刺榆中黄酮含量测定及其抗氧化活性研究

目的研究刺榆各部位黄酮类化合物的含量,以及其粗多糖及总黄酮的抗氧化活性。方法利用NaNO2-Al（NO3）3-NaOH显色法和可见分光光度法测定总黄酮的含量。并对总黄酮和粗多糖的抗DPPH、OH、02-的活性进行了研究。结果总黄酮含量次序为：刺〉花〉叶〉茎〉根。刺榆黄酮（HDF）和多糖（HDP）均具有很好的抗氧化作用。结论刺榆的刺可发展为提供黄酮成分的新资源并显示显著的抗氧化活性。     

不同来源金线莲生长与品质对比分析

研究中国福建、云南、台湾和巴西来源金线莲的生长与品质差异,结果表明：金线莲生长情况来源地优劣顺序：台湾＞福建＞巴西＞云南;多糖含量：福建(台湾)＞巴西＞云南;总黄酮含量：福建＞云南(台湾)＞巴西;总生物碱含量：云南(巴西)＞福建＞台湾;氨基酸含量：云南＞巴西(台湾)＞福建。金线莲产量与茎粗和叶片数呈显著正相关,生物碱含量与茎粗呈显著负相关、与叶片数呈极显著负相关。     

不同基质对黎药裸花紫珠袋苗生长影响研究

[目的]利用不同基质配比在裸花紫珠育苗上应用,筛选最适合海南裸花紫珠育苗的基质配比。[方法]根据不同的基质配比设7个处理,每个处理重复3次,每个处理以30株为单位,随机区组放置在遮阳大棚内,苗期管理一致,以上基质均按体积配比。[结果]不同基质在促进裸花紫珠株高、茎粗和叶片大小等方面差异显著,其中基质G(椰糠+河沙+绿之荘微生物肥=6∶3∶1,均按体积配比)最为理想。[结论]具有一定的理论价值和较高的经济、环保与社会效益,为今后其他作物专用育苗基质的合成提供科学依据。     

余甘子各器官总黄酮含量分析

分析比较了余甘子各器官之间、不同余甘子品种之间以及与野生资源之间的总黄酮含量。结果表明,黄酮类化合物普遍存在于余甘子各器官中,以叶片与果实中居多,枝、根中含量较低：皇帝甘枝条的总黄酮含量高于玻璃甘枝条。粉甘、蓝丰、秋白这3个品种的果实总黄酮含量差异显著。3个野生资源单株总黄酮含量差异显著,野生余甘子果实总黄酮含量高于栽培品种。     

茶树花主要生化成分分析

为探明茶树花的主要生化成分,便于其开发利用,对13个茶树品种、不同开放状态的花及花的不同部位主要生化成分进行分析。结果表明,不同品种花的主要生化成分平均含量分别为：茶多酚10．51％、游离氨基酸1．60％、黄酮类化合物0．62％、水溶性糖35．46％、水浸出物56．11％;盛开期主要生化成分含量较高,露白期低;茶树花不同部位生化成分含量差异较大,花瓣水溶性糖、黄酮类化合物和水浸出物含量较高,雄蕊和雌蕊氨基酸含量较高,花托和花梗茶多酚含量较高。     

不同地理种源金线莲不同采集时间活性成分分析研究

对4个不同地理种源金线莲（‘三明尖叶’、‘三明圆叶’、‘漳州尖叶’及‘台湾AF’）种植满120 d时的生物量及活性成分进行分析比较。结果显示,单株鲜重和干重及多糖含量以‘漳州尖叶’金线莲品种最高,而总多酚及总黄酮含量则均以‘台湾AF’金线莲品种最高。同时对4个金线莲品种不同采集时间的活性成分进行分析比较。结果显示,除‘台湾AF’金线莲品种外,其余3个品种的变化规律大致相同,即随着移栽时间的延长,总多酚及总黄酮含量缓慢增长,而多糖含量则递减。金线莲‘三明尖叶’与‘三明圆叶’品种中,总多酚及总黄酮含量均在种植满150 d达到最大值,此时,在‘三明尖叶’金线莲中,总多酚及总黄酮含量分别为(9.81±0.24)、(4.62±0.16) mg/g;在‘三明圆叶’金线莲中,总多酚及总黄酮含量分别为(9.27±0.22)、(4.60±0.17) mg/g。‘漳州尖叶’金线莲品种的总多酚及总黄酮含量均在种植满120 d达到最大值,分别为(7.74±0.05)、(4.63±0.04) mg/g。‘三明尖叶’、‘三明圆叶’以及‘漳州尖叶’金线莲品种的多糖含量分别于种植满90、0、120 d时达到最大值,多糖含量分别为(26.05±2.11)、(24.29±2.33)、(45.90±4.70) mg/g。此外,对‘三明尖叶’与‘三明圆叶’金线莲品种不同部位活性成分分析发现,多酚与黄酮主要在叶片累积,而糖类物质则主要在茎段累积。     

辣木多糖酶促提取技术优化及不同部位含量研究

为研究辣木多糖的酶促提取工艺和辣木不同部位的多糖含量,在单因素试验的基础上,以多糖提取率为指标,选择纤维素酶用量、提取温度、提取时间、液料比为试验因素,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对纤维素酶辅助提取辣木多糖的工艺参数进行优化,并在此基础上研究辣木不同部位的多糖含量差异。4种因素对辣木多糖提取率的影响顺序依次为:纤维素酶用量>提取温度>液料比>提取时间。建立辣木多糖提取率(Y)与纤维素酶用量(X1)、提取温度(X2)、提取时间(X3)、液料比(X4)的二次正交回归模型:Y=18.6602+0.8134X1+0.7572X2–0.4312X3+0.6909X4–0.5181X12–0.4935X22–0.6277X42,该模型拟合度好,4个因素均对多糖提取率有显著影响(p<0.05)。通过回归模型获得优化的提取工艺为:纤维素酶用量1.60%,提取温度53℃,提取时间68 min,液料比52∶1,在此条件下辣木多糖提取率为19.83%,实际值与预测值一致。辣木不同部位的多糖含量结果表明,辣木根、花、嫩叶、茎中均含有丰富的多糖,其中根中含量最高且极显著高于其他部位(p<0.01),可进一步开发利用。采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计优化得到的辣木多糖酶促提取工艺条件准确可靠,可有效提高辣木多糖提取率并可在生产中推广应用。     

蓝光补光对福建金线莲生长及药用成分的影响

以福建尖叶品种金线莲种植苗为材料,用LED蓝光进行不同光周期补光试验,研究补充光照对金线莲生长及药用成分积累的影响。结果表明:补充蓝光光照对金线莲生长有积极的促进作用,其植株叶片数、茎粗、根长、鲜重、干重等指标有不同程度地增长;尤其是8 h/d处理,上述指标均显著高于对照。补充蓝光光照使植株总糖、多糖含量略有增长,但差异不显著;3个处理植株总多酚含量均高于对照,且8 h/d处理植株增幅显著;3个补光处理总黄酮含量均显著高于对照。      

长白山产落新妇中黄酮及多糖的积累动态研究

目的:研究不同采收期落新妇根中黄酮及多糖的积累动态规律并分析比较不同部位中黄酮及多糖的含量。方法:利用紫外分光光度法测定落新妇不同采收期及不同部位中的黄酮及多糖的含量。结果:落新妇根中黄酮的含量在7月份明显减少,其他月份含量变化不明显;根中总多糖含量在6月份及10月份偏高,5月份及8月份偏低,10月份含量最高,可达23.79%;落新妇不同部位中黄酮及多糖的含量大小顺序均为根>叶>茎。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确、可靠,适合不同采收期落新妇根中黄酮及多糖的含量分析,确定了落新妇的适宜采收期,为落新妇植物资源的开发利用提供科学依据。     

无患子媛华不同物候期养分需求特征研究

为了解无患子媛华无性系原料林叶片矿质元素在不同关键物候期动态变化规律,揭示该无性系养分需求特征,为科学制定营养管理制度提供理论依据。以福建省建宁县树龄5、6、7 a的无患子媛华无性系原料林为研究对象,测定展叶期、花序抽生末期、花期末、果实膨大初期、果实转色期、果实成熟期N、P、K、Ca、S、Mg、Fe、Zn、B等含量指标。无患子媛华无性系原料林不同关键物候期叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量总体呈先降低、再上升、后降低趋势,均在果实膨大初期达到最高;N和P的含量在花序抽生末期和果实膨大初期之间存在显著差异,其K含量在果实膨大初期显著高于其他关键生育期,且在其余生育期之间无显著差异,而Ca含量和Mg含量在展叶期和果实膨大初期存在显著差异（P<0.05）,Fe、B含量呈先上升后降低趋势,Fe含量在果实转色期显著高于其余生育期,B含量在花期末急剧降低,且显著低于其余生育期（P<0.05）,Zn含量和S含量全年总体无明显变化。3个树龄叶片中N含量和K、P、Mg含量分别呈显著正相关,Ca含量和K、Fe含量分别呈显著正相关,S含量和Zn含量呈显著负相关,Zn含量和S、B含量分别呈显著负相...     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).