影响中欧农产品贸易的政策因素分析

欧盟是我国植物源农产品出口的重要目标市场,也是全球食品安全管理最严苛的地区之一。近年来,欧盟连续撤销多种农药的登记授权,并将相关农药残留限量 (MRLs) 降低至定量限 (LOQ) 水平,对农产品的国际贸易产生了重要影响。世界贸易组织 (WTO) 成员对欧盟农药残留管控措施的关注度也越来越高。本文收集整理了1995年至2022年间WTO成员提出的与欧盟农药残留管控相关的“卫生与植物卫生措施特别贸易关注 (specific trade concerns on sanitary and phytosanitary measures,SPS STCs)”议题,系统梳理了WTO成员对欧盟农药残留管控措施的关注情况,包括关注议题数量、提出关注议题的成员、涉及的管控措施类型、产品种类及解决情况,总结分析了WTO成员对欧盟农药残留管控措施的主要关注点,并尝试提出了相应的应对思考建议。

     

The Present Outlook for Pest Control

Abstract

Results of an experiment comparing six times of herbicidal application showed that an application of the amine salt of 2,4-D at the rate of 1.0 kg/ha at 50% flowering of the weeds had the most detrimental effect on viable seed production of both winter and rainy season weeds as judged from their germination tests. Delay in the application time of 2,4-D by one week increased seed viability by 150 and 55% in rainy and winter season respectively. Delay of each week in application tended to significantly increase viable seed production. Germination percentage of Triantherna portulacastrum, Digera arvensis, Amaranthus viridis, Amaranthus spinosus, Physalis minima, Phyllanthus niruri, Echinochloa colonum, Acalypha celiata, Flavaria contra-yerba and Cyperus rotundus growing in kharif season when treated at flowering stage was 0,0,0,0,2,0,16,0,14, and 0% respectively as against 44, 66, 76, 58, 82, 66, 90, 26, 92 and 61% respectively for untreated seeds.

In the case of winter weeds, germination percentage of Cornopus didymus, Anagallis arvensis, Melilotus indica, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, Convolvulus arvensis, Spergula arvensis, Argemone mexicana, Asphodelus tenuifolius and Sonchus arvensis when treated at flowering stage was 0, 2.7, 0, 5.3, 2.7, 0, 0, 0, 0 and 0% respectively as against 8.0, 30.7, 40.0, 32.0, 33.3, 38.7, 16.3, 18.7, 25.3 and 12.7% respectively for untreated seeds.     

中国对俄初级农产品贸易中的虚拟水概算

中国对俄罗斯农产品贸易额逐年提升,农产品的国别间流动不可避免地引起了大量的虚拟水转移。在计算2012年中国对俄农产品贸易中虚拟水含量过程中使用了联合国粮农组织推荐的彭曼公式,农产品贸易数据来源于联合国统计署UN Comtrade数据库,气象数据参考粮农组织提供的ClimWat2.0气象数据库资料。计算结果显示,2012年中国对俄农产品贸易中出口虚拟水15546.77×104m~3,进口虚拟水721.33×104m~3,净出口14825.44×104m~3。     

Transgenes for Pest and Disease Resistance

Using a leaf disc transformation procedure andAgrobacterium- mediated gene transfer, transgenic apple and strawberry plants have been produced that carry a gene encoding a cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTl). This gene is known to confer resistance to several lepidopteran and coleopteran insect pests. Scientific and regulatory aspects of this type of work are discussed.     

Pest Management in Traditional Tropical Agroecosystems: Lessons for Pest Prevention Research and Extension

Based on current agroecological theory and IPM practices, this review explores the role of traditional practices, involving site selection, soil management, timing of planting and harvesting, crop resistance, intercropping, weed management, harvest residue management, post-harvest management, natural enemies management, mechanical control, repellents and traps in the natural regulation of potential pests. In synthesis, the literature suggests that although pest management professionals focus their efforts on pest control, the preventative approach taken by traditional farmers is more effective. Potential constraints to the implementation of this preventive pest management approach include:(1) lack of integration of ecological theory and pest management, (2) lack of cooperation among social and biological scientists, and (3) lack of real efforts to work with farmers as equals and support mechanisms that protect their knowledge. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于风险管理的全国农业植物检疫性有害生物名单制修订思考

为保障全国农业植物检疫性有害生物名单的科学性和可行性,农业农村部植物检疫机构根据有害生物风险分析结果对名单进行管理。本文从全国农业植物检疫性有害生物名单历史、现状、制修订要求和程序、管理以及几个我国不同检疫性有害生物名单的关系进行了阐述,并提出建议,以期为农业植物检疫性有害生物名单的风险管理提供思路。     

农作物病虫害专业化统防统治整建制推进实践与思考

总体介绍了宣城市专业化统防统治组织发展现状,全面总结了佳乐园农业植保专业合作社好经验、好做法,分析了全市目前专业化统防统治工作发展存在的问题,并提出了今后发展思路。     

作物害虫的猖獗与高毒农药的"倾泻"的治理对策

阐述了我国农作物害虫发生现状及化学农药防治的现状，分析了作物害虫猖獗与高毒农药“倾泻”的原因与发展，提出了防止作物害虫猖獗和高毒农药“倾泻”的5条对策，即做好高毒农药危害性的宣传工作，提高农民禁用、限用高毒农药的自觉性；调整农药产品结构，大力发展生物农药；生物农药与化学农药复配，促使高毒农药低毒化；推广转基因作物；推广使用高效、高选择性、低毒、低用量、安全农药。     

绿洲-荒漠脆弱带农业开发利用研究

结合实际调查结果和已有的研究资料,选定量化指标确定研究区绿洲—荒漠脆弱带的位置,并给予研究区的绿洲—荒漠脆弱带定义。根据此指标,利用两个时期TM卫星遥感图像进行分类处理,得到界定的脆弱带面积,在对此进行不同类型划分的基础上,提出相应的脆弱带生态环境建设的建议和保护措施。     

我国地下害虫防治现状

针对我国地下害虫发生为害及其造成的经济损失不断加重的现状,本文综述了当前我国地下害虫的主要种类、分布、生活习性、为害特点,并从物理防治、化学防治、生物防治、农业防治等四个方面阐述了目前我国地下害虫的防治现状,以期为农业生产中地下害虫的防治提供一些参考。     

The Database of PCR Primers for Phytopathogenic Fungi

We present the first on-line searchable database of primer sets useful for the detection of plant pathogenic fungi. This web resource is implemented entirely with open-source software (PHP, MySQL). Primer set details can be retrieved by organism name, primer name, nucleotide sequence comparison, target DNA, PCR technique, author name, journal and year of publication. Each record is linked directly to other reference databases to allow easy access to the correct nomenclature, taxonomical position and anamorph/teleomorph connections of the pathogen, GenBank-deposited source sequences of the primer sets and reference contents. The database is open to user contributions and can be consulted at http://www.sppadbase.com. While currently devoted to fungal organisms, in a future perspective the database may host primer sets specific to other phytopathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, including microbial herbicides and biological agents relevant in agroterrorism.     

Pest risk analysis of Meloidogyne chitwoodi for Finland

There is a an ever-present risk of Meloidogyne chitwoodi extending its range to Finland because of the active import of plant material to the country. If the nematode becomes established in Finland, two factors may limit its pest potential: low temperature accumulation during the growing season and low winter temperatures. On average, the effective temperature accumulation may enable development of 1.5 generations yearly. In warm years, development of two generations is possible in the southern parts of the country. Hatching of the second generation, and infection of potato tubers, is possible in most potato-growing areas. Low soil temperatures during the winter reduce population densities but may not prevent the nematode from becoming established in Finland. If M. chitwoodi were to extend its range to Finland, it could become a pest of potatoes, especially seed potatoes. For other crops, such as cereals and vegetables, population densities of M. chitwoodi would probably remain at such low levels that yield losses would not occur under current climatic conditions. Scientific information concerning M. chitwoodi populations in Europe is insufficient for a fully reliable pest risk analysis. This will not be possible until the effect of abiotic and biotic factors on the nematode are well known. A data base of the distribution of the nematode, based on a geographical information system, is urgently needed for the whole of Europe. Soil temperature maps interpolated from direct measurements, or derived from air temperatures, should also be constructed because soil temperature accumulation is one of the most important factors which may limit the distribution of this polyphagous nematode.     

滕王阁白蚁的综合治理

介绍了滕王阁白蚁种类、危害情况、原因及对滕王阁蚁害采取传统、诱杀、监控、装修预防等防治处理方法,有效地控制了白蚁的蔓延危害,并对类似历史建筑白蚁检查防治提出了综治措施和建议。     

稻农多维病虫害防治技术研究

田间条件下总是要对付多种有害生物。农业生态系统分析方法考虑有害生物天敌、环境及水稻等相互关联因素作为农民决策依据。按照经验推理法则，由一组农民按培训后的办法田间１ｍｉｎ以内取样判断，对多种病虫防冶决策，经比较测试，有可能取代按防治指标取样并更符合农民实践需要。