Study of Digital Management System of Milking Process on Large-Sized Dairy Farm

This study was to supply the systemic and full milking process data to support the implementation of both dairy herd improvement （DHI） and digital feeding of dairy cattle. This study designed the relational structured database and developed a set of digital management information system on milking process of intensive dairy farm using Visual Basic 6.0, Access databases, and Crystal report combining the milking characteristics of a grown cow, such as quality and sanitation testing indexes of raw milk. The system supplies a series of convenient, intelligent input interfaces of crude datum, and can count, analyze, and graphically show milking datum based on different types and different parities of cows or herds in a specific duration, and can dynamically produce some important derived data, such as days of grown cow, daily average of milk production of grown cow, days of cow milk production, and daily average of milking cow production; and can carry out all-pervasive data mining. With the help of system analysis and software design techniques, it is possible to realize precision farming for a dairy cattle herd based on whole digital management of milking process and realtime prediction on nutrient requirements and ration of dairy cattle, as well as dairy herd improvement.     

天津奶牛养殖经济效益分析及发展对策研究

经过多年快速发展,天津奶牛养殖业取得了显著成就。研究表明:提高规模化程度,有助于降低原料奶生产成本,提高奶牛养殖经济效益,增加奶农收入。在影响奶农收入的诸多因素中,牛奶销售价格居于首位,生产成本居于其次;各因素对奶农收入的影响与饲养规模相关;主产品产量和牛奶销售价格对农民饲养意愿的影响较为突出。为提高奶牛养殖经济效益,增加奶农收入,建议对原料奶实行优质优价和地方最低保护价,合理确定奶牛养殖总存栏量和布局,鼓励适度养殖,推动新技术、新工艺和新产品应用,持续提高奶牛单产,率先实行"蓝箱"政策试点,加大补贴力度,用好"黄箱"政策,充分发挥奶农协会和奶农合作社的作用。     

不同养殖模式及存栏规模牛场奶牛生产性能分析

对山东省86家奶牛群体改良(DHI)参测牛场的生产性能数据进行了综合统计,采用最小二乘分析法探究了养殖模式(规模化牧场和小区)及饲养规模对牛只生产性能是否存在影响,同时比较了近年来不同规模奶牛场生产性能变化情况。结果表明,山东省DHI参测奶牛场以规模化牧场为主,牧场的存栏规模以300～600头最多,其次为300头以下、600～1000头、1000头以上。不同养殖模式和养殖规模牛场之间在各项生产性能指标上存在显著差异(P<0.05):牧场养殖模式下牛群平均胎次、生奶产量和质量水平显著高于小区模式;不同养殖规模牛场生产性能比较显示,日产奶量、校正奶量和305天奶量均以300头以下牛场为最高(P<0.05),乳脂率以1000头以上牛场为最高(P<0.05),乳蛋白率以600～1000头存栏规模的牛场最高(P<0.05)。从近7年校正奶量变化情况看,存栏600～1000头的奶牛场校正奶量上升趋势最为明显。     

过瘤胃烟酸对北方奶牛热应激及生产性能的影响

通过温湿度指数确定北方高温季节奶牛的生产环境,并对烟酸在北方奶牛抗热应激的应用进行了系统评价。选取体况、胎次和产奶量相近的健康奶牛30头,随机分为三个试验处理组,分别添加过瘤胃烟酸0 g·d~(-1)(对照组)、6 g·d-1(试验Ⅰ组)、12 g·d~(-1)(试验Ⅱ组)。结果表明,试验组与对照组相比奶牛体温、皮温、呼吸频率、产奶量以及乳成分方面均没有显著差异(P0.05)。这说明在日粮中单独添加6 g·d~(-1)及12 g·d~(-1)过瘤胃烟酸不会对北方夏季轻度热应激的奶牛产生显著影响。     

北方寒区奶牛高产高效益配套技术的研究

为了研究北方;寒区奶牛高产高效益配套技术;我们受农业部和农场总局委托,“八五”期间在８５１１农场,香坊农场,８５２农场,８５０和克山农场奶牛群,根据北方寒区特点,在奶牛选种,后备牛的培育,饲养管理,饲料选择和调制,配种和疾病防治等方面采取了全方位措施。     

包被缓释尿素对高产奶牛泌乳性能的影响

试验旨在研究包被型缓释尿素对高产奶牛泌乳性能的影响。试验采用随机分组设计,选用50头泌乳中后期、产奶量42.37kg·d^-1的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组,每组25头牛。在饲喂同一饲粮的基础上,对照组饲喂豆粕500g·d^-1,试验组饲喂缓释尿素100g·d^-1。试验共计45d,预试期3d,正试期42d。结果表明,缓释尿素试验组日均产奶量比对照组高2.79kg·d^-1,但差异不显著(P>0.05);与对照组相比,缓释尿素组对乳蛋白、乳脂率的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,缓释尿素可替代豆粕所提供奶牛生产过程所需要的氮源,并提高生产性能。     

The economic feasibility of precision agriculture in Mato Grosso do Sul State,Brazil: a case study

The objective of this study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the costs and economic profitability and viability indicators involved in implementing precision and conventional farming practices using maize and soybean crops in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. After identifying the production costs, analyses of the profitability indicators and viability indicators were carried out. The calculated profitability indicators (gross revenue, gross margin, break-even point, operational profit, and profitability index) presented better economic results under the precision system. For the analysis of the viability indicators, the net present value method and the internal rate of return method were used to analyze the two production systems, showing smaller investment attractiveness for the conventional farming system than for the precision system, though with a small difference in values. The Monte Carlo method was applied to evaluate investment risk. The selection of the variables to be simulated was based on the sensitivity analysis results, such as production, sale price and input price. The results obtained through simulation led to the conclusion that the risks are low for the two production systems analyzed.     

苜蓿青贮对奶牛产奶量、乳品质及养殖效益的影响

[目的]为苜蓿青贮在奶牛养殖中的推广和应用提供科学依据。[方法]以苜蓿青贮替代苜蓿干草,进行饲喂效果比较,探讨苜蓿青贮对产奶量及乳品质的影响。[结果]试验组日均产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、非脂乳固体率、乳糖率分别比对照组高9.13%、1.73%、0.57%、0.42%、0.38%。[结论]在奶牛日粮中适量添加苜蓿青贮,可以有效提高奶牛的产奶量,同时降低饲料成本,从而提高养殖经济效益。     

半胱胺对奶牛生产性能及血清激素水平的影响

选择 3 2头泌乳母牛 ,随机分为 4组 ,每组 8头 ,饲养 47d。在各组奶牛精料中按每天每头分别添加 0、2 0、3 0、40g半胱胺添加剂CT -2 0 0 0 ,研究半胱胺对奶牛生产性能及血液激素指标的影响。试验结果表明 :①精料中添加半胱胺显著提高奶牛产奶量5 .0 1% ,降低料奶比 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,对精料采食量无显著影响 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;②添加半胱胺有提高无脂固形物、乳脂与乳糖趋势 ,但差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;③添加半胱胺 2 0、3 0、40g可分别显著 (P <0 .0 5 )提高血清胰岛素水平 19.82 %、2 3 .73 %与 3 0 .0 0 % (P <0 .0 1) ,但对血清中T3、T4 有降低趋势 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;④精料中每日每头添加CT -2 0 0 0 2 0g较 3 0、40g剂量对提高奶牛生产性能效果更佳     

Feeding strategies for reducing ammonia emissions in the north-west region of Russia

The latest researches into ecologicity and adequacy of feeding systems for cows with production of more than 9500 kg milk have been carried out in Leningradskaya oblast’. The state of metabolic processes in the dairy cow organism is shown. The range of urea nitrogen in blood and milk has been identified to balance the diets for high and record producing dairy cows. A novel system of ecologically safe and economically profitable adaptive diets for high producing cows is proposed.     

江苏某奶牛场荷斯坦牛泌乳初期乳成分分析

[目的]为泌乳奶牛牛群的管理、营养调控、保证生鲜乳质量等方面提供理论依据.[方法]对江苏某奶牛场荷斯坦泌乳初期奶牛产奶量及乳成分含量进行测定,分析中国荷斯坦奶牛群在不同泌乳月、胎次和产奶量等条件下乳成分及各成分间相关性.[结果]该牛场中国荷斯坦牛在乳泌初期泌乳月份对乳中常规乳成分及酸度具有显著影响.产奶量对泌乳初期乳成分含量有明显影响.泌乳早期乳中常规营养成分及滴定酸度间存在一定的相关性,乳脂肪与密度呈显著负相关,非脂乳固体与密度、冰点以及乳蛋白存在显著正相关.[结论]该研究为奶牛生产实践提供一定参考依据.     

“奶牛蹄健浴液”配合中药治疗奶牛腐蹄病的效果

2003~2005年在宁夏某奶牛场曾发生多次腐蹄病病例,严重影响奶牛的生产性能,用一般治疗方法其治愈率甚微。通过“奶牛蹄健浴液”配合中药疗法效果显著:①平均每月治愈率由2003年的(40.49±2.12)%上升为2004年的(65.26±2.11)%,2005年的(78.03±1.04)%;②平均每月死淘率由2003年的(15.12±2.36)%下降为2004年的(13.11±1.88)%,2005年的(3.17±0.51)%;③平均每月奶量日单产从2003年的(21.33±2.45)kg,2004年的(25.65±1.98)kg上升为2005年的(27.36±1.77)kg。结论:用“奶牛蹄健浴液”配合中药疗法效果显著,可以推广应用。     

我国推行奶牛生产性能测定的可借鉴模式及对策

奶牛生产性能测定(DHI)是目前世界上最科学、最有效的奶牛生产管理工具。纵观20世纪后半叶全球奶业发展实践经验证明,奶牛群体改良和牧场生产效益提高,60%归功于DHI的推广应用。然而,由于我国奶业发展起步晚、地区发展不均衡、牧场规模差异大等原因,在奶牛生产性能测定项目推进过程中面临诸多问题,2013年我国奶牛参加生产性能测定的比例不足8%。针对我国在推行DHI工作中的困境,从建立完善的第三方DHI运行体系、全面精准的DHI数据积累和深度挖掘、建立细致实干的DHI数据解读与牧场管理推广机构、充分发挥行业协会的作用加强DHI工作各环节的衔接等方面,对奶业发达国家和地区推行DHI的成功经验进行了分析和梳理。在此基础上,从加强对DHI工作的重视程度与顶层设计、出台一揽子政策、建立DHI测定第三方实验室体系、改革现行原料乳定价机制、设立"DHI牵牛工程专项基金"、推进宏量DHI数据的挖掘与共享等方面提出了政策建议,以期为加快推进我国奶牛生产性能测定工作提供借鉴。     

基于LCA的呼伦贝尔生态草牧业技术集成示范效益评估

【目的】 对天然草场修复过程中的经济环境综合效益进行评估。【方法】 基于全生命周期分析（LCA）方法对内蒙古呼伦贝尔市谢尔塔拉牧场奶牛集约化养殖-牲畜粪便处理（包括菌剂发酵有机肥、蚯蚓养殖生成有机肥和蘑菇种植3种模式）,利用谢尔塔拉农场奶牛集约化养殖、牲畜粪便处理利用、天然草场改良数据和当地畜牧生产经营物料投入数据相结合,建立不同养殖模式下牛奶生产的生命周期清单,从畜牧生产全生命周期的角度对牲畜饲养、粪便处理利用和草场修复这整个草原畜牧生产循环过程中每生产1 t标准牛奶（FPCM）的资源环境综合成本（温室气体排放、土地占用、耗水量和不可再生能源消耗）和总体经济效益进行定量分析。【结果】 牧户散养奶牛和集约化奶牛养殖场在出售牲畜和牛奶方面产生的毛收益分摊在每头成年母牛上分别为0.89和2.11万元,如扣除经营成本,两种乳牛饲养模式下每头成年母牛产生的净收益分别为0.42万元（牧户散养）和0.41万元（集约化养殖）。此外集约化养殖场每生产1 t FPCM造成的环境影响为:占用草场1.19 hm²、占用耕地0.15 hm²、耗水216.47 t、消耗化石燃料1 944.19 MJ、排放温室气体0.73 t二氧化碳当量（CO_2eq）。当地散养牧户生产牛奶除去草场占用面积（3.25 hm²）外,造成的环境影响（占用耕地0.04 hm²、耗水70.70 t、消耗化石燃料892.80 MJ、排放温室气体0.55 t CO_2eq）均小于集约化奶牛养殖场。开展天然打草场改良可显著增加每公顷草地牧草产出（增幅68.57%）和收益（增长10.71%）,改良后生产1 t FPCM可降低40.50%的草场占用面积。但改良中施肥和燃料消耗的增加会造成温室气体排放（增加17.70倍）、燃料消耗（增加2.10倍）等环境问题。在牲畜粪便处理利用技术应用方面,集约化养殖场产生的牛粪通过发酵有机肥、蚯蚓处理牛粪和蘑菇种植等处理利用方式,在解决牲畜饲养中粪便污染问题的同时,创造的净收益相当于生产牛奶净收益的5%—12%,整体看带来的环境影响相对较少。【结论】 集约化养殖场在提高草原利用效率方面优势明显,在提升饲料能量转化效率、提升牛奶产量和质量方面具有很大的潜力,但是会增加苜蓿、燕麦等高蛋白饲草料的种植面积,在控制牛奶生产中的温室气体排放、水资源和能源消耗等方面会产生不利影响。此外,天然打草场改良和牲畜粪便处理利用技术在呼伦贝尔当地畜牧产业中具有较大的应用潜力。     

硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(干乳期)对奶牛安全性的研究

【目的】了解硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(干乳期)对健康奶牛的正常体温、日产奶量、奶中体细胞数和乳房内菌群的影响。【方法】选用初产和经产健康泌乳期奶牛各6头,所选奶牛在试验前30日内未全身性或乳房内给予任何抗生素,奶牛正常饲养管理,日粮和饮水中不含有任何抗菌药物。给药前1和0日统计记录各试验奶牛的直肠温度、日产奶量(早、中、晚3次产奶量的加和)、检测每个乳区采集奶样的体细胞数,并对给药前0日的奶样进行病原菌分离鉴定。4个乳区分别单次给予硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(干乳期)。给药后的第1、3、5、7、10天分别统计记录每头奶牛的日产奶量,给药后的第12 h、3、5、7、10天分别采集奶样进行体细胞检测,同时检查直肠温度;给药后的第10天,采集奶样进行病原菌分离鉴定。比较奶牛用药前后直肠温度、日产奶量、牛奶体细胞数和奶中病原菌的变化。整个试验期间连续观察给药奶牛是否出现红、肿、热、痛等临床症状。【结果】给药前1天、0天和最后一次给药后的第1、3、5、7、10天,试验奶牛的日产奶量平均值分别为28.8、27.7、28.1、28.7、28.8、29.2和29.6 kg,卡方检验显示无显著性差异(P0.05);各时间点采集的奶中体细胞数大都维持在30—50万个/m L之间;各时间点测得的奶牛直肠温度平均值分别为38.3、38.4、38.3、38.3、38.3、38.2和38.3℃,无显著性差异(P0.05);病原菌检测结果显示,在给药前0日采集的奶样中,分离到大肠杆菌8株、链球菌5株和葡萄球菌7株,给药后第10天采集的奶样中大肠杆菌、链球菌和葡萄球菌各分离到1株,明显减少,且没有增加新的病原菌。【结论】硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(干乳期)对奶牛正常体温、产奶量和奶中体细胞数等没有不良影响,该制剂用于奶牛是安全的。     

养分供给量重新调配对奶牛生产性能成绩的影响

[目的]探索重新调配养分供给对奶牛产奶量的影响。[方法]在不改变饲粮原料种类与数量的前提下,调整每顿优质蛋白质和产奶净能值的供给,研究其对奶牛产奶性能的影响。[结果]调整后奶牛日均标准产奶量提高2.12 kg,达0.1显著水平。在精饲料蛋白质与粗纤维略有变动、蛋白质品质有较大改动的情况下,晚上精饲料干物质采食量增加0.47 kg时次日早晨产奶量和乳脂率分别提高0.54kg和0.292%;早晨精饲料干物质采食量减少0.23 kg时中午产奶量和乳脂率分别提高0.74 kg和0.102%;中午精饲料干物质采食量减少0.23 kg时下午产奶量基本不变,但乳脂率提高0.408%,差异极显著。[结论]早晨和中午饲喂配方一致和饲喂量相等饲料的2号料设计符合奶牛实际生产模式与代谢特点,效益明显。     

INTENSIFICATION OF GRASSLAND-BASED DAIRY PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON LAND,NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCIES

• Monitoring data of>5000 dairy farms collected and examined in uniform manner. • Environmental performances of farms influenced by government regulations. • N and P surpluses at farm level remained about constant with intensity level. • N and P use efficiencies at farm, herd and soil increased with intensity level. • Accounting for externalization of off-farm feed production affects NUE and PUE. • Ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification. Many grassland-based dairy farms are intensifying production, i.e., produce more milk per ha of land in response to the increasing demand for milk (by about 2% per year) in a globalized market. However, intensive dairy farming has been implicated for its resources use, ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions, and eutrophication impacts. This paper addresses the question of how the intensity of dairy production relates to N and P surpluses and use efficiencies on farms subjected to agri-environmental regulations. Detailed monitoring data were analyzed from 2858 grassland-based dairy farms in The Netherlands for the year 2015. The farms produced on average 925 Mg·yr⁻¹ milk. Milk production per ha ranged from<10 to>30 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹. Purchased feed and manure export strongly increased with the level of intensification. Surpluses of N and P at farm level remained constant and ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification. In conclusion, N and P surpluses did not differ much among dairy farms greatly differing in intensity due to legal N and P application limits and obligatory export of manure surpluses to other farms. Further, N and P use efficiencies also did not differ among dairy farms differing in intensity provided the externalization of feed production was accounted for. This paper provides lessons for proper monitoring and control of N and P cycling in dairy farming.     

我国原料乳价格波动、影响及建议

2007年下半年以来,我国原料乳价格波动情况分为3个阶段。影响其波动的主要原因有饲养成本、原料乳供求、原料乳质量、乳制品进口、国际乳制品价格、气候、疫情和政策。原料乳价格波动过大会影响奶农、乳企和消费者的利益。必须科学制定乳业发展规划,规范原料乳交易,建立监测与预警机制、合理的价格形成机制以及乳企与奶农的利益联结机制。     

Analysis of plant nutrient management strategies: Conventional and alternative approaches

During times of economic uncertainty, such as the current period, all costs of agricultural production become important and worthy of close scrutiny if the threat of farm foreclosures is to be minimized. This concern particularly applies to the cost of plant nutrients, which, under conventional approaches, typically represents 24%–30% (or more) of the total variable costs of production [Lu et al. (2000) Food Reviews International 16(2): 121–157; Bullen and Brown (2001) Economic Evaluation of UNR Cotton, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina]. The purpose of this paper is to examine, via a review of the literature, the economics and profitability of various plant nutrient management strategies–both conventional and alternative ones–in an attempt to identify those strategies that can lead to financial resource optimization and, ultimately, maximum profits for farm enterprises. The results of this analysis are as follows: In a meta-analysis of 120 studies, conventional nutrient management systems, using commercial fertilizers, showed higher profit for most grain crops (with the exception of corn and sorghum), than organic nutrient management systems. Both cover crop and animal manure-based systems show considerable promise as alternative nutrient management strategies for increasing farm profitability. A cover crop system produced the highest average corn yield and gross margin per hectare with the smallest coefficient of variation compared to no-tillage conventional, manure-based, or crownvetch systems. Manure-based systems that do not require purchase or transport of the manure (as in combined animal and crop production systems) can be considerably more profitable than conventional systems. Both manure-based and cover crop systems that do not include the use of commercial fertilizers (i.e., organic systems), hold particular promise due to the output price premiums typically garnered by the organic crops grown under such conditions.     

饲粮添加不同水平大豆磷脂对奶牛饲喂效果的影响

以羊草和青贮玉米为粗饲料,对奶牛饲粮添加不同水平大豆磷脂的饲喂效果进行研究。试验采用单因子完全随机化设计,将年龄、胎次、泌乳阶段、产奶量及体重相近的健康黑白花荷斯坦奶牛12头分为4个处理,其中A组是对照组,饲喂基础日粮,其它3个处理组随机饲喂3种不同的试验日粮,试验日粮是在基础日粮中分别添加1%、2.5%和4%的大豆磷脂。结果表明:日粮中添加2.5%的大豆磷脂处理组平均每头奶牛每天产奶量比对照组提高4.25 kg(P<0.01),并改善了奶牛的健康状况和繁殖性能,对乳脂率和奶牛正常的生理代谢指标均无影响(P>0.05),整个泌乳期净增利润1 857.45元,经济效益显著。