21种园林植物对环境重金属污染物吸收能力的分析

研究测定了21种园林植物对环境污染物重金属铅、镉的吸滞能力。结果表明:园林植物对环境污染物中的铅、镉具有一定的吸收净化能力,并依污染物和植物的不同具有明显差异。对环境污染物重金属铅吸滞量高的植物有:七叶树、紫叶矮樱、红叶臭椿、扶芳藤、北海道黄杨、爬墙虎、五叶地锦、爬行卫矛;吸镉量高的植物有:北海道黄杨、爬墙虎、扶芳藤、红叶臭椿、七叶树、五叶地锦、爬行卫矛。     

8种藤本植物的观赏性及抗污能力分析

选择了藤蔓月季、长春藤、金银花、凌宵、扶芳藤、爬行卫矛、五叶地锦、爬墙虎等8种藤本植物作为研究对象,对其观赏性进行了全年跟踪观察,测定了8种藤本植物叶片中硫、铅、镉的含量并进行了分析研究。结果表明：8种藤本植物对环境污染物中的硫、铅、镉具有一定的吸收净化能力,并依污染物和植物品种的不同具有明显差异。对二氧化硫吸收净化能力高的藤本植物有：爬行卫矛、五叶地锦;对铅吸收净化能力高的藤本植物有：扶芳藤、爬墙虎;对镉吸收净化能力高的藤本植物有：爬墙虎、扶芳藤。     

扶芳藤特性及扦插繁育技术

扶芳藤(Euonyusfortunei[Turcz．]Hand-Mazz)，又称蔓卫矛、爬行卫矛，属卫矛科卫矛属植物，常绿藤状，枝条茂密，叶色油绿，富有光泽，叶脉色泽较浅，叶色入秋变红，冬季呈红褐色，枝叶连成一片，可谓庭院一景。而且扶芳藤有红叶、斑叶、白边、红边等变种，更具观赏效果。扶芳藤四季常绿，而且耐荫性强，具良好的抗寒能力，因此，在园林绿化美化特别是在垂直绿化方面     

立体绿化材料——扶芳藤

扶芳藤(Euonymusfoytunei Hand—mazz)亦称爬行卫矛,爬墙虎、爬墙龙,冬青芽。属卫矛科常绿藤本树种。近期我在伊川农村调查,发现一株26年生的扶芳藤攀墙而上,盖满门楼。初冬时节,万木调零,唯此树叶片红、绿掩映、朔果红,黄如花,点缀叶间,引人注目。自然而显秀气,古朴更见美丽。据主人林永信介绍,他建宅时,有意将这棵长在圪磷上的扶芳藤留下,而今已有26个春秋     

6种常绿阔叶植物耐寒性综合评价

为改变冬季北方园林的萧条景象,实现常绿阔叶树种在北方的引种驯化,在低温胁迫条件下,测定了6种常绿阔叶树种红叶石楠、扶芳藤、常春藤、法国冬青、北海道黄杨和枸骨的膜透性变化,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸三种渗透调节物质含量的变化,超氧化物歧化酶活力的变化程度,并运用隶属函数法综合评价了其抗寒能力的强弱,为常绿树种在北方的引种驯化提供依据。研究结果表明:随着温度的下降,各供试材料叶片的膜透性增大,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸积累量增多,超氧化物歧化酶活性增强。隶属函数法抗寒性综合评价显示北海道黄杨、扶芳藤、常春藤的抗寒能力较强,红叶石楠和枸骨抗寒能力中等,法国冬青抗寒性弱。     

扶芳藤、紫藤等7种藤本植物光能利用特性及耐荫性比较研究

采用镝灯人工光源，于温室内对盆栽的紫藤、美国凌霄、地锦、五叶地锦、山养麦、扶芳藤、金银花进行了光一光响应曲线和CO2，响应曲线的测定，对比分析了7种藤本植物的光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、最大净光合速率(Pn)、最大表观量子效率(φ)、CO2补偿点和RuBP羧化酶的相对活性，并对7种藤本植物Pn、φ与植物耐荫性的相关关系及7种藤本植物CO2利用能力与耐荫性的相关关系进行了多元回归分析。结果表明，(1)7种藤本植物的光能利用特性不同。扶芳藤、金银花、五叶地锦的LCP和LSP都低，能够充分利用弱光并具有较强的耐荫性；山荞麦LCP较低，但LSP却较高，对有效光能辐射的利用范围较宽，对弱光具有一定的忍耐能力的同时又表现出一定的喜光性；地锦、紫藤、美国凌霄LCP高，同时LSP也较高，均为喜光藤本植物。(2)植物LCP高低是评价植物耐荫性能力的最直接指标，7种藤本植物LCP与Pn呈正相关，与φ呈负相关；与CO2补偿点呈微弱的负相关，与RuBF羧化酶相对活性呈正相关关系。(3)7种藤本植物的耐荫能力由强到弱顺序为扶芳藤、金银花(五叶地锦)、山荞麦、紫藤、地锦、美国凌霄。     

利用槐荫扦插扶芳藤

扶芳藤为卫矛科卫予属一种常绿匍匐灌木 ,长达 1.5m ,因其茎枝韧皮部能产生气生根而多用作垂直绿化 ,又称爬墙虎或爬行卫矛。园林造景中可用作绿篱、植物造型、墙体绿化等 ,用途甚广。夏季扦插扶芳藤多在 7、8月份进行 ,但此时由于气温高、光照强、蒸发快 ,极不利于插穗的生根成活 ,故必须进行控温、遮光和保湿处理。我处的 5年生国槐苗圃地 ,由于间苗出圃 ,形成了株行距较大 (一般 1m× 1.5m)的林荫疏地 ,这些空地土质为沙土 ,通气性好、透水性强 ,又有槐荫遮蔽 ,既避免了强光照射 ,又降低了温度 ,还保证了空气湿度 ,是理想的扦插扶芳藤用…     

藤本植物在济南破损山体生态修复中的应用

指出了藤本植物在破损山体生态修复中的护坡固土、涵养水源能力突出,是破损山体修复的优秀植物材料。结合济南地区特殊的山体环境特点,以五叶地锦、扶芳藤、金银花等藤本植物,对其在济南破损山体边坡的生态修复中的景观应用模式进行了探讨。以推动济南市的可持续发展。     

常绿阔叶树种小果卫矛引种北京的抗寒性比较研究

为了丰富北京冬季植物景观,于2003年从山西省垣曲县引进常绿阔叶树种小果卫矛,并以大叶黄杨、北海道黄杨、胶东卫矛、小叶黄杨和女贞为对照,采用形态观测法与电导法对其进行抗寒力分析测定。结果表明：小果卫矛有较稳定的电导率,其叶片半致死温度低于于大叶黄杨、胶东卫矛和女贞,枝条半致死温度低于大叶黄杨和女贞,在北京可露地引种种植;利用电导法测定的抗寒性与越冬形态表现的观察结果一致。     

山东几种藤本植物的特性与评价研究

研究了山东几种藤本植物的习性。这些藤本植物都是山东本地种或者驯化种,包括爬山虎、五叶地锦、葛藤、南蛇藤、络石、扶芳藤。在野外调查研究和测量的基础上,分析研究这些这些藤本植物的习性,并进行综合评价。本文这些结果为进一步开发这些藤本植物资源打下基础。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.