优质高淀粉甘薯新品种泉薯84主要特征特性及栽培要点

泉薯84是福建省泉州市农业科学研究所2000年以金山57、岩粉1号、泉薯940、文城金瓜薯、American№7、日本薯和徐薯18等为亲本进行计划集团杂交,从金山57为母本的杂交后代选育而成。特性研究表明,泉薯84叶面合理、净同化率较高、中后期有较高的生物产量增长率和经济系数是其丰产的主要生理特性。泉薯84具有优质、高干高淀粉、产量好等优良性状,可作为优质食用型和淀粉加工型品种应用。     

高淀粉抗病甘薯新品种漯徐薯8号的选育

漯徐薯8号是由徐薯18与徐781杂交选育而成的高淀粉抗病甘薯新品种,2008年3月通过全国甘薯品种鉴定委员会鉴定。该品种鲜基薯块烘干率36.5％,淀粉率25.4％,薯干洁白平整,丰产稳产,抗根腐病、茎线虫病和蔓割病,中抗黑王证病,耐贮藏,萌芽性好,适宜淀粉加工、生产燃料乙醇等。     

甘薯新品种综合评价初探

对福建省新育成甘薯品种应用灰色加权关联度分析法进行综合评估，旨在鉴定新品种在丘陵旱地的适应性以及探讨出一种比较适宜的品种评估方法。结果表明，龙薯1号、莆薯41和泉薯647比较适应东南沿海丘陵旱地生产条件，评估结果与品种的实际表现比较一致。     

甘薯新品种(系)的抗病鉴定与筛选

鉴定了福建省泉州市农业科学研究所新育成的311个甘薯品种(系)对甘薯瘟与蔓割病的抗性,结果表明抗薯瘟Ⅰ、Ⅱ型菌和蔓割病的品种(系)分别有153(占64.29%)、37(占15.55%)和238(占76.53%)份.进一步鉴定了抗病品种(系)薯块产量、品质等性状,筛选出泉薯647、23、11、932、721、848、052、145、153、922等综合表现较好的抗病品种(系).同时分析了抗病品种(系)组合双亲的抗源构成,结果抗(MR～HR)薯瘟Ⅰ型菌和抗(MH～HR)蔓割病的品种(系)均主要选自双亲抗性为R×R组合,分别为94(占61.44%)和132(占55.46%)个;抗(MR或R)薯瘟Ⅱ型菌品种(系)主要选自双亲抗性为R×R、R×S、S×R和 S×S等4类组合,各有6～11(占16.22%～29.73%)个.     

应用灰色关联度分析法综合评价马铃薯试验

应用灰色关联度分析法,对2008年庄浪县应用全膜双垄集雨沟播栽培技术实施的马铃薯新品种(系)区试中参试的8个品种(系)的12个性状进行综合评价。结果表明:综合表现较好的品种是庄薯3号、陇薯7号、陇薯5号3个品种。其中庄薯3号的加权关联度最高,为0.878,主要表现为产量、单株产量、商品率高,生长势强,高抗晚疫病。陇薯7号,陇薯5号加权关联分别为0.766,0.761,主要是产量与综合性状表现较好。     

应用灰色关联度分析法评价马铃薯区试品种

采用灰色关联度分析法对国家马铃薯中晚熟西北组天水试点2008年6个马铃薯品种(系)试验资料的产量、生育期、株高、商品薯率、干物质含量、淀粉含量、植株退化指数、环腐病薯率、植株晚疫病指数9个性状进行综合评价,结果表明,综合性状表现良好的品系是L 0031-17和天99-5-4,其加权关联度接近,分别为0.720和0.716,等权关联度分别为0.706和0.762。     

山西省旱作区马铃薯新品种（系）引进适应性鉴定及评价

山西省旱作区马铃薯种植品种比较单一,难以满足市场多元化需求及马铃薯产业发展。为筛选适宜山西省旱地种植的马铃薯优良品种,以山西省主推品种‘并薯26号’为对照品种,引进的9个马铃薯新品种（系）为研究对象,对其生育期、农艺性状、薯块性状、产量及品质进行评价。试验品种（系）生育期为101～110 d,其中‘冀张薯14号’生育期最长,收获时仍有少部分花,生产中可适度控旺或育苗移栽延长生育期进行种植。‘141-2’‘141-3’和‘冀张薯14号’结实性比较好,可作为旱地马铃薯育种亲本利用。块茎产量最高的是‘冀张薯14号’为47 968 kg/hm2,其次是‘141-4’,这两个品种（系）产量超过对照品种‘并薯26号’,但差异不显著。‘141-4’及‘京张薯1号’的平均隶属函数值大于0.6,综合营养较好。通过试验鉴定,筛选出一些可在山西省旱作区种植的高产、优质、综合性状良好的品种（系）,但还需要进一步种植试验。     

不同食用木薯品种(系)鲜食加工适宜性研究

为研究不同木薯品种的鲜食加工适宜性,以12份食用品种（系）为材料,加工成蒸木薯、木薯汁、木薯羹进行品质特性鉴定和感官评价,应用相关性分析和主成分分析等手段综合评价各品种（系）适宜性,分析其主要影响因子。结果表明,15个蒸木薯品质评价性状共提取了5个主成分,色度值a^*、色度值b^*、纤维感、综合评价、弹性、硬度和胶着性起主要作用;10个木薯汁品质评价性状提取了3个主成分,色泽、组织状态、pH和黏度共4个性状起主要作用;5个木薯羹感官评价性状共提取了2个主成分,感官综合评价和面度共2个性状起主要作用。另外,蒸木薯主要品质评价指标受到鲜薯淀粉、干物质、粗纤维和蛋白质含量的影响,木薯汁主要品质评价指标受鲜薯蛋白质、可溶性糖和直链淀粉含量的影响。12个品种（系）中P3适宜作为水果木薯,M33、M9、ST、NK-10适用于蒸木薯,ST、P9、M11、P3适宜作为木薯汁加工原料,M9、M11、ST、NK-10适宜作为木薯羹加工原料。     

甘薯新品种泉薯76特性鉴定与高产机理研究初报

鉴定了抗瘟粉用型甘薯新品种泉薯76的主要特征特性及其高产机理,旨在为其推广应用提供参考。多年多点试验结果表明,泉薯76具有较好的丰产性,平均鲜薯产量在33．683～40．817t／hm2,为对照种金山57鲜薯产量的93％～130％;平均薯干产量在9．320～11．429t／hm2,为对照种的97．5％～139．1％;平均淀粉产量在5．594～7．143t／hm2．比对照增产1．7％～42．2％。特性研究表明,泉薯76全生长期平均叶面系数为3．739,比对照种金山57高26．8％;平均净同化率为2．724g／（m2·d）,比对照高15．2％;叶面系数和净同化率均较高是其高产的最显著的生理特性。此外,泉薯76抗薯瘟病和蔓割病;薯块干物率约28．0％,比金山57高1．1～1．7个百分点;出粉率为16．6％～17．2％,比金山57高1．0～2．8个百分点;鲜薯蒸熟食用,质地细腻,味道香甜,综合食味评分优于金山57;薯块具有良好的耐贮性能和萌芽性能。因此,泉薯76可作为优质食用型和淀粉加工型品种在生产上应用．     

应用灰色系统理论综合评估乌龙茶品种

本研究应用灰色系统理论中关联度分析法，对乌龙茶品种比较试验的16个参试品种（系）的产量。品质、抗逆性、开采期、繁殖力。制优率等经济性状，以及价格因素进行技术与经济的综合评估。结果表明，参试的13个乌龙茶新品种（系）与3个对照种中，综合性状表现优异的是紫观音。金观音、黄观音，其次是悦香、黄、春桃香，再次是毛蟹、铁观音、新选102、新选104。新选品种（系）紫观音表现为优质、高产、抗逆性强、中生、制优率高，金观音、黄观音为优质、高产、抗逆性强，早生、制优率高，悦茗香为优质。羊产、抗逆性强、中生、制优率比铁观音高，春桃香为优质、丰产、抗逆性强、晚生、制优率高。依据各品种（系）的灰色关联度排序所进行的综合评估，和新品种选育研究的实际结果基本一致。上述5个新品种（系）适宜在乌龙茶区推广应用。采用灰色关联度分析法可以比较全面、客观地评价茶树品种的推广应用价值，行之有效，并能提高选种的准确性与可靠性。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.