生态与人文和谐的公路景观设计——以G205山东新泰段改造设计为例

在分析现代公路景观设计概念和内容的基础上,提出景观保障安全、提升综合功能、打造公路景观文化等景观设计理念,现代公路景观设计是以安全和美化为目的的环境景观设计,是以改善公路生态环境的生态设计,也是展示地方文化、打造地域人文精神的文化设计.并以G205山东新泰段改造设计为例探讨了现代公路景观设计的理念与方法.     

浅谈符号学与城市景观小品的设计

城市景观小品是城市风貌和环境景观构成要素之一,也是构成城市意象和城市环境认同感的基础之一。通过探讨符号学在城市景观小品设计中的应用,分析了符号提取在景观小品设计中的原则和来源,为加强现代城市景观小品的个性和构建城市风貌特色提供科学方法和支持。     

建筑外环境景观设计研究——以居住性建筑为例

以城市居住区建筑的外环境景观设计为研究对象,在分析当前城市居住环境景观问题的基础上,根据居住环境景观设计原则、景观构成及景观设计理念,抓住人与环境的互动的特点,明确的定位人们对居住区景观的综合需求,同时兼顾居住环境系统的生态特性和人化特性,提出了城市居住区外环境景观生态设计的思路,进而对景观的设计思路进行探讨,结合建筑外环境与生态及文化等方面的关系,阐述建筑外环境的可持续发展理念。     

公路景观环境工程设计的项目管理

为了提高景观环境工程项目的设计水平,根据景观环境工程项目特点,对景观环境工程设计的项目管理进行研究是十分重要的.在分析我国景观设计误区的基础上,从景观环境工程设计院(部门)项目组织管理、环境景观工程设计程序与方法、项目条件管理几方面进行研究,提出实用设计方法和设计程序,提高环境景观工程设计水平,促进项目管理水平.     

具有地域特色的滨海道路景观设计——以青岛崂山大道为例

地域特色可以通过自然景观和文化景观2方面来体现。文中从青岛市崂山路滨海景观设计案例入手,讨论了滨海景观设计如何突出地域特色的问题;通过挖掘基地的自然和文化景观资源,从自然景观和文化景观营建2个方面探讨了崂山滨海景观大道的地域特色营建手法。文化景观主要突出道家文化主题,在设计手法和设计细节处体现文化要素;自然景观突出山、海自然环境特色,利用现状自然特征处理滨海与山体景观界面,最终实现凸显地域特色的滨海景观长廊的设计目标。     

地域特色元素在景观设计中的应用——黑龙江省海林北站站前广场景观设计

地域特色元素在景观设计中起着举足轻重的作用,如何应用好地域特色元素,设计出适地的景观效果是每位景观设计师应思考的问题。本文通过对黑龙江省哈牡游客专线,海林北站广场园林景观设计的研究,详细分析了在景观设计的全过程中如何依据该地区的地域特色元素,来进行功能选择和元素融合,设计出适合当地景观特色景观工程,这将对展示地方文化特色产生积极的影响同时也起到了弘扬作用。     

中学校园环境景观设计探究

首先简要回顾了中国中学校园环境景观的发展概况,然后分别从设计理念、规划布局、硬质景观、软质景观4个方面对中学校园环境景观设计进行了分析,提出中学校园环境景观的设计不是单纯的设计和景观化问题,而是一个物流循环安全的大地物景观生态系统的再创造。最后就目前中国中学校园环境景观设计方面存在的问题进行了探讨。     

地域文化元素对徽州地区景观小品设计影响研究——以皖南古村落为例

徽州文化的表现形式多种多样,在乡村振兴的大背景之下,乡村景观小品的设计也逐渐趋于多样化,景观小品作为乡村景观中重要的元素,其设计中却面临着千品一面、毫无特色等各类问题,景观小品对于提高景观魅力和形象具有重要意义。以皖南古村落文化为例,基于徽州共性的地域文化特色,提取了皖南古村落的文化元素如建筑、水景、民间艺术等特征,探讨了将徽州特色文化中的乡村建筑中建筑布局、马头墙、建筑色彩、古村落理水方式等景观特征作为原型进行文化元素的提取,并将提取出的文化元素运用在景观小品的具体设计中,体现在形态、色彩、材质、工艺等方面。通过融合与地域特色文化元素结合创新的设计手法,为后续乡村景观小品的设计提供一定的理论支持。     

基于地域特色的郑州植物园景观设计分析

郑州植物园景观具有典型的中原干旱地区植物园地域性特色。文章从象湖水系和中心景观轴线2方面分析地域历史文化特征的景观营造,根据黄土沟壑地貌、高压走廊绿带及雨水回用系统等景观,分析地域自然地理特征的生态设计,并通过对植物园中具有代表性的水生湿生植物观赏园和温带植物群落展示区的调查,分析温带植被的景观多样性,探讨具有景观性和生态性的植物园景观文化营造。     

赣鄱流域书院园林景观空间营造艺术特色

以赣鄱流域 4 处典型的书院园林为例,明确了书院园林景观具有自然环境景观、人工环境景观与文化环境景观 3 种类型,分析了其环境景观空间营造的艺术特色,并得出以下结论：1）特别注重周边自然环境景观的选择,具有法天象地之道、形胜的风水环境观与多沿赣鄱流域主要水系及其支流而设等特点;2）通过不同园林要素的空间布局、建筑院落的巧妙处理,形成具有规整的轴线、明确的功能分区与“礼乐教化”氛围的人工建筑环境空间,以此渲染书院园林的环境氛围;3）点缀楹联石刻等文化环境景观,突显书院“积极入世”的儒家思想。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.