夏直播花生高产途径和配套栽培技术

综合多年试验研究成果,结合生产实践,阐述了夏直播花生的高产途径,并从品种、施肥、密度、播期、地膜覆盖、化控、田间管理等方面具体介绍了高产技术措施和注意事项。     

Effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and vermicompost on groundnut yield in Babile District,eastern Ethiopia

Groundnut is a major cash crop for smallholder farmers in several districts of eastern Ethiopia with low yield. Little or no fertilizer was applied for the crop possibly because no generic or recommended fertilizer and technology were available. Therefore, field experiments were conducted for 2 consecutive cropping seasons in Babile District, to investigate effects of applying mineral N and P fertilizer and vermicompost (VC) on seed yield and oil content of groundnut using an improved variety ‘BaHa-Gudo’. Treatments consisted of nitrogen (0,23 and 46 kg N/ha), phosphorus (0,46 and 92 kg P2O5/ha) and VC (0,2.5 and 5 t VC/ha). Results revealed that yield attributes, seed yield and seed oil content were significantly (p < 0.01) affected by fertilizers. Seed yield after combined application of 46 kg N, 46 kg P2O5 and 2.5 t VC/ha increased by about 113% compared to seed yield without any fertilizers. Enhancement in seed oil content at the aforementioned rate was 7.0%. It could, thus, be concluded that applying the aforementioned fertilizers would enable farmers to increase seed yield and oil content of groundnut for enhancing their income and livelihoods in the study area.     

花生覆膜与接种根瘤菌株的田间选择协同效应

在辽宁锦州分别采用根瘤菌株S_(4-32)、S_(6-31)、S_(16-4)、S_(13-31)、NC43.3进行覆膜和不覆膜的花生接种栽培试验。花生生长60天不覆膜处理花生结瘤数为16—35个,株平均根瘤干重为18—58mg,而覆膜处理的平均单株根瘤数为70—132个,根瘤干重为119—180mg,覆膜处理的花生植株苗期含氮百分率降低,而总氮积累明显提高,在海花1号品种上,覆膜处理,菌株S_(4-32)具有明显的增效作用,生长60天的平均单株根瘤数、根瘤干重、植株干重和总氮分别达到101个,180.3mg、11.0g,和332.7mg,不覆膜不接菌仅为16.8个,18.7mg、7.3和274mg,前者的荚果产量4224.4公斤/公倾,对照为2955.9公斤/公倾,增产率达42％以上。     

半矮秆大豆窄行密植超高产栽培产量性状及产量结构研究

采用3个基因型品种,2种栽培模式,设置3个处理,研究半矮秆大豆窄行密植超高产栽培技术产量性状及产量结构,旨在为超高产大豆研究与应用提供技术依据.结果表明:在窄行、密植、高肥水条件下,B45处理由于采用半矮秆品种植株矮、底荚低、秆强不倒,虽然单株荚数、粒数显著低于对照,但由于密度增加,群体荚数、粒数显著增加.每节位平方米荚数、粒数分别达到145.1个和411.7个,分别较对照增加78.8～84.0个和254.2～258.0个,顶荚部位荚、粒数分别占总数的21.3%和22.5%.产量极显著高于对照处理,2008年在760 m2面积上,大豆产量达到4 895.7 kg·hm-2.     

密度与行距配置对耐密型春玉米农艺性状及产量的影响

采用3因素裂区设计,对3个耐密型品种在3个种植密度和3种行距配置方式下的农艺性状及产量的数量差异进行比较研究。结果表明,密度对3个品种的株高、穗位高、茎粗、群体最大叶面积指数(LAI)、穗数、穗粒数和百粒重的影响达极显著水平,行距配置对产量构成3因素存在显著或极显著影响,多个作用大小不一的农艺性状间的交互作用共同影响决定玉米产量。强盛51与大丰26分别在密度为82 500 株/hm²和“66.6+33.3”cm宽窄行配置模式下产量最高,大丰26在密度为82 500株/hm²采用“50+50” cm等行距种植产量可达15 000 kg/hm²以上,确定这3个组合为玉米超高产的最佳配置。     

Influence of water deficits on the water relations,canopy gas exchange,and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L., cv H-355) were subjected to four irrigation treatments after crop establishment: (i) unirrigated (D); (ii) irrigated until flower initiation [85 days from sowing (DAS)] and unirrigated thereafter (WD); (iii) unirrigated until active seed setting (129 DAS) and irrigated thereafter (DW); (iv) irrigated throughout (W). Several plant processes were measured on clear days betweem 85 and 144 DAS. The unirrigated plants had lower leaf water potentials, canopy evapotranspiration rates (ET), canopy photosynthetic rates (PN), plant dry weight and grain yield compared to the irrigated plants, but increased canopy-air temperature differences (T_c−T_a). Cessation of irrigation at flowering induced a rapid decrease in canopy photosynthesis and reduced the grain yield by 33% due to a decrease in the number of pods set. Irrigation from 129 DAS resulted in some recovery of grain yield resulting from the development of a small number of late pods with small seeds. Among yield components, water stress primarily affected the number of pods per plant and had little effect on the grain number per pod. Grain yield was linearly related to pod number, leaf water potential, and mean PN.     

Photoperiod regulation of development and growth in bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea)

The influence of constant photoperiods of 10, 12, 14 and 16 h on development and growth in two bambara groundnut genotypes (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc., syn. Voandzeia subterranea (L.) Thouars) was studied in a greenhouse experiment in the Netherlands. Data on dry matter accumulation were collected by sequential harvesting. Photoperiod influenced the onset of flowering in one genotype (‘Ankpa 4’) and the onset of podding in both (‘Tiga Nicuru’ and ‘Ankpa 4’). Under 14- and 16-h photoperiods plants of ‘Ankpa 4’ produced no pods. Photoperiod did not influence total aboveground dry matter production per plant in ‘Ankpa 4’ and had only a slight effect on ‘Tiga Nicuru’. Photoperiod indirectly affected dry matter partitioning via its influence on development: in both genotypes assimilate distribution changed after the photoperiod-induced onset of podding. In addition, a direct influence of photoperiod on partitioning was observed. Firstly, just after the onset of flowering (40 DAS), ‘Tiga Nicuru’ plants under 10- and 12-h photoperiods had accumulated more dry matter as leaf blades and less as stem material than plants under 14- and 16-h photoperiods. Secondly, for ‘Ankpa 4’ the increase in pod dry weight per plant under the 10-h photoperiod was nearly double the increase under the 12-h photoperiod. This difference was associated with a smaller number of developing pods under the 12-h photoperiod. Photoperiod apparently strongly affects the number of developing sinks and, as a consequence, the total sink-strength of the plant, irrespective of the numerous ovaries present on plants of all treatments (including plants of ‘Ankpa 4’ under 14- and 16-h photoperiods).     

晋西南山区川水地马铃薯不同栽培密度试验

对晋西南山区川水地覆膜种植的马铃薯主栽品种费乌瑞它进行不同栽培密度试验。试验结果的方差分析表明:每公顷密度在53 892～89 820株范围内,其单株商品薯数、单株薯重、单株商品薯重、小区产量、小区商品薯产量存在显著与极显著差异;单株结薯数无显著差异;小区产量以每公顷76 989株最高,小区商品薯产量以每公顷67 365株最高,而在生产实际中,追求更多的是商品薯产量,所以,该区域的马铃薯品种费乌瑞它覆膜种植以每公顷67 365株的密度为宜。     

豚草对花生产量性状的影响及其经济阈值

为明确豚草( Ambrosia artemisiifolia )对花生生长和产量的影响及其经济阈值,采用添加系列试验和拟合函数关系模型的方法,研究了豚草与花生的竞争关系。结果表明,在豚草竞争干扰下,花生单株分枝数、荚果数、有效荚果数及产量均随豚草密度的增加而逐渐降低,而株高没有显著变化。指数模型能较好地拟合豚草对花生分枝数（y=7.307e-0.003x,P<0.001）的影响;对数函数模型能较好地拟合豚草密度与花生单株荚果数(y= -2.355lnx +16.325,P<0.001)、有效荚果数（y= -38.104㏑x+248.022,P<0.001）、花生产量（y= -1 172.945lnx+6 765.501,P<0.001）以及产量损失（y = 17.825lnx-2.866,P<0.001）间的关系。花生田豚草人工拔除的经济阈值为1.42株/m2,使用50%乙草胺乳油防除的经济阈值为1.22株/m2。     

Effect of mulch on soil temperature,moisture, weed infestation and yield of groundnut in northern Vietnam

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the chief foreign exchange earning crops for Vietnam. However, owing to lack of appropriate management practices, the production and the area under cultivation of groundnut have remained low. Mulches increase the soil temperature, retard the loss of soil moisture, and check the weed growth, which are the key factors contributing to the production of groundnut. On-farm trials were conducted in northern Vietnam to study the impact of mulch treatments and explore economically feasible and eco-friendly mulching options. The effect of three mulching materials (polythene, rice straw and chemical) on weed infestation, soil temperature, soil moisture and pod yield were studied. Polythene and straw mulch were effective in suppressing the weed infestation. Different mulching materials showed different effects on soil temperature. Polythene mulch increased the soil temperature by about 6 °C at 5 cm depth and by 4 °C at 10 cm depth. Mulches prevent soil water evaporation retaining soil moisture. Groundnut plants in polythene and straw mulched plots were generally tall, vigorous and reached early flowering. Use of straw as mulch provides an attractive and an environment friendly option in Vietnam, as it is one of the largest rice growing countries with the least use of rice straw. Besides, it recycles plant nutrients effectively.     

密度及收割高度对复播青贮玉米产量和品质的影响

以农大1027组合为材料,在大田条件下分别研究了5种密度及不同收割高度对复播青贮玉米(生长期82 d)产量和饲用品质的影响。结果表明:在密度6万～18万株/hm2范围内随着密度的增加产量先增后降,密度与产量呈二次曲线关系;而饲用营养品质却随密度增加呈现下降趋势。产量最高的密度和品质最优的密度不一致,优质时的密度显著低于高产时的密度。在密度9万～12万株/hm2条件下,可以获得产量高、品质较优的青贮玉米。适当提高收获高度可以明显改善青贮玉米的饲用营养品质。     

Irrigation frequencies and corn (Zea mays L.) yield relation in northern Turkey

A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2005 at the Research Station (altitude 180 m above sea level, 41 degrees 21' N and 36 degrees 15'E) Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey. Experiment consisted of three irrigation levels and a non-irrigation level. Drip irrigation treatments consisted of three soil water deficits in the 90 cm soil profile depth was replenished to field capacity. Irrigation treatments were A: no irrigation, B: irrigation at 50% of available soil water capacity, C: irrigation at 30% of available soil water capacity, D: irrigation at 15% of available soil water capacity. The average seasonal water use values ranged from 257.14 to 285.71 mm in corn treatments. Irrigation frequencies (intervals) significantly affected corn crop yields. The average corn grain yields varied from 7.98 to 29.16 t ha(-1). The treatment D was recorded significantly higher corn grain yield 29.16 t ha(-1) compared to B (21.59 t ha(-1)); C (19.15 t ha(-1)) and A (7.98 t ha(-1)), respectively. According to research results, the maximum corn grain yield was obtained when the corn plants were irrigated at 15% of available soil water capacity to field capacity.     

喷施黄腐酸对花生生长发育的影响

花生叶面喷施稀释１０００倍的黄腐酸（ＦＡ）溶液可以增加花生的单株有效花果和单株根瘤数，使叶片叶绿素含量提高，果针提早入土，加快果针膨大，提高花生饱果率，增加荚果产是。喷施试验结果表明，以苗期，始花期、下针期３次喷施黄腐酸效果最佳，其次为始花期和下针期２次喷施黄腐酸的处理，而只于苗期１次喷施黄腐酸的处理效果不明显。     

Agronomic and economic evaluation of Sesbania rostrata green manure establishment in irrigated rice

Research on crop establishment methods may improve green manure performance, reduce costs, and increase the adaptability of pre-rice green manure technology in lowland rice-based cropping systems. A two-season field experiment was conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Baños, Philippines in 1991–1992 to compare four establishment practices of Sesbania rostrata green manure (zero tillage, with tillage, relay cropping in rice for 2 or 4 weeks) with four mineral N fertilizer levels (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg urea N/ha) in an intensive irrigated lowland system with three rice crops per year. S. rostrata was grown twice a year during the 43-day dry-wet and wet-dry transition periods between the wet and dry season rice crops.

Grain yield potential and fertilizer responsiveness of rice was generally highest in the dry season. On the other hand, S. rostrata growth was more vigorous in the wet season (long-day period) than in the dry season, regardless of establishment method. Green manure N accumulation was lowest with zero tillage (30 and 90 kg N/ha in dry and wet season, respectively) and highest when it was relay-cropped for two weeks (60 and 180 kg N/ha in dry and wet season, respectively). Land preparation for Sesbania ensured best green manure stand (> 100 plants/m² vs 20–40 plants/m² at no-till establishments) but increased costs of green manuring by US$16/ha compared with other establishment methods. A quadratic response function between mineral fertilizer equivalence and green manure N indicated that up to 75 kg N/ha, lowland rice uses green manure N more efficiently than urea. Depending on season and establishment method, S. rostrata substituted for 35 to 90 kg of split-applied urea N. Benefit-cost ratios indicated that pre-rice green manure use in the wet season under the current fertilizer and labor prices in the Philippines was a less attractive economic option than mineral N fertilizer. This was true for all establishment methods. In the dry season, S. rostrata established by relay cropping gave the highest rate of return. The 2-week relay cropping of green manure with irrigated rice gave highest green manure N accumulation and rice grain yield, and may be economically viable where fertilizer prices are higher or labor costs are lower than in the Philippines.     

Soil water stress and the growth and yield of potato plants grown from microtubers and conventional seed tubers

Tuber yields of potato plants grown from microtubers in fields are more variable than yields from conventional seed tubers (CT). One reason could be their higher susceptibility to water stress. This study clarified the effect of soil water stress from 1 month after emergence on the growth and yield of plants grown from conventional seed tubers and microtubers in fields. Microtubers (0.5–3 g) and conventional seed tubers (50 g) were grown in Hokkaido, Japan, over three field seasons. One month after emergence, poly-shelters were placed over the plots to prevent rainfall, and either irrigated (wet plot) or non-irrigated (dry plot) treatments were formed. At mid-flowering (about 50 days after emergence) leaf area index (LAI) in microtuber plants was decreased relatively more due to soil water stress than LAI in conventional seed tuber plants. However, at maximum shoot growth (about 80 days after emergence) both microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants had a similar relative decrease in LAI due to soil water stress. At mid-flowering and maximum shoot growth microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants had reduced stomatal conductance due to soil water stress, but the reduction in stomatal conductance was greater in conventional seed tuber plants than in microtuber plants. Microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants had similar root development at maximum shoot growth. Tuber production from mid-flowering until plant maturity was similarly affected by soil water stress in microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants. At harvest, plants affected by soil water stress had about 87% of the tuber dry weight of irrigated plants. We conclude, that the greater variation on tuber yield of microtuber plants cannot be attributed to soil water stress from 1 month after emergence.     

Yields and chemical composition of whole-crop field beans and their components during pod-filling

Experimental trials in both rainfed and irrigated conditions were carried out in Central Spain with the aim of assessing the best time to harvest whole-crop winter field beans for forage. Three times of harvesting during the pod-filling phase were considered: seed with less than 20% DM (L,), 30-35% (L:) and over 85% (Lj). At the early pod-setting stage (Lj), the stems and leaves represented 75% of the total aerial biomass. At pod maturity (L3), this percentage was reduced to 27%. Over the same period, Lj to L3, the seed's contribution rose from 8% to 59%. Chemical composition of the different plant components varied markedly during the pod-filling phase. Lignin in leaves and pod-shells rose abruptly from 082 and 090% DM at L, to 7-82 and 7-01 % DM in L3. Crude protein of the seed varied only slightly between harvests. Mean DM yields over both years of 3 44 ± 0-46. 607 + 071 and 428 ± 037 tDM ha' were obtained for the whole plants in rainfed conditions at the L₁, L₂ and L3 stages respectively. Corresponding values for irrigated conditions were 552 +0-7I, 8-66± M 6 and 684±082 tDM ha"'. Taking into account the chemical composition of the whole plant at the three times of harvesting (mean values in both conditions of 675, 657 and 641 g I00gDM-'for DDM and 215, 18 7 and 186% DM for CP), it is concluded that the highest estimated energy and protein yields would be obtained by harvesting the plant at the Li stage (seeds with 30-35% DM).     

How does grazing intensity influence the diversity of plants and insects in a species‐rich upland grassland on basalt soils?

The effect of stocking rate on the species richness, abundance and functional diversity of vascular plants, butterflies and grasshoppers was examined in a semi‐natural upland pasture in central France. Over a 5‐year period, 3·6‐ha plots were continuously grazed by Charolais heifers at 1·4 (High stocking rate), 1·0 (Intermediate) and 0·6 (Low) livestock units (LU) ha^?1. To evaluate botanical diversity, percentage cover of all plant species was estimated in late July in ten fixed 1 m × 1 m quadrats per plot. Butterflies were counted on three occasions between late June and early August along three fixed 50‐m‐long transects per plot using the ‘Pollard walk’, with grasshoppers being recorded on two occasions along the same transects. Diversity patterns of the three taxa were affected by stocking rate. For plants, species abundance changed more than species number. Abundance of forbs became higher under the Low compared with the High stocking rate. Stress‐tolerant grasses were also more abundant in plots grazed at the Low stocking rate, while an opposite trend was observed for competitive grasses. Butterflies consistently responded to alterations in vegetation composition, especially to the dynamics of nectar plants. The species richness of grasshoppers also increased in plots at the Low stocking rate. The Low and Intermediate stocking rates were suitable for providing a high diversity of the three taxonomic groups. The results suggested that at least butterfly diversity would peak in vegetation taller than that of vascular plants.     

试论花生的高产潜力和途径

花生虽属Ｃ３型作物,其光合潜能却很高。群体净同化率５０ｍｇＣＯ２／ｄｍ２·ｈ;单叶净同化率３４ｍｇＣＯ２／ｄｍ２·ｈ,光合作用日变率群体呈单峰曲线;单叶呈双峰曲线,峰谷差率小。其高产潜力,在山东按其最大光能利用率和光温潜力值推算,单位面积荚果产量为１７２７５．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２和１６７５８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２;按最佳产量因素结构估算,可达１３６８３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２;现已实现的最高产量记录为１１７８４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。花生进一步高产的主要途径是选用株型性状优良的高产品种;提高光能利用率促进光合产物合理分配;依靠主要结实枝实现群体果多果饱。     

中美德系玉米品种的耐密性对深松耕作措施的响应分析

采取耕作方式×种植密度×品种三因素裂区试验,深松40 cm和旋耕15 cm耕作条件,在9.0万株/hm~2和10.5万株/hm~2种植密度下,对中系郑单958和登海618、美系先玉335和华美1号、德系KX3564和KWS2564不同血缘玉米品种的地上部形态、生理及产量构成指标进行对比分析。结果表明,深松可降低增密后玉米净光合速率、LAI、SPAD值和单株生产能力的下降幅度,缓解株型的变化,提高玉米的耐密性。我国玉米品种的耐密性对深松耕作响应与美系和德系玉米品种存在差异,深松耕作与旋耕相比,华美1号、KX3564、KWS2564、先玉335增加种植密度后,其穗位叶叶倾角、净光合速率、LAI、SPAD值下降缓慢,产量、耐密系数显著提高,其耐密适应性对深松耕作的响应度高于郑单958、登海618。     

Varietal Differences in Seedling Traits under the Low Dissolved Oxygen Level in Water-Seeded Rice

Abstract

A snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Haibushi shows high productivity under high-temperature conditions. Together with intensive radiation, high temperature enhances transpiration and causes water deficit in plants even when they are irrigated enough. To characterize daily change in water balance of the heat-tolerant cultivar, we compared parameters of water balance, dry matter production and pod yield among cultivars. Four snap bean cultivars, Haibushi, Kurodane-Kinugasa, Oregon and Kentucky Wonder, were grown under optimal temperature (spring cropping) and high temperature (summer cropping) condition in the field. The daily water balance and gas exchange rate in the heat-tolerant cultivar Haibushi were compared with those in the heat-sensitive cultivar Kentucky Wonder, grown in 0.02 m² Wagner pots. In the summer cropping in the field, dry matter production, pod yield, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were higher in Haibushi and Kurodane-Kinugasa than in the other cultivars. In a glasshouse, the sap flow rate was lower than the transpiration rate in the morning when the transpiration rate rapidly increased in both Haibushi and Kentucky Wonder. In spite of the higher transpiration rate, Haibushi showed a higher sap flow rate and smaller cumulative water loss in the morning than Kentucky Wonder. We conclude that better growth of the heat-tolerant snap bean cultivar Haibushi under high temperature was due to higher photosynthetic rate resulting from higher stomatal conductance during the daytime, which had a higher water uptake rate.