马铃薯二倍体栽培种S.phureja与普通栽培种的四倍体杂种品质性状育种价值的研究

试验选用 3份含有二倍体栽培种富利亚薯 (Solanum phureja)血缘的 4x 2x四倍体杂种材料和 1份四倍体普通栽培种 (Solanumtuberosum )优良无性系为亲本 ,按照Griffing方法Ⅲ配制成双列杂交组合 12个 (包括正交 6个 ,反交 6个 ) ,分析了杂种实生苗当代薯形、品质等 6个性状的群体遗传参数和配合力效应。遗传分析结果表明 ,芽眼深度、比重、Vc含量、还原糖含量等 6个被测性状的遗传变异均以加性效应为主。配合力效应估算结果表明 ,同一性状的一般配合力效应值在不同亲本间差异亦较大 ,并且同一性状的特殊配合力效应值在不同组合间差异亦较大。本试验结果还表明 ,比重上存在极显著的反交效应     

大麦品种农艺性状的杂种优势配合力的研究

采用双列杂交，对大麦品种主要农艺性状的杂种优势和配合力做了初步研究。结果表明：所有性状的平均中亲优势均小于±5％，且方差分析不显著；所有性状的一般配合力方差均达极显著，特殊配合力方差除穗粒重外也都达显著水平，表明亲本间基因的加性效应是显著的，也存在非加性效应，但加性效应起主导作用；从总体上看，未出现一个在所有性状都表现良好的一般配合者。相比较而言，84－05除株高外，综合表现较理想，是杂交育种上的良好亲本。矮榛名×86－703既能整齐地保持亲本的矮杆性状，又是千粒重性状上的最佳组合，在杂交育种上具有一定的利用价值；各性状亲本的表型值与一般配合力均成密切的相关关系。     

超甜玉米生长势性状杂种优势分析

对6个超甜玉米自交系组配的15个杂交组合的生长势指数进行了杂种优势表现、配合力估算和分析。结果表明:15个杂交组合均表现出显著的平均优势和超亲优势,组合间优势大小也存在明显差异。亲本间一般配合力和特殊配合力效应表现出明显差异,效应值较高的亲本是T-24、T-13、T-17。选择一般配合力和特殊配合力都好的自交系作为亲本是产生强优杂交组合的关键。     

蓖麻主要农艺性状的配合力分析

17个蓖麻亲本品种以NCⅡ交配设计配成3×14=42个杂交组合,F_1的配合力分析表明:雄亲13个性状的一般配合力差异均达显著或极显著水平,雌亲有10个性状达极显著水平。特殊配合力效应差异有12个性状达显著或极显著水平。产量性状的一般配合力以1716,山光大,永26和Lm型雌性系较高,且有其参与组合的特殊配合力效应也较高。一般配合力方差相对比率大的性状有:开花期、一级分枝数、单株粒重和百粒重。说明这些性状遗传上加性效应占主导地位。而株高、主穗性状、一级分枝蒴果数、一级分枝粒重、单株粒数的特殊配合力方差比率较大。表明其杂种优势以非加性效应占主导地位。     

优良玉米自交系丹T138配合力分析

以属于5个杂种优势群的24个常用玉米自交系为母本（P1）,优良玉米自交系T138-1及其秭妹系T138-2为父本（P2）,杂交获得了48个组合。分析了亲本自交系的一般配合力、杂交组合的特殊配合力和总配合力效应,主要结果表明：不同组合各性状配合力存在极显著差异。P1亲本,除出籽率GCA外,其他性状差异显著或极显著。P2亲本,生育期、株高、穗粗、行粒数、穗位、棒三叶面积GCA差异显著或极显著。P1与P2互作间的SCA方差除出籽率和小区产量差异未达显著水平外,其余10个性状的SCA差异均极显著。P1亲本各性状一般配合力差别很大,P2亲本T138-1出籽率一般配合力效应高于T138-2,其它性状GCA值均低于T138-2。穗位高、穗长、穗行数、行粒数、秃尖、百粒重、出籽率SCA值与其性状均值之间达到了正的极显著或显著相关,受环境影响较大。各性状总配合力效应与实际田间表现基本一致,生育期、株高、穗位高、棒三叶面积、穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒重总配合力效应与小区产量正相关。     

玉米穗部性状配合力的研究

以分属四大杂种优势群的8个典型玉米自交系及其组配的28个双列杂交组合(不含反交)为试材,对玉米植株穗部性状配合力进行了研究.结果表明:①穗粗、穗行数、百粒重等性状主要受基因加性效应影响;穗粒重主要受非加性效应影响;穗长、行粒数、秃尖等各性状受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同影响.对于主要受非加性效应影响的性状,亲本一般配合力与其在杂种中的特殊配合力间无必然联系;对于主要受加性效应影响的性状表现一般配合力高,则特殊配合力也高的趋势.对于既受加性效应影响又受一定非加性效应影响的性状,一般配合力影响特殊配合力,实际杂交组合的表现受二者共同影响.②要组配强优势杂交组合,对于穗部性状,大多数性状是与产量密切相关的,而且将带来较大的正效应,在自交系选育中,应以穗较粗且长,穗行数、行粒数较多,百粒重较大为主要选择指标。     

花生主要营养品质性状和农艺性状杂种优势的研究

本文以6个花生品种双列杂交15个组合F_1为材料,利用Power的相对杂种优势,双亲平均值杂种优势和高值亲本杂种优势3种计算方法,分别对31个花生主要营养品质性状和农艺性状的相对杂种优势和实际杂种优势进行了研究.3种杂种优势测定结果大体一致,其中相对优势值表现最高,出现优势的组合次数也较多;其次是双亲平均值优势;高值亲本优势表现最低,且出现优势组合的次数也较少.各性状间优势差异较大,以荚果产量为主的农艺性状出现优势组合次数较多、品质性状出现优势的组合次数较少,且品质性状间优势差异较大.各性状在不同组合间优势的表现也不同。     

6个小黑麦品种产量构成性状的基因效应和配合力分析

为了给小黑麦育种工作提供理论依据,利用Griffing完全双列杂交方法Ⅱ,采用加性-显性模型对6个小黑麦亲本的单株产量、单株稳数、每穗粒数、千粒重、株高、穗下节间长和穗长7个产量构成性状的基因效应、遗传组成和配合力进行了研究.结果表明,千粒重的遗传由加性效应和显性效应共同控制,株高由加性效应起主要作用,而单株产量、每穗粒数和穗下节间长除加性效应和显性效应控制外,还可能受上位性效应和环境效应控制.除新小黑麦4号外,其它亲本的大部分性状的显性效应预测值达到了负的极显著水平,预示着这些亲本杂种后代的产量性状将有明显的自交衰退现象.新小黑麦3号、新小黑麦4号的千粒重、株高和穗下节间长的加性效应达到了极显著水平,一般配合力也较高,因此这两个品种宜作为改良产量构成性状的骨干亲本.新小黑麦5号×H03-7杂交组合的特殊配合力在所有性状上均表现为正向效应,可作为改善产量构成性状的杂交组合.     

啤酒大麦籽粒整齐度的遗传研究

籽粒整齐度是啤酒大麦品质性状中的一个重要性状。本研究利用6个二棱亲本,组成1/2P(P+1)交配模型。初步分析了该性状的杂种优势、遗传模型和配合力。结果表明:(1)不同组合间杂种优势差异较大,欧洲型品种以及与其有亲缘关系的品种与亚洲型品种之间杂交,杂种优势较大。(2)根据Wr/Vr回归分析可知,籽粒整齐度遗传符合“加性——显性”模型。平均显性度较高为0.6718。(3)一般配合力和特殊配合力之间没有直接和必须的联系。因此育种中选配亲本时,二者需统筹考虑。(4)对参试亲本的育种价值进行了评价,认为冈2是一个利用价值较高的优质源。     

陆地棉族系种质系经济性状配合力分析及其利用评价

采用ＮＣⅡ交配设计选用６个陆地棉族系种质系材料和３个常规品种组配１８个Ｆ１，分析了１１个性状的配合力及遗传效应。结果表明，１１个性状的配合力效应显著，表明这些性状受加性效应控制；４个性状特殊配合力效应显著，表明这些性状受加性效应控制外，还有不可忽视的非加性效应作用。２８系、３１系为综合性状优良亲本，３５系为纤维品质较好的亲本     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.