Determination of Milk Somatic Cells Using Fluorescence Microscopy: (A preliminary report)

Milk somatic cell counts have up to the last few years been performed by the method of Prescott and Breed only. This method involves the preparation of a smear of 0.01 ml on 1 cm² of a microscopic slide, defattening, staining, and counting within an arbitrary fixed area of the smear using ordinary microscopy. Electronic counting methods involving Coulter counters represent a development of comparatively recent date. The principle of these methods involves the counting of all elements of the size of the somatic cells. Both methods are rather time-consuming.     

天蚕素和合生素对AA肉鸡小肠黏膜形态和小肠免疫细胞的影响

为研究日粮中添加天蚕素、合生素对AA肉鸡小肠黏膜形态及免疫细胞的影响,试验选用480只1日龄健康AA肉鸡,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复30只鸡。对照组（Ⅰ组）饲喂基础日粮,试验组（Ⅱ~Ⅳ组）分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%天蚕素、0.3%合生素、0.5%天蚕素+0.3%合生素。试验期42 d。结果显示,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅳ组十二指肠、回肠绒毛高度极显著升高（P<0.01）;Ⅱ组空肠和回肠、Ⅲ组小肠各段隐窝深度显著或极显著降低（P<0.05;P<0.01）;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组小肠各段和Ⅳ组十二指肠、回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著或极显著升高（P<0.05;P<0.01）;Ⅱ组空肠绒毛宽度显著降低（P<0.05）,Ⅲ组十二指肠和空肠、Ⅳ组空肠和回肠绒毛宽度均极显著降低（P<0.01）;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组空肠黏膜厚度显著升高（P<0.05）,Ⅳ组小肠各段黏膜厚度均极显著升高（P<0.01）。Ⅱ组回肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量显著升高（P<0.05）,Ⅲ组十二指肠、Ⅳ组小肠各段上皮内淋巴细胞数量极显著升高（P<0.01）;Ⅲ组十二指肠、Ⅳ组十二指肠和回肠杯状细胞数量极显著升高（P<0.01）;Ⅳ组空肠肥大细胞数量显著升高（P<0.05）。综上所述,天蚕素、合生素单独或联合添加均能改善AA肉鸡小肠黏膜结构,促进小肠黏膜免疫细胞增殖,联合添加效果最佳。     

Effects of Cecropin and Synbiotics on the Intestinal Mucosal Morphology and Intestinal Mucosal Immune Cells of AA Broilers

In order to investigate the effects of cecropin and synbiotics on the intestinal mucosal morphology and intestinal mucosal immune cells of AA broilers. 480 of 1-day-old healthy AA broilers were chosen and randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates per group and 30 broilers per replicate. The broilers in group Ⅰ(control group) were fed basal diet,while that in groups Ⅱ to Ⅳ were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% cecropin,0.3% synbiotics,0.5% cecropin+0.3% synbiotics,respectively. The trial lasted for 42 days. The result showed that compared with group Ⅰ,the villus height of duodenum and ileum in group Ⅳ were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01).The crypt depth of jejunum and ileum in group Ⅱ,and that of small intestine in group Ⅲ were significantly or extremely significantly decreased (P<0.05;P<0.01).The villus height/crypt depth of small intestine in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ,and that of duodenum and ileum in group Ⅳ were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01).The villus width of jejunum in group Ⅱ was significantly decreased (P<0.05),while the villus width of duodenum and jejunum in group Ⅲ,that of jejunum and ileum in group Ⅳ were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01).The mucous thickness of jejunum in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly increased (P<0.05),while that of small intestine in group Ⅳ was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01).The number of the intraepithelial lymphocyte of ileum in group Ⅱ was significantly increased (P<0.05),and that of duodenum in group Ⅲ and small intestine in group Ⅳ were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01).The number of the goblet cell of duodenum in group Ⅲ,duodenum and ileum in group Ⅳ were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01).The mast cell of jejunum in group Ⅳ was significantly increased (P<0.05).In conclusion,both the cecropin and synbiotics could improve the small intestine mucosal structure and promote the small intestine mucosal immunocompetent cells proliferation in AA broiler, and the effect of combined utilization would be better.     

肉犊牛小肠黏膜免疫相关细胞的数量变化研究

分别选择1、4、6月龄各4头利杂犊牛的十二指肠、空肠、回肠,利用组织化学法和图像分析法研究犊牛小肠的上皮内淋巴细胞、杯状细胞和肥大细胞的数量变化.结果显示在同一月龄犊牛的小肠的上皮内淋巴细胞数量由十二指肠向空肠、回肠逐渐减少,而杯状细胞的数量逐渐增加,肥大细胞的密度逐渐降低.在1、6月龄犊牛十二指肠、空肠、回肠的上皮内淋巴细胞数量之间差异极显著(P＜0.01);4月龄十二指肠的上皮内淋巴细胞数量最多(P＜0.01).在1月龄犊牛十二指肠、空肠、回肠杯状细胞的数量差异极显著(P＜0.01);4和6月龄犊牛十二指肠和空肠之间的杯状细胞的数量差异不显著(P＞0.05),但二者与犊牛回肠杯状细胞的数量差异极显著(P＜0.01).各年龄犊牛十二指肠、空肠、回肠的肥大细胞密度差异极显著(P＜0.01),4月龄时犊牛小肠的肥大细胞密度最低.结果提示犊牛的黏膜免疫水平可能与其机体的发育相一致.     

鸡肠上皮细胞原代培养方法的改进研究

鸡肠上皮细胞(Intestinal epithelial cell,IEC)既是消化吸收的功能性细胞又是肠道免疫的天然屏障,本研究旨在探讨IEC的分离方法和改进其体外培养条件.试验选取20日龄鸡胚,分离肠组织后利用刮取法获得了肠绒毛及隐窝单位,在体外与成纤维细胞共同培养最终获得了活性较高的肠上皮细胞.对所分离细胞进行形态学观察和生化指标的检测,鉴定为IEC.结果表明,共培养方法可以使体外IEC的培养时间延长,可有效满足实验需要,为长时间培养IEC提供了新的方法.     

以蛋壳为原料用水热法制备丙酸钙的工艺研究

首次验证了以蛋壳为原料用水热法制备丙酸钙的可行性。该试验采用单因素方法,考察了固液比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对丙酸钙产率的影响,并以正交试验研究了以蛋壳为原料用水热法制备丙酸钙的最佳条件。试验结果表明,最佳条件为:固液比1∶20,反应温度110℃,反应时间6h。在该最佳条件下的丙酸钙产率可达92.57%。     

酵母培养物水溶物对丙二醛损伤的离体草鱼肠道黏膜细胞的保护作用

在培养液中加入不同浓度(4.94、9.89 μmol/L)的丙二醛(MDA)及酵母培养物水溶物,观察酵母培养物水溶物不同浓度(50、100、200 mg/L)、不同作用时间(3、6、9、12 h)下MDA损伤的离体草鱼肠道黏膜细胞生长、形态及相关酶活力的变化,以研究酵母培养物水溶物对MDA损伤的离体草鱼肠道黏膜细胞的保护作用.结果表明:培养液中添加4.94或9.89μmol/LMDA均显著抑制了离体草鱼肠道黏膜细胞生长(P＜0.05),致使贴壁细胞减少、细胞膜通透性增加,导致胞内酶漏出及细胞抗氧化酶活力降低.培养液中添加50、100、200 mg/L酵母培养物水溶物9h后可显著地促进细胞生长及提高细胞总蛋白含量(P＜0.05),改善细胞生长状态,其中以添加100 mg/L酵母培养物水溶物对4.94 μmol/L MDA损伤细胞的保护效果较好,其细胞生长状态能达到正常组水平.培养液中添加50、100、200酵母培养物水溶物能一定程度地降低培养液中MDA浓度,同时能降低MDA导致的细胞内酶漏出,提高MDA损伤的细胞抗氧化能力.由结果可知,对于4.94、9.89 μmol/L MDA对草鱼肠道黏膜细胞产生的损伤,培养液中添加50、100、200 mg/L酵母培养物水溶物12 h内对细胞均有保护作用,其中以添加100 mg/L酵母培养物水溶物对4.94 μmol/L MDA损伤细胞的保护作用最佳,使细胞生长状态接近正常组水平.酵母培养物水溶物可能通过增强细胞抗氧化能力途径起到对草鱼离体肠道黏膜细胞的保护作用.     

通城猪的两个杂交利用模式效果比较研究(初报)

对长大通和大长通两个杂交组合的生长、胴体及肉质进行比较研究,结果表明：长大通在平均背膘厚、测定期日增重、饲料利用率等方面显著优于大长通;长大通的眼肌面积、腿臀肉骨率、估计瘦肉率等极显著优于大长通组合.二者的肉质性状没有显著差异.综合评价,长大通组合是一个较理想的杂交组合,可作为通城猪杂交利用的繁育模式进行推广.     

分泌性免疫球蛋白A与肠道黏膜免疫的关系及其分泌的营养调控

分泌性免疫球蛋白A(SIgA)是由J链连接成的二聚体免疫球蛋白A(IgA)与分泌片段结合后形成的复合物。肠道内的SIgA是肠道黏膜免疫中的重要环节之一。SIgA可维持肠道黏膜内环境稳态,调控肠道内源微生态,并在黏膜上皮通过干扰病原体与上皮细胞受体结合,阻止病原体附着宿主细胞,影响病原菌毒力及免疫排异,从而阻止病原体的传播和进一步的感染,因而在免疫防御中起着非常重要的作用。营养因子(如脂肪酸、氨基酸、维生素等)在机体受到病原菌入侵或应激的情况下,可显著促进肠道SIgA的分泌,提高机体对病原菌的抵抗能力,在一定程度上改善应激动物的生产性能。     

A preliminary report on locomotory activity in wild and captive Chrysospalax trevelyani (Mammalia: Chrysochloridae)

The locomotory activity of a free-ranging, male Chrysospalax trevelyani was monitored for five days in the Amatola Forest, Ciskei, using radio telemetry. In addition, locomotory activity of a captive juvenile male and adult female C. trevelyani was monitored in a special laboratory enclosure for 30 days. Preliminary results indicate that the giant golden mole has a primarily nocturnal regimen possibly associated with its feeding physiology or thermoregulation. It Is also suggested that diurnal locomotory activity of C. trevelyani on the surface occurs as a result of extreme conditions and Is not usual.     

Jugular venous prosthesis on the horse: A preliminary report

Woven dacron vascular prostheses^a were implanted in 6 horses to replace segments of external jugular veins. Anticoagulant therapy using sodium heparin and coumadin was done postoperatively. Clotting profiles and red blood cell counts were determined by measuring activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), one stage prothrombin time (OSPT), and packed cell volume (PCV). The horses were observed postoperatively for 4 to 38 days. Real time ultrasonography was used to monitor patency of the prostheses. All grafts remained patent during the observation period, although 3 cases of septic thrombosis were seen at necropsy.     

Serological diagnosis of human hypodermosis: A preliminary report

In France, farm workers are occasionally infested with the larvae of Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis, which are primirily parasites of cattle. A specific serological test for diagnosing human cases is described here.The immunological responses in cattle are directed mainly against the proteolytic secretion of the first instar larvae. This secretion was used as an antigen for the diagnostic immuno-electrophoretic test in man. The antigen was highly specific and produced negative results to human sera from 108 patients with other forms of parasitoses and 23 non- parasitized controls.We report here on 13 cases of Hypoderma infestation in man. Ten of these were positive and three negative to the test. In the negative cases, the serum was collected 1–2 months after the emergence of the larvae. The immunological response disappeared rapidly after larval emergence; in one case within 9 days.     

Mucosal permeability of water-soluble drugs in the equine jejunum: a preliminary investigation

Ussing chambers have been used to study the mucosal permeability of drugs in humans, rats and other species. This data can then be used to develop in vitro/in vivo correlations (IVIVC) for drugs based on the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Due to the poor oral bioavailability of many drugs in the horse, this method may be useful for screening drugs before development to determine if they warrant further study. Cephalexin (CPX), marbofloxacin (MAR), metronidazole (MTZ) and fluconazole (FCZ) were chosen for this study based on the wide range of physicochemical properties and bioavailability in the horse. Permeability was ranked as follows: MTZ > FCZ > MAR > CPX. This correlated with the bioavailability (R(2) = 0.633447), the Log P (R(2) = 0.648517), as well as the molecular weight (R(2) = 0.851208) of the drugs. Metronidazole induced a decrease in the tissue transepithelial resistance, suggestive of the possibility of tissue toxicity, which may have falsely increased its permeability. The low permeability of cephalexin across the tissue may indicate a lack of active transporters that are found in other species. From this study, we can conclude that the Ussing chamber is a promising method for determining mucosal permeability in the horse.     

丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜固有层免疫球蛋白A浆细胞数量、分泌型免疫球蛋白A及黏膜中白细胞介素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gln)对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜固有层免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)浆细胞数量、分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIg A)及黏膜中白细胞介素(IL)含量的影响。试验选用(21±2)日龄断奶、初始体重(6.7±0.9)kg的长白×大白去势仔猪100头,按完全随机区组法分为4组,每组5个重复,每重复5头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂基础饲粮中添加0.15%、0.30%和0.45%Ala-Gln的试验饲粮。试验期21 d。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.15%~0.45%Ala-Gln均显著提高仔猪断奶后第7、14、21天十二指肠以及空肠黏膜固有层Ig A浆细胞数量(P0.05),特别是0.30%Ala-Gln组仔猪在断奶第14天空肠Ig A浆细胞数比对照组增加22.6%(P0.05);在回肠中,0.30%Ala-Gln主显著提高断奶后第7、14天仔猪Ig A浆细胞数(P0.05)。2)断奶仔猪空肠黏膜SIg A含量随着Ala-Gln添加量呈二次曲线增长规律。在断奶后第7天,0.30%Ala-Gln组仔猪SIg A含量与对照组相比极显著提高了70.4%(P0.01);在断奶后第14、21天,0.15%、0.30%Ala-Gln与对照组相比显著提高了SIg A含量(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.15%、0.30%Ala-Gln可显著提高仔猪早期断奶后第7天黏膜IL-2、IL-5含量,分别显著提高断奶后第14天IL-5、IL-2含量(P0.05),其他添加水平无显著影响(P0.05);随着饲粮中Ala-Gln添加量的增加,各组IL-6、IL-10的含量呈线性增长趋势,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加Ala-Gln可提高肠黏膜固有层Ig A浆细胞数量、黏膜SIg A分泌量及IL含量,提高断奶仔猪肠道黏膜细胞免疫。     

On the origin of the horseshoe. A preliminary report (author's transl)]

The question of the origin of the horse-shoe is reconsidered and China is pointed out as the site of origin. The theory is put forward that the Mongolian people living north of China and having constant fights with the Chinese have learnt the horseshoes with nails from the Chinese and that the Huns on their travel westwards have brought this type of horseshoe to Europa. The theory is substantiated from authoritative sources. The Chinese ministry of agriculture and forestry has given the information that horseshoes with nails have been used here for more than 2000 years. The possibility exists -- however -- that the Mongolians having good knowledge of the treatment of various metals, have produced the first horseshoes and given the Chinese the knowledge of that procedure.