木材抓具爪形理论的研究

首先对我国木材抓具中的三种基本爪形,即近似横椭圆爪形、近似圆爪形和近似竖椭圆爪形,进行了理论分析。然后借助于电测技术,在密实楞抓取的工况下,测试了木材抓具爪形对抓具抓取性能的影响、测试指标有抓取力、抓取量、单位抓取力和抓取过程中的“卡死”次数。结果表明,不论从力学角度还是从抓取性能实测结果来看,近似横椭圆爪形性能较好,圆爪形次之,近似竖椭圆爪形性能最差。     

锯链张力的计算

锯链张力包括安装张力、离心张力、制造误差引起的附加张力、热张力、惯性动张力和驱动张力。静止时锯链不脱离导致导轨面的临界张力与导板轮廓线曲率半径和锯链质量线密度成正比。无缓冲器导板的安装张力应包括离心张力,数值较大;而有缓冲器导板的安装张力应不包括离心张力,数值较小。锯链的驱动张力是驱动力与切削阻力及摩擦阻力相对抗而产生的,在不同位置其大小不等。锯链的最大张力发生在驱动链轮啮入点附近,其数值相当大。文章给出了各种张力的计算公式。     

基于Pro/E Mechanical的生物质成型机螺杆的有限元分析

应用现代设计软件Por/E对生物质成型机进行虚拟样机设计,并应用有限元方法,对螺杆进行静力学仿真分析,得到螺杆的应力、应变分布图;对螺杆的振动模态分析表明,螺杆的固有频率远大于其工作频率,螺杆在工作过程中不会发生共振.     

Stress wave sorting of red maple logs for structural quality

Existing log grading procedures in the United States make only visual assessments of log quality. These procedures do not incorporate estimates of the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of logs. It is questionable whether the visual grading procedures currently used for logs adequately assess the potential quality of structural products manufactured from them, especially those for which MOE is of primary concern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of stress wave nondestructive evaluation techniques to sort red maple logs for the potential quality of lumber obtained from them. Ninety-five red maple logs were nondestructively evaluated using longitudinal stress wave techniques and sorted into four stress wave grades. The logs were then sawn into cants and lumber. The same procedure was used to obtain stress wave times in the cants and lumber. The lumber specimens were then dried and graded using a transverse vibration technique. The results of this study showed that good relationships existed between stress wave times measured in logs, cants, and the lumber produced from the logs. It was found that log stress wave grades have positive relationships with the lumber grades. Logs with high stress wave grades produced high-grade lumber. These findings indicate that the longitudinal stress wave technique has potential in sorting logs and cants for the production of high MOE products.The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and it is therefore in the public domain and not subject to copyright.     

动力机械振动监测方法探讨

振动监测是动力机械故障诊断的一个重要组成部分.本文通过分析动力机械中的往复式压缩机产生振动的原因,阐述其常见故障及诊断方法,指出采用振动监测的必要性,并介绍实际应用时振动监测系统的构成.     

联合运输机设计忽视的因素

联合运输机组的滚筒出河机在设计，试验研究过程中都忽视了原木重心与原木形心位置不一致的因素。它促使较在径级原木在滚筒出河机上打横，造成停机。     

Determination of shear modulus on construction size timber

Shear modulus determination of construction size timber was examined. Three different Techniques were used: torsional vibration, simultan E&G, and variation of span technique. We found that the simultan E&G technique is quite sensitive to the error of natural frequency determination and provides only an estimate for G. Better shear modulus determinations are the static and torsional techniques, but the torsional technique is most precise. The torsional vibration technique can be a good solution for shear modulus determination in an industrial environment because it provides quick and precise etermination, but standardization of the method would first be necessary. We found a high correlation coefficient (0.80) between the screw withdrawal resistance and shear modulus of 2 by 4 timber. Based on this result it is possible to estimate the shear modulus of timber even if the timber is installed in a structure.This study was conducted with financial support of the Science and Technology Agancy Japan via an STA fellowship     

Design and application of Model DZ1 log grapple driven by an electric drum

This article introduces the history and development of log grapple in China. According to the special conditions of Chinese forest areas, we have selected log grapple driven by electric drum, and have analyzed and calculated its parameters theoretically. This is the first log grapple driven by an electric drum made successfully in China. The Model DZ1 log grapple has a large closing force, works safely and is suitable for the special forest working conditions in China.     

DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF MODEL DZI LOG GRAPPLE DRIVEN BY AN ELECTRIC DRUM

This article introduces the history and development of log grapple in China.Ac-cording to the special conditions of Chinese forest areas,we have selected log grapple driven byelectric drum,and have analyzed and calculated its parameters theoretically.This is the first loggrapple driven by an electric drum made successfully in China.The Model DZ1 log grapple has alarge closing force,works safely and is suitable for the special forest working conditions inChina.     

自动润滑装置在数控无卡轴旋切机上的应用

数控无卡轴旋切机的刀台进给系统通过丝杠螺母的传动可实现刀体座的进退,传动丝杠螺母都是依靠人工润滑,如果润滑不及时就会出现粘牙现象而导致整个设备不能工作。介绍了一种自动润滑装置,其可实现对丝杠螺母的自动润滑。     

汽车驱动桥壳的有限元动态分析

根据汽车振动及有限元理论,建立了桥壳动态分析的力学模型,在计算机上利用先进的有限元分析软件ANSYS,建立桥壳的有限元动态模型,并进行了有限元的模态分析和瞬时动态分析。在模态分析中,桥壳有限元模型的固有频率及振型的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好;在瞬态分析中,可确定桥壳上各点承受随时间变化载荷的位移及应力等动态响应,从而完善了车桥的有限元动态设计方法。     

Machine productivity and residual harvesting residues associated with a cut-to-length harvest system in southern Tasmania

The cut-to-length method is a preferred method for harvest of pine plantations in Australia. The cut-to-length method studied in southern Tasmania consists of a feller-buncher, processor, forwarder, grapple loader and tractortrailers that were producing only pulp logs for the plantation owner Norske Skog. An elemental time study method was applied to evaluate the productivity of the machines within the flat terrain, Pinus radiata plantation. Multiple regression was used in SPSS to develop the productivity prediction models. The productivity of the feller-buncher and processor averaged 122.20 m³ per productive machine hours excluding all delays (PMH₀) and 84.32 m³ PMH₀ ^?1, respectively. The average productivity for the forwarder, grapple loader and truck were 80.90 m³ PMH₀ ^?1, 100.80 m³ PMH₀ ^?1 and 27.40 m³ PMH₀ ^?1, respectively. The average fuel consumption of the feller-buncher, forwarder and processor were also documented. The trial assessed harvest residue left on the site and found 238.7 GMt ha^?1 (31% of total biomass above the stump) was left of which 46% was stemwood. These research findings can be used for harvesting planning and improving logging efficiency.     

Occupational safety, health and living conditions of forestry workers in indonesia

In Indonesia, working and living conditions of forestry workers are quite unfavorable because of very severe thermal conditions at the workplace and because forestry work is heavy, dirty and dangerous, requiring a poor working posture and exposure to noise and vibration. In addition, forestry workers often live under conditions where housing, infrastructure and hygiene are poor compared with those of other industrial workers. The objective of this study is to improve these unfavorable conditions by clarifying the working and living conditions of forestry workers and identifying factors affecting their job satisfaction. Our results showed that many of the forestry workers had low back pain and that attention should be paid to muscular exertion, especially while lifting heavy objects such as chainsaws or logs. Several accidents and near-miss incidents happened while driving and engaging in forestry work. To prevent such accidents, it is important to supply forestry workers with more personal protective equipment and to establish traffic rules on forest roads. The results also showed that most forestry workers were dissatisfied with their salary. In addition, the analysis of potential factors affecting job satisfaction showed that younger workers, chainsaw operators, manual workers and office workers were dissatisfied. It should be noted that many respondents thought that sustainable forest management was essential. To enhance their satisfaction levels, their working and living conditions, and, in particular, salary should be improved, and forest resources should be monitored to prevent over-cutting or forest fires.     

Time Prediction Models and Cost Evaluation of Cut-To-Length (CTL) Harvesting Method in a Mountainous Forest

Time equations are derived for felling with chainsaw, skidding with cable wheeled skidder, loading with grapple hydraulic loader and trucking of logs within a cut-to-length harvesting method. The continuous time study method was applied to collect data for felling, skidding, loading and a transportation model. Multiple regression analysis via SPSS software was applied to develop the time models. Felling time was found to be highly dependent on diameter at breast height. Skidding distance, winching distance, slope of the trail and piece volume were significant variables for the skidding time prediction model. The loading time model was developed considering piece volume. Transportation distance and load volume were used as independent variables in modeling the transportation time. The net production of felling was estimated at 12 trees/h (56.65 m³/h). The net production rates for skidding, loading and traveling averaged 18.51, 41.90 and 3.32 m³/h respectively. The total cost of harvesting from stand to mill was estimated 19.70 €/m³. The skidding phase was the most expensive component of the cut-to-length method. The bucking and delimbing components were less costly than the other logging phases. The results of this study can be used for harvesting planning and productivity optimization.     

巨尾桉无性系人工林不同规格木材出材比例的测定

根据短周期巨尾桉人工林标准地伐倒木调查资料,编制对应林分平均胸径的不同规格原木比例表格,以方便查对一定胸径林分对应的不同规格原木出材比例,较为准确地估算林分林木的经济价值。     

Mechanical properties assessment of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation wood with three acoustic-based nondestructive methods

The objectives of this study were to establish the method of evaluating wood mechanical properties by acoustic nondestructive testing at standing trees and at logs of a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantation, and to compare three acoustic nondestructive methods for evaluating the static bending modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and compressive strength parallel-to-grain (σ_c) of plantation wood as well. Fifteen Chinese fir plantation trees at 36 years of age were selected. Each tree was cut into four logs, for which three values of dynamic modulus of elasticity, i.e., E _sw, of the north and south face based on stress waves to assume the measuring state of the standing tree, E _fr, longitudinal vibration, and E _us, ultrasonic wave, were measured in the green condition. After log measurements, small specimens were cut and air-dried to 12% moisture content (MC). Static bending tests were then performed to determine the bending MOE and MOR, and compressive tests parallel-to-grain were made to determine σ_c. The bending MOE of small clear specimens was about 7.1% and 15.4% less than E _sw and E _us, respectively, and 11.3% greater than E _fr. The differences between the bending MOE and dynamic MOE of logs as determined by the three acoustic methods were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Good correlation (R = 0.77, 0.57, and 0.45) between E _sw, E _fr, and E _us and static MOE, respectively, were obtained (P < 0.001). It can be concluded that longitudinal vibration may be the most precise and reliable technique to evaluate the mechanical properties of logs among these three acoustic nondestructive methods. Moreover, the results indicate that stress wave technology would be effective to evaluate wood mechanical properties both from logs and from the standing tree.     

移动集中力作用下的悬索非线性动力分析

建立了移动集中力作用下悬索的非线性方程．指出了移动集中力对悬索的影响相当于强迫激励．当移动集中力运动速度与悬索横向弹性波速度一致时．系统将发生主共振．通过多尺度法求解．得到了主共振时各阶分叉点．通过效值计算,得到了分叉图．     

Effects of commercial thinning,log position in the stem,and cutting width on the surface quality of cants produced by a chipper-canter

Fifteen stems of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) of 3 commercial thinned plots (control, moderate, and intensive thinning) and 15 stems of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P), both coming from the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region – Canada, were cross-cut into three 2.4?m length sections: bottom, middle, and top logs. Logs were processed with a chipper-canter at three cutting widths (12.7, 19.1, and 25.4?mm), producing chips and a three-faced cant. The middle section of the cant was used to evaluate surface quality across the grain on each face. Roughness and waviness parameters and depth of torn grain were recorded. Knot characteristics were assessed in the three cant faces. Poorer surface quality was found in the lower part compared to the upper part of the cant for both species. At larger cutting widths, jack pine logs coming from a natural stand showed lower surface quality compared to logs from thinned stands. Black spruce waviness increased with the cutting width and stem height. These results were attributed to the increase of forces and vibration when cutting at larger cutting widths, which was worsened by the presence of bigger, more numerous knots at the control plot and in the top logs. Black spruce had deeper torn grain compared to jack pine. Their differences in knot characteristics resulted in a maximum torn grain depth favored by the presence of more knots rather than by bigger knot size. Other knot characteristics, such as the position of the knots in the cant face, the insertion angle of the branch and the distribution of the knots around the log, should be studied to better understand the relationship between torn grain formation and knottiness.     

How well does a log decay-class system capture the ecology of decomposition? - A case-study from Tasmanian Eucalyptus obliqua forest

The use of decay-class systems in characterising the state of decomposition of a forest’s complement of rotting logs is widespread. While most systems are based on an assessment of logs’ external characteristics, there is an implicit assumption that doing so captures important information on the underlying processes of internal decomposition. However, the validity of this remains largely untested. We explored the relationship between decay-class and internal state of decomposition in logs of Eucalyptus obliqua in the lowland wet eucalypt forests of Southern Tasmania, Australia. We examined rotten-wood samples from a large population of logs across a wide range of diameters. From this we determined that smaller-diameter (<60 cm: regrowth-sized) logs differ from larger-diameter (>60 cm: mature-sized) logs in their pathways of internal decomposition. Decomposition in regrowth-sized logs is characterised by greater activity of surface rots, with white rot-types predominating. Decomposition in mature-sized logs is more concentrated in the interior of the log, with brown rot-types tending to dominate. These differences probably both reflect and help shape the communities of organisms inhabiting logs of different origins. Despite these differences, regrowth and mature-sized logs show the same general progression of internal decomposition across the five decay-classes, to the extent that each class represents logs that have lost a predictable proportion of their original mass. We conclude that a decay-class system that is restricted to a single dimension, such as the five-class system used for E. obliqua, will be quite able to capture the main trajectory of biomass loss, but will not be able to characterise the complexity of the ecological processes giving rise to this loss. Studies that employ single-dimension decay classes, and which aggregate decay-class data across logs, can be given added ecological meaning by first partitioning logs into diameter-classes that reflect the underlying differences in the maturity of the trees giving rise to the logs. For E. obliqua logs, a cut-off diameter of 60 cm offers an appropriate distinction between regrowth-aged and mature-aged trees.