环丙沙星在内毒素诱导的乳房炎奶山羊药动学及乳汁和组织浓度

将 1 5头健康杂交奶山羊均分成 3组 ,按每千克体重 5mg的剂量分别对大肠杆菌内毒素诱导的乳房炎奶山羊进行静注、肌注和乳房灌注单剂量环丙沙星药动学试验。高效液相色谱法测定血、乳及组织药物浓度 ,血药浓度 -时间数据用 MCPKP药动学程序处理。诱导乳房炎的奶山羊静注给药的药时数据符合二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2α为 ( 0 .0 9± 0 .0 1 ) h,t1 /2β为 ( 1 .1 0± 0 .0 9) h,Vd( area) 为 ( 2 .80± 0 .3 0 ) L/kg,Cl B为 ( 1 .3 1± 0 .2 1 ) L/ ( kg·h- 1 ) ,AUC为 ( 3 .88± 0 .58) mg/ ( L· h- 1 )。肌注给药的药时数据符合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2 Kα为 ( 0 .0 7± 0 .0 2 ) h,t1 /2α为 ( 0 .3 9± 0 .2 6) h,t1 /2β为 ( 2 .0 7±0 .4 3 ) h,tmax为 ( 0 .2 6± 0 .0 7) h,Cmax为 ( 1 .0 4± 0 .1 3 ) mg/ L,AUC为 ( 2 .3 8± 0 .1 3 ) mg/ ( L· h- 1 ) ,F为61 .3 4 %。与从健康奶山羊获得的药动学参数相比 ,急性乳房炎能显著影响环丙沙星静注给药的体内分布、转运和消除 ,对肌注给药无明显影响 ,乳房灌注给药在炎症乳房内的吸收个体差异较大。急性乳房炎能显著降低环丙沙星全身给药在乳内积聚程度。肌注后炎症乳腺组织内药物浓度在 2、4、6、8     

奶牛乳腺炎模型的建立及炎症相关因子基因mRNA转录水平的分析

旨在探讨金黄色葡萄球菌（S.aureus）型和大肠杆菌（E.coli）型乳腺炎奶牛乳腺组织的炎症相关因子基因的mRNA转录水平。将10⁵ CFU·mL^-1的S.aureus和E.coli经乳导管分别注入奶牛乳房,在感染第7天采用活体无菌手术法采集乳腺组织,并采用组织HE染色和免疫荧光法进行乳腺炎模型的鉴定;利用qPCR分别检测了2个诱导组和对照组奶牛乳腺组织的趋化因子家族（CCL2、CCL8、CXCR1、CXCL2和CXCL13）、补体因子（CFI和CFB）、自噬调节因子DEPP1和白细胞介素受体IL21R共9个基因的mRNA转录水平。结果显示：与对照组相比,TLR4/NF-κB炎症相关信号通路中的关键分子（TLR4、NF-κB和TNFα）在2个诱导组乳腺组织中的蛋白表达水平均极显著上调（P<0.01）;结合HE染色结果,表明本试验成功构建了2种类型的奶牛乳腺炎活体模型。mRNA转录水平的检测结果表明,与对照组相比,7个基因（CCL2、CCL8、CXCR1、CXCL2、CFI、CFB和IL21R）在2个诱导组乳腺组织中的mRNA转录水平均极显著上调（P<0.001）,CXCL13的mRNA转录水平仅在S.aurues诱导组乳腺组织中极显著上调（P<0.01）;DEPP1的mRNA转录水平在2个诱导组中均极显著下调（P<0.01）。此外,CCL2、CCL8、CXCR1、CFI和IL21R共5个基因在E.coli诱导组中的mRNA转录水平均极显著高于S.aureus组（P<0.01）。S.aureus和E.coli感染均可导致奶牛产生严重的临床乳腺炎症状,并促使上述炎症相关基因的mRNA转录水平在乳腺组织中发生变化,以应对乳腺炎症的发生与发展过程;趋化因子CCL2等5个基因在E.coli诱导组中的mRNA转录水平显著高于S.aureus诱导组,解释了E.coli常常能引起急性乳腺炎,而S.aureus可引起慢性乳腺炎的原因。上述结果可为深入研究不同类型乳腺炎的分子调控机制提供参考。     

Demographic profile of the veterinary profession in New Zealand, 1985

The demographic characteristics of the veterinary profession in New Zealand are examined using information supplied by registered veterinarians to the Veterinary Surgeons Board in their applications for annual practising certificates in 1985. Comparisons are made with the veterinary professions in other similar countries, and with the medical and paramedical professions in New Zealand. In 1985 1308 registered veterinarians were working in New Zealand and 304 were overseas, whereas in 1976 the equivalent figures were 748 and 182. This represents an increase of 73% in the number of registered veterinarians in the last 10 years. Eighteen percent of veterinarians were female. The mean age of veterinarians was 38 years, but females in the profession were on average much younger (32 years) than males (42 years). Clinical practice provides employment for 70% of veterinarians: of these 59% work principally with farm animals and 41% with non-farm animals. The remaining veterinarians are employed by Government (22%), University (5%) and Industry (3%). The current demographic structure of the profession has been markedly influenced by the opening of New Zealand's only veterinary school at Massey University in 1963. Differences from other medical professional populations in New Zealand and overseas principally reflect the marked change in the number and sex ratio of graduates entering the veterinary profession since that time. It will take about another twenty years before the population reaches a stable age and sex structure, assuming that current graduation patterns persist throughout that period. Because the structure of the population is changing, considerable caution is needed in predicting future employment trends from data for a single year.     

The Effects of Ovine Lentivirus Infection on Some Productive Aspects in a Sardinian Sheep Flock from Italy

The effects of ovine lentivirus infection on the fat, protein and lactose concentrations on the somatic cell counts in ewes' milk, on milk production and on the birth weight and growth of lambs were studied in a flock of Sardinian sheep from central Italy. Data on 61 lactations of ewes positive to both the agar-gel immunodiffusion test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were compared with those on 46 lactations of seronegative ewes. Confounders such as parity, age, lactation length, litter size, and the sex of the lambs were considered. None of these traits seemed to be negatively influenced by the infection     

Reduced Milk Production in Udder Quarters with Subclinical Mastitis and Associated Economic Losses in Crossbred Dairy Cows in Ethiopia

The objective of the study was to estimate the losses associated with subclinical mastitis (SCM) in crossbred dairy cows in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. A split udder investigation was performed with 30 cows to determine production losses associated with SCM. Each quarter of the study cows was examined using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and quarter milk production was measured over a period of 8 days. Production losses were determined for different CMT scores by comparing production of quarters with CMT score 0 to quarters with CMT scores trace, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Using data from a recently published study, economic losses were determined for different farm sizes and production subsystems by multiplying the prevalence of the respective CMT scores with the production losses associated with these CMT scores. Mean quarter milk production was 0.82 + 0.40 kg per milking in the split udder trial. Milk production was reduced by 1.2%, 6.3%, and 33% in quarters with CMT scores 1+, 2+, and 3+, respectively. Using data from the published study, a quarter with SCM lost an average of 17.2% of its milk production. Production losses associated with SCM were estimated at 5.6% for the Addis Ababa Milk Shed. Stratified losses were highest (9.3%) in urban dairy farms (UDF) and small-scale farms (6.3%). The estimates of the financial losses ranged from US$29.1 in dairy herds in secondary towns (DHIST) to US$66.6 in UDF. A total loss of US$38 was estimated for each cow per lactation. Reducing mastitis in UDF (highest prevalence) to the level of DHIST (lowest prevalence) could reduce the loss by US$35. As this does not include costs associated with treatment or culling of diseased cows, this figure probably underestimates the possible benefits of control measures.     

Dynamic changes of fatty acids and minerals in sow milk during lactation

The objective of the present study was to explore the changes in fatty acids (FAs) and minerals composition in sow milk in order to improve the knowledge about FAs and mineral requirements for piglets. The FAs and minerals composition in the sow milk samples which were collected from ten sows during a period of 16 days of lactation was analysed. The proportion of FAs in sow milk has a significant increase in C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C14:1 and C16:1 FAs and the sum of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) according to the lactation period (p < 0.05). The proportion of C18:2 cis‐9,12 FA and the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) significantly decreased with the advancing of lactation (p < 0.05). The concentrations of minerals, including potassium, copper, manganese and zinc, were higher on day 1 and day 2 than those on day 13 and day 16 (p < 0.05). On the contrary, the lowest concentrations of calcium, sodium, magnesium and iron and the lowest molar calcium: phosphorus ratio emerged in colostrum (p < 0.05). In summary, our results demonstrated FAs profile and minerals concentrations were changed with lactation period. Better understanding of the changes of FAs and minerals may be valuable to swine nutritionists in the commercial industry. In addition, those results provided some meaningful information for sow's diet formulation during lactation.     

Changes in the milk composition of okapi (Okapia johnstoni) during the first 6 months of lactation

We collected 17 milk samples at 1 day to 6 months post partum from one captive okapi (Okapia johnstoni). Milks were examined for nutrient composition, including water, fat, crude protein, carbohydrates, ash and five minerals. The average values of the concentrations were 79.2 ± 3.0% SD water, 8.5 ± 3.4% fat, 7.5 ± 1.1% crude protein, 3.6 ± 0.6% carbohydrate, 1.2 ± 0.1% ash, 263.7 ± 47.3 mg/100 g calcium, 183.0 ± 40.0 mg/100 g phosphorus, 95.2 ± 17.6 mg/100 g sodium, 74.4 ± 34.3 mg/100 g potassium and 28.4 ± 4.4 mg/100 g magnesium, respectively. The protein concentration increased at late lactation (P < 0.01). The contents of sodium and potassium were rather high in the early lactation period, while those of calcium and phosphorus were rather low in the early lactation period. During the course of lactation in the first week post partum and the protein concentration was high at 1 day post partum. We compare our findings with the American Association of Zoos & Aquariums's Okapi Species Survival Plan Hand‐rearing Protocol, and recommend that nutrient composition of the formula for okapi calves is developed using the present study as a guide.     

A Preliminary Comparison of Plasma Fibrinogen Concentrations,Leukocyte Numbers and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate as Non-Specific Indicators of Inflammatory Conditions in Buffalo (Bubalis Bubalis)

Zargham Khan, M., Muhammad, G., Umar, A. and Ali Khan, S., 1997. A preliminary comparison of plasma fibrinogen concentrations, leukocyte numbers and erythrocyte sedimentation rate as non-specific indicators of inflammatory conditions in buffalo (Bubalis bubalis). Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (4), 265-271The plasma fibrinogen concentration (Fib), total leukocyte count (TLC), neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte numbers, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were determined in 153 buffaloes suffering from different clinical conditions. Fib increased significantly (p < 0.05) in chronic mastitis, pyrexia, pyometra, cutaneous abscesses, tail gangrene and acute indigestion, whereas in most of the other conditions studied it varied non-significantly. TLC increased significantly in chronic mastitis, pyrexia, endometritis, cutaneous abscesses and infected skin wounds. An increase in neutrophils was associated with an increased TLC. Numbers of lymphocytes varied non-significantly in most of the conditions. Monocytes decreased significantly in most of the acute conditions. ESR was significantly elevated in all clinical conditions. Significantly increased mean Fib values in the different conditions varied from 703 ± 119 to 725 ± 140 mg/dl, while the maximum individual value was 1510 mg/dl in a case of cutaneous myiasis. The significantly increased mean TLC ranged from 9.48 ± 2.91 to 11.1 ± 3.5 × 103/µl, while it was 21.7 × 103/µl in a case of meningitis. ESR values in sick buffaloes varied from 57 to 111 mm in the first hour.     

Milk plasmin, antitrypsin, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and bacterial growth in lactoserum during the early post partum period

The activities of plasmin, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) and antitrypsin in milk were determined during 1 week post partum. The concentration of NAGase and antitrypsin in milk decreased significantly during this period. A slight decrease in plasmin activity was also seen. Replication rates of E. coli and S. aureus in lactoserum were also determined. Both test bacteria showed a tendency for increasing growth rates towards the end of the period. Growth of E. coli was significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced in day 2 samples as compared with samples collected during the first day post partum.     

Changes in nutrient balance,methane emissions,physiologic biomarkers,and production performance in goats fed different forage-to-concentrate ratios during lactation

The objective was to determine the effect forage-to-concentrate (F:C) ratio and stage of lactation on methane emissions, digestibility, nutrient balance, lactation performance, and metabolic responses in lactating goats. Twenty Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were used in an experiment divided into 3 periods: early (30 d), mid (100 d), and late (170 d) lactation. All goats were fed a diet with 35:65 F:C (FCL) during early-lactation. Then, 1 group (n = 10 goats) remained on FCL through mid- and late-lactation while the other group (n = 10 goats) was fed a diet with 50:50 F:C at mid-lactation (FCM) and 65:35 (FCH) at late lactation. A greater proportion of concentrate in the diet was associated with greater overall intake and digestibility (P < 0.05). Energy balance was negative in early-lactation (−77 kJ/kg of BW^0.75, on average) and positive for FCL at mid- and late-lactation (13 and 35 kJ/kg of BW^0.75, respectively). Goats fed FCM and FCH maintained negative energy balance throughout lactation. Plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids at mid-lactation were greater for FCM than FCL (680 mEq/L), and at late-lactation concentrations were greater for FCH and FCL (856 mEq/L). A similar response was detected for plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. Methane emission was greater (P < 0.05) for FCM than FCH (1.7 g CH₄/d). This study demonstrated that differences in F:C across stages of lactation lead to distinct metabolic responses at the level of the rumen and tissues.     

Haematology and blood biochemistry during the course of psoroptic scabies in sheep

Haematology and blood biochemistry were monitored during the development and regression of psoroptic scabies in sheep. There were rises in numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils and in the fibrinogen concentrations, with lowered haemoglobin concentrations any lymphocyte numbers. The only biochemical parameters that were affected were the estimated serum globulin concentration, which rose during the disease process, and the serum albumin concentration, which fell. All of these changes reverted to normal soon after treatment.Abbreviations CK creatine kinase - Diff WBC differential white blood cell - E eosinophils - GOT asparate aminotransferase - GT glutamyl transferase - Hb haemoglobin - Ly lymphocytes - M monocytes - N neutrophils - WBC white blood cell count     

细胞因子免疫佐剂效应机制及其在兽医临床中的应用

白细胞介素、干扰素、粒巨噬细胞集落刺激因子等细胞因子作为疫苗的免疫佐剂能增强机体的细胞和体液免疫应答,从而增强疫苗的特异性免疫反应,在细菌、病毒、寄生虫及肿瘤疫苗的研究中具有重要的作用。对细胞因子免疫佐剂的效应机制及其在兽医临床中的应用进展进行阐述,为细胞因子佐剂在兽医临床上的进一步应用提供参考。     

隐性乳腺炎患牛乳汁电导率变化与体细胞数相关关系的研究

以随机采集的奶牛乳样为研究对象,对乳样的电导率与体细胞数进行了测定与分析。结果显示,体细胞在20-50万/mL区间时,奶牛乳汁电导率值在0.40-0.55mho/m之间;体细胞在50万/mL以上时,奶牛乳汁电导率0.6mho/m以上。结果表明,牛乳电导率的变化与体细胞的含量呈正相关,可确定利用牛乳体细胞数与电导率变化的相关关系来准确判断奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

广西地区水牛乳微量元素含量及其影响因素研究

水牛乳是中国南方地区重要奶源,为了解中国广西地区水牛乳中微量元素含量及不同因素如地域、品种和泌乳期对水牛乳中微量元素含量的影响,于广西南宁市兴宁区、邕宁区和钦州市灵山县共3个水牛场采集了摩拉、尼里2个品种,3个泌乳时期的水牛乳样品共60份,通过微波消解,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱检测了铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、钴（Co）、铜（Cu）、砷（As）、硒（Se）、铯（Cs）、钡（Ba）、钼（Mo）、铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、镍（Ni）共12种微量元素的含量,采用皮尔逊相关分析解析了12种元素含量之间的相关性,采用单因素方差分析比较了不同地域、品种和泌乳期水牛乳之间微量元素含量差异,采用多因素方差分析解析交互作用对元素含量的影响。结果表明,该法测定水牛乳12种微量元素含量的加标回收率在84.94%~120.91%之间。不同地域间水牛乳中Mn、Se、Cs、Ni含量差异显著（P<0.05）,钦州市灵山县水牛乳中Mn、Cs含量较高,南宁市兴宁区水牛乳中Se、Ni含量较高;不同品种间水牛乳中Se、Ni含量差异显著（P<0.05）,尼里水牛乳中Se、Ni含量高于摩拉水牛;不同泌乳期水牛乳中Mn、Co、Cu、Se、Mo含量差异显著（P<0.05）,初乳中Co、Cu、Se含量较高,常乳中Mn含量较高,晚乳中Mo含量较高;地域与品种的交互作用对水牛乳中微量元素含量无显著影响。     

Effect of Environmental Factors and of the Proportion of Holstein Blood on the Milk Yield and Lactation Length of Crossbred Dairy Cattle on Smallholder Farms in North-east Tanzania

A study was carried out on the lactation performance of crossbred dairy cattle in a smallholder farming system in north-east Tanzania. Data were collected from the records for 6 years and the factors considered were district, proportion of Holsteins, season of calving, year of calving and herd size. The data were considered separately for animals with a single lactation record. The least-square means for first lactation length and yield were 331 days (SD 77.0) and 2332 L (SD 283.0), respectively, while for cows with data on more than one lactation record the yield was 2477 L (SD 840.1) in 324 days (SD 74.0). First lactation yield was significantly affected by year of calving. For repeated records the lactation yield was significantly affected by district, proportion of Holsteins and herd size, while lactation length was significantly affected by district and herd size. The calculated repeatabilities for lactation yield and length were 0.27 and 0.12, respectively. For the pooled data the correlation between lactation length and yield gave r = 0.569 (p<0.0001).     

Effects of supplement feeding order on lactation, diurnal variation of ruminal ammonia and urea in the blood and milk of dairy cows

The present study examined the effects of feeding order of grain and protein supplements on ruminal nitrogen (N) loss through the diurnal variation of ruminal ammonia N and urea N in the blood and milk of dairy cows. Three ruminally fistulated cows were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square arrangement of treatments; that is, grain supplement fed at the first feed and then the protein supplement at the second (GS‐1st), protein supplement fed first and then the grain supplement (PS‐1st), and the grain and protein supplements mixed and divided into equal portions fed at each supplement feeding time (GP‐mix). No differences in the lactation parameters were observed among the treatments. In GS‐1st treatment, the increase in the concentration of ruminal ammonia N was inhibited after feeding, and the concentration was lower (P < 0.05) than with the other treatments 1–2 h after basal feeding. The concentrations of urea N in the blood and milk with the GS‐1st treatment were the lowest of all treatments throughout the sampling times, and were lower (P < 0.05) than with the GP‐mix treatment except for blood levels 1 h after basal feeding. The results suggest that grain feeding before protein feeding can reduce ruminal N loss.     

厚朴酚在体外对LPS诱导细胞因子释放及ERK通路激活的影响

利用MTT方法检测厚朴酚细胞毒性,ELISA方法检测厚朴酚对LPS介导炎症中IL-1、IL-6、IL-10释放的调节作用,Western—blot方法检测对ERK1／2活化的调节作用。结果显示,LPS处理过的RAW264．7细胞在经过不同剂量厚朴酚处理后,其IL-1、IL-6的释放随厚朴酚剂量的增加在减少,而IL-10则随药物剂量增加而增加;厚朴酚对LPS介导的ERK／MAPK通路激活作用显示一定的抑制作用。结果表明,在一定剂量范围内厚朴酚可以缓解LPS刺激的细胞因子的释放,在炎症过程中可以通过抑制ERK／MAPK活化来抑制炎症发生。     

The kinetics of inflammation and phagocytosis during bovine mastitis induced by Streptococcus agalactiae bearing the protein X

The protein X of Streptococcus agalactiae is a surface antigen borne by a high proportion of strains isolated from bovine mastitis. We have tested the capacity of two strains of X-bearing Streptococcus agalactiae to induce mastitis in dairy cows. The reference X-strain (411.07) produced an intramammary infection with local clinical signs in the three inoculated quarters. Another X-bearing strain (443.31) of bovine origin produced infection in all 11 quarters inoculated with only 25 or 85 colony-forming units. In naive cows, strain 433.31 induced less exudation of plasma into the milk, shedding of bacteria, macroscopic alteration, and a lower somatic cell count (SCC) than did the reference strain. Only one quarter spontaneously eliminated the infection before antibiotic treatment 9 days after inoculation.The serum of all the cows contained naturally acquired or induced antibodies to the challenge strain (443.31) and possessed opsonic activity. Before inflammation occurred, the milk was almost devoid of antibody or opsonic activities. The early phase of infection was characterized by rapid multiplication of streptococci in the milk, followed by a sharp drop in bacterial counts concomitant with the onset of inflammation.Three cows immunized with protein X displayed higher SCC and bactericidal activity in milk from the inoculated quarter at the onset of inflammation than non-immunized cows. Two of the three immunized cows underwent an early and transient febrile episode and eliminated the infection.     

LPS诱导牛乳房炎相关因子及蛋白变化研究进展

乳房感染导致的炎性反应,引起乳汁中的体细胞数量增加,并激活了乳汁中的细菌抑制酶和蛋白.在脂多糖(LPS)刺激时,肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、干扰素-1β(IFN-1β)和环加氧酶-2的表达增加.在LPS刺激后的3 h达到最高.乳铁转运蛋白、溶霉素、诱导一氧化氮合成酶、L-选择蛋白、NFκB和凋亡因子caspase-3、caspase-7及Fas(FS-7相关表面抗原)升高,在刺激后6 h达到峰值.而乳汁中的α-乳白蛋白和κ-CN表达量下降,同时导致乳产量和适合制作奶酪的产量下降.     

奶牛隐性乳房炎乳汁部分成份的检测与评估

对两群临床健康的３３６ 头泌乳奶牛的混合乳进行了隐性乳房炎、乳汁体细胞数、乳脂率和蛋白质检测。３３６ 份混合乳样经青海乳房炎试验（ＱＭＴ） 检测,检出乳房炎阴性牛（ 包括可疑反应）１７５ 头（５２０９ ％ ） ,乳房炎阳性牛１６１ 头（４７９１ ％ ） 。乳房炎阴性牛的乳汁体细胞数为２３１７ ±１２９９ 万／ｍｌ,乳脂率为３６０ ％ ±０７６ ％ ,乳蛋白质为２９３ ％ ±０３４ ％ ,乳房炎阳性牛乳汁体细胞数为１８２ 万／ｍｌ±１５２２７ 万／ｍｌ,乳脂率为３４０ ％ ±０７０ ％ ,乳蛋白质为３０５ ％ ±０３５ ％ 。乳房炎阴性牛乳汁体细胞数,乳蛋白极显著低于乳房炎阳性牛（Ｐ＜ ００１） ,而乳脂率显著高于乳房炎阳性牛（Ｐ＜ ００５） 。