金柑果汁加工中的酶解工艺研究

通过单因素和正交试验对金柑果汁加工中的酶解工艺进行了研究。结果表明:当pH值为4.0,果胶酶用量为0.04%,酶解温度40℃,酶解时间4 h,在此条件下金柑出汁率高达83.2%,酶解工艺影响因素从大到小依次为:果胶酶用量、酶解温度、酶解时间、pH值。     

菠萝渣可溶性膳食纤维的提取工艺优化和功能特性分析

通过单因素及正交试验优化纤维素酶法提取菠萝渣中可溶性膳食纤维的工艺条件,并对产品的功能特性进行分析。结果表明:纤维素酶法提取的较佳提取工艺为:蒸馏水(V)∶菠萝渣粉(m)=20(mL)∶1(g),纤维素酶添加量为30 U/g,pH4.8,温度40℃酶解2.0 h,在此工艺条件制备可溶性膳食纤维得率为(7.12±0.02)%,其持水力与溶胀力分别为(35.81±0.04)g/g和(73.50±0.12)mL/g。     

杂交新品种‘云茶红1号’在保山和澜沧地区的生态适应性研究

研究旨在应用酶法提取咖啡果皮中膳食纤维，为高品质膳食纤维提取及产业化开发应用提供参考。单因素及响应面优化纤维素酶法提取咖啡果皮中可溶性膳食纤维的工艺条件，并对其功能特性进行分析。结果表明：纤维素酶法提取的最优提取工艺为：超纯水(V)∶咖啡果皮粉(m)＝100 mL∶6 g，纤维素酶活添加量为22 FPU/mL，酶解温度40℃，酶解时间2 h，在此工艺条件制备可溶性膳食纤维得率为9.72%；其持水力为(35.72±0.33)g/g，溶胀力为(94.85±0.23)mL/g，结合水力为(26.97±0.54)     

酶法青梅汁生产工艺的研究

以红星青梅为原料,采用正交试验方法研究了酶加入量、酶解时间和酶解温度对青梅透光率的影响。结果表明,果胶酶酶解青梅浆的最佳工艺条件是：酶用量70mg／L,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间45min,其中果胶酶用量是影响青梅汁透光率的主要因素。     

麒麟藻渣制备膳食纤维工艺研究

以提取卡拉胶后的麒麟藻废渣为原料,利用木瓜蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶对粗纤维进行酶解,制备膳食纤维。正交试验优化提取工艺,得出最佳工艺条件为：料液比为1∶30,时间1.5 h,温度为65℃,蛋白酶用量为0.35%、α-淀粉酶用量为1.5%,膳食纤维得率为35.58%。按照最佳工艺条件提取的麒麟藻渣膳食纤维,膨胀力10.93 mL/g,持水力721.72%。     

菠萝皮可溶性膳食纤维提取工艺的研究

为了提高菠萝的综合利用水平,以菠萝皮为原料,采用纤维素酶水解法从菠萝皮中提取可溶性膳食纤维,以单因素试验为基础,对正交试验的工艺参数进行优化。结果表明：菠萝皮可溶性膳食纤维最佳的提取工艺条件为：纤维素酶浓度0.7％、料液比1 ∶ 30、酶解温度60 ℃、浸提4次、pH 5.6、酶解时间75 min;在此工艺条件下,可溶性膳食纤维的提取率可达23.89％;膳食纤维的持水力为11.86 g/g,溶胀性为15.5 mL/g,持油力6.94 g/g。此结果表明菠萝皮膳食纤维具有良好的理化性能。     

利用米糠外添GAD制备γ-氨基丁酸的工艺条件优化

以稻米加工副产品米糠为原料,采用单因素和正交实验确定了外添谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)制备γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的最佳工艺条件:GAD酶用量175u/g,酶解时间2h,pH5.5,酶解温度45℃。经验证实验,在最佳工艺条件下GABA生成量为1530.7mg/100g米糠。     

复合酶法制备早籼米多孔淀粉的工艺条件

以早籼米淀粉为原料,探讨了复合酶法制备多孔淀粉的工艺条件。在适宜条件下用一定比例的α 淀粉酶与糖化酶复合酶水解早籼米淀粉,以形成多孔淀粉。主要考查了温度、ｐＨ值、时间、酶用量和复合酶比对多孔淀粉得率、吸水率和吸附色素能力的影响。研究表明,针对多孔淀粉的得率、吸水率和对胭脂红吸附量3个指标,其最佳工艺条件不一致,以吸水率最佳为标准,最佳制备条件为温度55℃,pH 4.0,时间16 h,α 淀粉酶与糖化酶体积比1∶3,酶活分别为14.00 KNU/g和90.00 AGU/g。在此条件下经两次验证,多孔淀粉的得率分别为41.07％和43.37％,吸水率分别为148.03％和15561％,对胭脂红的吸附量分别为9.37 mg/g和9.38 mg/g。     

响应面法优化海南可可豆中原花青素的提取工艺

本研究采用响应面分析法确定海南可可豆中原花青素提取的最佳工艺条件,对提取得率的影响因素进行单因素分析后,探讨料液比、乙醇浓度、提取时间和温度间的显著性影响和交互作用。结果表明：可可原花青素的最优提取工艺条件为乙醇浓度67%、料液比1∶20（g/mL）、提取时间88 min、提取温度76 ℃。此工艺条件下,可可原花青素提取得率为6.21%。此结果为海南可可豆的开发利用提供基础理论依据。     

超声波辅助提取石崖茶总黄酮工艺优化

应用正交试验方法对石崖茶总黄酮提取工艺进行优化。结果表明:各因素对总黄酮提取量影响大小依次为:料液比超声温度超声时间乙醇浓度。超声波辅助石崖茶总黄酮提取工艺最佳条件为料液比1∶40(g/m L)、乙醇浓度70%、超声时间30 min、超声温度55℃,此条件下总黄酮提取率为30.3%。采用该工艺测定广西昭平、桂平和金秀三个产地的石崖茶总黄酮含量,结果昭平石崖茶总黄酮含量最高,为30.4%。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.