检疫性寄生杂草列当及其防除与检疫

检疫性寄生杂草列当及其防除与检疫黄建中，李扬汉（南京农业大学杂草研究室２１００９５）列当属（Ｏｒｏｂａｎｃｈｅ）属于列当科（Ｏｒｏｂａｎｃｈａｃｅａｅ），全世界约有１００种。分布中心在地中海（如埃及、叙利亚等）和亚洲西部地区，东欧和原苏联南部、高加索...     

棉田杂草发生及防除

棉田杂草发生及防除枝江市植保站（４４３２００）赵爱玲项海兰我市棉花种植面积约１４４万ｈｍ２，棉田草害严重，１９９６年我们开展了棉田杂草发生及为害情况调查，为今后选择经济安全有效的防治措施及方法提供可靠依据。现将其结果总结如下。１发生概况１１主要种...     

植物抗病防卫基因表达调控与诱导抗性遗传的机制

 植物抗病防卫基因的产物直接参加抵抗病原物侵染的活动;它们的表达调控遵循一定规律;这些规律是诱导抗性遗传方式改造的基础;对动植物获得免疫相似性的了解,对植物各类抗病机制研究与改造利用的预见性,都展示出诱导抗性遗传方式改造的意义和前景。     

抛秧田杂草发生与防除

抛秧田杂草发生种类多,数量大,危害重,已成为夺取水稻高产的一大障碍。为此,笔者于１９９５～１９９７年度就抛秧田杂草发生规律及化除技术做了一些研究,现将其结果初报如下：一、材料与方法１．出草规律调查选择杂草发生具代表性的抛秧田２块,以对角线五点取样法定...     

植物促生细菌诱导水稻对白叶枯病抗性的初步研究

 水稻白叶枯病是使水稻遭受重大损失的主要病害。     

草坪杂草的化学防除

草坪对城市增加绿地面积、改善环境、美化市容有着重要的作用。但由于草坪栽种后极易遭受草害,每年都需投入大量劳动力用于草坪除草,尤其是种植最多、最受人喜爱的天鹅绒草坪(亦称细叶结缕草),稍有疏忽就因草害而逐渐消退,乃至灭绝。为摸索控制草坪杂草的途径,从1989年起,开展了天鹅绒草坪杂草的防除技术研究。现将结果报告如下:     

乙草胺防除麦田杂草技术

乙草胺防除麦田杂草技术徐家兰，岳崇仁，李坚民，王淑侠（徐州农校２２１０００）（铜山县潘塘乡农技站，铜山县农业局，徐州市科技培训中心）８０年代中期以来，麦田禾本科杂草的发生为害有逐渐加重的趋势，严重影响三麦产量。防除麦田禾本科杂草多以绿麦隆为主，但该药...     

姜堰市麦田杂草发生特点与防除对策

近年来，随着轻简栽培技术(特别是板茬直播、套播等免耕方式)的大面积推广，麦田杂草的发生程度逐年加重，表现在实际草害面积加大，杂草重发生田数量上升，草相趋于复杂。又因除草剂研发技术相对滞后，长期使用同类除草剂防除麦田杂草，     

Emerging technologies for the chemical control of root parasitic weeds

Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae family include devastating weed species, such as Striga, Orobanche, and Phelipanche, which parasitize major crops, drastically reduces crop yields and cause economic losses of over a billion US dollars worldwide. Advances in basic research on molecular and cellular processes responsible for parasitic relationships has now achieved steady progress through advances in genome analysis, biochemical analysis and structural biology. On the basis of these advances it is now possible to develop chemicals that control parasitism and reduce agricultural damage. In this review we summarized the recent development of chemicals that can control each step of parasitism from strigolactone biosynthesis in host plants to haustorium formation.     

Strigolactone deficiency confers resistance in tomato line SL-ORT1 to the parasitic weeds Phelipanche and Orobanche spp

The parasitic flowering plants of the genera Orobanche and Phelipanche (broomrape species) are obligatory chlorophyll-lacking root-parasitic weeds that infect dicotyledonous plants and cause heavy economic losses in a wide variety of plant species in warm-temperate and subtropical regions. One of the most effective strategies for broomrape control is crop breeding for broomrape resistance. Previous efforts to find natural broomrape-resistant tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) genotypes were unsuccessful, and no broomrape resistance was found in any wild tomato species. Recently, however, the fast-neutron-mutagenized tomato mutant SL-ORT1 was found to be highly resistant to various Phelipanche and Orobanche spp. Nevertheless, SL-ORT1 plants were parasitized by Phelipanche aegyptiaca if grown in pots together with the susceptible tomato cv. M-82. In the present study, no toxic activity or inhibition of Phelipanche seed germination could be detected in the SL-ORT1 root extracts. SL-ORT1 roots did not induce Phelipanche seed germination in pots but they were parasitized, at the same level as M-82, after application of the synthetic germination stimulant GR24 to the rhizosphere. Whereas liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry analysis of root exudates of M-82 revealed the presence of the strigolactones orobanchol, solanacol, and didehydro-orobanchol isomer, these compounds were not found in the exudates of SL-ORT1. It can be concluded that SL-ORT1 resistance results from its inability to produce and secrete natural germination stimulants to the rhizosphere.     

根寄生杂草种子萌发剂概述

独脚金属（Striga spp.）及列当属（Orobanche spp.和Phelipanchce spp.）杂草是世界范围内对农业生产危害严重的根寄生杂草,主要依靠寄生茄科、豆科、谷类等作物获得水分和营养。根寄生杂草种子只有在合适的萌发诱导物（如独脚金内酯）刺激下才能萌发。文章从根寄生杂草的分类、分布及危害,种子萌发剂类型及适用范围,种子萌发剂独脚金内酯的生物合成及分离鉴定,根寄生杂草种子萌发诱导剂的作用机制以及种子萌发过程中激素间协同调控作用等方面进行了综述,并展望了种子萌发剂设计筛选及其在根寄生杂草化学防控中的潜在应用前景。     

Compatible and antagonistic mixtures of diclofop-methyl and flamprop-methyl with herbicides used to control broad-leaved weeds

In glasshouse experiments, the addition of four ‘pyridine herbicides’ (substituted picolinic and pyridyloxyacetic acids) to either diclofop-methyl or flamprop-methyl had little effect on wild oat (Avena fatua) control. This contrasts with the serious antagonisms which occur with 2, 4-D and 2, 3, 6-TBA. With wild and cultivated oat, l'-methylheptyl (4-amino-3, 5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridyl)oxyacetate (Dowco 433) was completely compatible with diclofop-methyl and flamprop-methyl, and there was evidence that its presence improved the control of wild oats. Picloram, 3, 6-dichloropicolinic acid and triclopyr had only slight effects on phytotoxicity. The control of cleavers (Galium aparine) by picloram, triclopyr and Dowco 433 was not significantly reduced by addition of flamprop-methyl. Preliminary metabolism studies suggest that picloram does not greatly increase the rate of diclofop detoxification as do 2, 4-D and 2, 3, 6-TBA, and the observed compatibility could well be a direct consequence of this. The absence in these greenhouse experiments of serious antagonism between the pyridine herbicides and diclofop-methyl or flamprop-methyl suggests that ‘tank mixes’ of these herbicides could be used for the control of both broad-leaved weeds and wild oats.     

杂草对9类常用不同作用机制除草剂的非靶标抗性机制研究进展

除草剂的应用为农业生产带来便利, 但长期、单一使用某一种或相同机制的除草剂也引发了杂草对除草剂的抗性问题。抗性杂草种类逐渐增加, 抗性形成机制复杂, 导致农田杂草的治理难度增加。杂草对除草剂的抗性机制主要分为两种, 一种是除草剂靶标位点基因的突变或过量表达导致的靶标抗性, 另一种是杂草对除草剂吸收、转运、固存和代谢等一个或多个生理过程发生变化导致的非靶标抗性。本文综述了杂草对9类不同作用方式除草剂的非靶标抗性机制的生理、生化和分子基础的研究进展, 以期为抗性杂草综合治理提供参考。     

Solarization; a physical control method for weeds and parasitic plants (Orobanche spp.) in Mediterranean agriculture

Summary. Experiments were conducted between 1985 and 1988 to evaluate the effect of duration and time of solarization on the control of two broom rapes ( Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers., O. crenata Forsk.) and other weeds common in the fields of faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) in West Asia. Solarization was performed by applying clear polyethylene sheet to the soil for 0, 10, 20, or 40 days in 1985/86, 0, 30, or 40 days in 1986/87 and 0, 20, 30, 40 or 50 days in 1987/88 during the hot season (July and August) and for 50 days immediately before sowing during milder weather (September and October) in 1986/87. Best control was obtained with solarization for 30–50 days in the hot season. Maximum soil temperature under polyethylene at 5 cm was 55°C in 1985, 48°C in 1986 and 57°C in 1987. Broomrape dry weight decreased in the first experiment by more than 90% in both faba bean and lentil fields. Solarization controlled broom-rape and other weeds in the following two seasons when the soil was left undisturbed during the season of the treatment.     

杂草对除草剂非靶标抗性机理研究进展

随着除草剂的大面积持续使用,近年来抗性杂草种类增多,危害面积不断增加,危害程度逐渐加重。杂草对除草剂抗性问题业已成为威胁全球粮食安全的关键问题之一。杂草对除草剂的抗药机制主要分为靶标抗性和非靶标抗性,非靶标抗性主要包括对除草剂解毒能力增强、屏蔽作用或与作用位点的隔离作用等机理。本文主要对除草剂的非靶标抗性机制中的P450s、GSTs、ABC转运蛋白和谷胱甘肽转运体等进行综述,并对非靶标抗性机制研究前景进行展望。     

除草剂防除马尼拉草坪杂草试验

草坪宁1号7g/666.7m^2药后35d,60d的总体防效分别为90．8％和70．5％，明显高于阿特拉津100ml 都尔80ml/666.7m^2和阿特拉津100ml 乙草胺80ml/666.7m^2 2处理，对马尼拉草坪安全，值得推广。     

植物化感作用在农田杂草防除中的应用

杂草是农业生产中的重要问题之一,给农业生产造成巨大损失,长期使用除草剂不仅污染环境,而且杂草易产生抗药性。植物化感作用作为一种天然的生态机制,为防治杂草提供了一种有效的方法。本文就化感作用的基本定义、向自然界的释放途径、利用化感作用控制杂草的方法和植物化感作用在杂草防除中的应用前景进行了论述。