用,在水稻大田生长中期（7月中旬至8月初）和后期（8月上旬及以后）抓关键期防治的策略,以及在水稻大田生长中期/后期使用氯虫苯甲酰胺+噻嗪酮/氯虫苯甲酰胺+噻嗪酮、氯虫苯甲酰胺+噻嗪酮/丙溴磷+吡蚜酮、丙溴磷+吡蚜酮/氯虫苯甲酰胺+噻嗪酮等药剂组合的防治措施,可以有效控制害虫为害、满足生产实际的需要。     

我国近年来水稻重大病虫害可持续控制技术重要研究进展——非化学控害技术研究

针对水稻病虫害防治中长期存在控害保产与生产无公害稻米矛盾比较突出的问题,研究提出了几种效果显著的非化学控害增产技术。其中,利用水稻遗传背景、对病虫抗感水平等差异显著的水稻品种多样性种植,控制稻瘟病的效果达42.12％～76.68％,抑制白背飞虱若虫数量增长效果明显,增产糯稻或优质稻600～1050 kg／hm²,平均增收约1 500元／hm²;稻鱼共育控制稻飞虱的效果为63.77％～86.89％,对纹枯病病株抑制率70.52％,控制稻田杂草效果为89.57％,平收获鲜鱼319.5～1 177.5 kg／hm²,水稻产量比对照区增产7.05％～10.11％;稻鸭共育控制稻飞虱效果63.73％～77.18％,控制稻螟效果30.11％,控制纹枯病效果19.33％～67.03％,对稻田杂草控制效果91.96％,减少施肥30.6％、农药59.3％,减少投入1 987.05元／hm²。     

丙草胺防治直播稻田杂草稻的技术研究

为了探寻对栽培稻安全的杂草稻防除技术,采用整株测定法研究了丙草胺对杂草稻的毒力及解草啶减轻丙草胺对栽培稻药害的应用技术,并通过田间试验检验了这一技术的安全性。结果表明:丙草胺在450g/hm2时,可显著抑制杂草稻和栽培稻的生长;采用30mg/L解草啶浸种48h,可显著减轻丙草胺对栽培稻的药害,随着丙草胺施药量的增加,解草啶的保护作用逐渐减弱。田间试验结果说明:用30mg/L解草啶浸种栽培稻48h,丙草胺的施药剂量在450~675g/hm2时对栽培稻安全;当丙草胺剂量为900g/hm2时,栽培稻产量显著下降。     

Weed problems and their management in rice fields of Malaysia: An overview

The available literature on weed problems and weed control in rice fields in Malaysia is reviewed and suggestions for future research are included. The problem of weed competition with rice is of great economic importance in the country because it causes a 10–35% reduction in grain yield. About US$4.10 million is spent annually on herbicides for rice alone, and this amounts to approximately 7% of the total expenditure on herbicides. The shift in methods of rice culture from transplanting to direct seeding has magnified the weed problem. The problem of weedy rice is particularly acute in the direct-seeding rice areas. Although a number of sulfonylurea herbicides (e.g. cinosulfuron, metsulfuron, bensulfuron and pyrazosulfuron) have been found to be suitable alternatives to the old herbicide 2,4-D, an integrated weed management program must be developed in order to reduce the problem of herbicide resistance in weeds. Weed control methods that are more friendly to the environment and affordable to farmers must be sought. Weed-competitive and allelopathic rice varieties must be produced. The problem of weeds in rice calls for systematic studies on biotechnological methods of control of weedy rice. Detailed studies on the biology and ecology of notorious rice weeds, particularly Oryza sativa L. (weedy rice), Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees, Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. and Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch. need to be done in order to formulate successful weed control measures.     

PGPR and entomopathogenic fungus bioformulation for the synchronous management of leaffolder pest and sheath blight disease of rice

BACKGROUND: The biological control of plant pests and diseases using a single organism has been reported to give inconsistent and poor performance. To improve the efficacy, bioformulations were developed possessing mixtures of bioagents. RESULTS: Bioformulations combining Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula strains Pf1 and AH1 and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill. isolate B2 were developed and tested for their efficacy against leaffolder pest and sheath blight disease on rice under glasshouse and field conditions. The combination of Pf1, AH1 and B2 effectively reduced the incidence of leaffolder insect and sheath blight disease on rice compared with other treatments. An in vitro assay of leaffolder preference to rice leaf tissues treated with Pf1 + AH1 + B2 biformulation showed variation from normal growth and development of leaffolder larvae. Plants treated with the Pf1 + AH1 + B2 combination showed a greater accumulation of enzymes, lipoxygenase and chitinase activity against leaffolder insect compared with other treatments. Similarly, the plants showed a higher accumulation of defence enzymes, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity against sheath blight pathogen in Pf1 + AH1 + B2 treatment compared with the untreated control. The bioformulation mixture attracted the natural enemy population of leaffolder under field conditions. In addition, a significant increase in rice grain yield was observed in Pf1 + AH1 + B2 treatment compared with the untreated control. CONCLUSION: The combination of P. fluorescens strains and B. bassiana isolate effectively reduced the incidence of leaffolder insect and sheath blight disease on rice plants and showed the possibility of controlling both pest and disease using a single bioformulation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

北方稻区水稻害虫发生与防治

北方稻区,特别是东北早熟单季稻稻区,水稻种植面积逐年扩大,随着全球气候变暖和耕作栽培制度等因素的变化,其水稻害虫发生面积和危害程度逐渐增大,对北方优质水稻生产构成了较大影响。本文综述近年来北方稻区水稻害虫发生危害概况,分析引起害虫发生危害的原因,总结区域性的水稻害虫防治策略和技术。