沟灌土壤侵蚀控制效应的室内模拟试验研究

灌溉地土壤侵蚀问题已经越来越引起人们的普通关注。该文采用微型水槽的室内模拟试验，对利用PAM及波涌灌溉等技术减少沟灌引起的土壤侵蚀效果进行了试验研究，分析了在不同坡度、不同流量条件下PAM及灌溉间歇时间对侵蚀的影响。结果表明：PAM可显著减少沟灌土壤侵蚀量，地面坡度是地面灌溉土壤侵蚀最主要影响因素，而流量及波涌灌间歇时间对它的影响较小。     

坡耕地地表糙度对降水分配的实验研究

地表糙度指地表微小的高低起伏变化,是人为土地管理与土壤侵蚀共同作用的结果,可以影响降雨过程中水分转化与土壤侵蚀过程。该文以直线坡为对照,借助3种常见耕作管理措施（人工锄耕、人工掏挖与等高耕作）产生不同水平的地表糙度,结合人工模拟降雨试验研究地表糙度水分转化效应。结果表明:长历时人工降雨条件下,地表糙度可以强化降雨向土壤水分转化。其强化入渗作用表现为:增加地表填洼量,增大入渗水头与入渗深度,滞后产流时间,削减径流量,进而提高入渗率及水分转化率。坡耕地地表糙度与填洼量成指数关系,与平均入渗率及水分转化率成对数关系。     

两种工程堆积体边坡模拟径流侵蚀对比研究

基于对重庆市城镇建设中工程堆积体野外调查结果,选择广泛存在的紫色土和黄沙壤工程堆积体为研究对象,采用野外实地放水冲刷试验,对比分析了不同土石比及坡度的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程。结果表明:(1)工程堆积体土壤入渗率随冲刷过程呈先快速减小、后逐渐稳定的变化趋势,且波动幅度大小随冲刷流量的不同出现差异,下垫面稳定入渗率均在0.4~1.7 mm min~(-1)之间。(2)不同下垫面堆积体产流率随冲刷时间均呈先增加后稳定的谷峰交织变化趋势且随放水流量增大而显著增强;在相同放水流量时,黄沙壤堆积体平均产流率最大可为紫色土堆积体的1.89倍。(3)不同下垫面堆积体径流含沙量随冲刷时间呈先增加后稳定的波动趋势;径流含沙量在不同流量条件下介于0.21~1278.49 g L~(-1);冲刷过程中坡面面蚀向沟蚀的转化对径流含沙量有显著影响,最大可增加13.73倍;堆积体坡面侵蚀过程存在突变期、活跃期和稳定期3个阶段,细沟发生的偶然性和随机性对产沙量波动贡献率最大。(4)工程堆积体在不同放水流量条件下侵蚀泥沙颗粒粒径分布差异性明显,紫色土堆积体最大侵蚀泥沙颗粒均大于黄沙壤堆积体。研究结果可为重庆市城镇建设工程堆积体新增水土流失量预测和植被生态恢复提供重要科学依据。     

汇流强度、坡度及侵蚀泥沙颗粒分形对工程堆积体坡面侵蚀的影响

为了探讨汇流强度、坡度和侵蚀泥沙颗粒分形对堆积体坡面土壤侵蚀的影响,选用3种土壤(风沙土、红土、塿土),4个汇流强度(8,12,16,20 L/min),在3个坡度(28°,32°,36°)堆积体坡面上进行野外径流冲刷模拟试验.结果表明:(1)汇流强度和坡度的交互作用对坡面平均流速的影响最大.3种土壤坡面流流速均随汇流...     

砾石覆盖对紫色土坡面流水动力学参数的影响

地表砾石覆盖可以促进降雨入渗,减少土壤侵蚀。然而,砾石覆盖对紫色土坡面流的影响尚缺乏深入研究。通过室内模拟冲刷试验,在3个冲刷流量(2,4,6 L/min)下,研究不同砾石覆盖度(0,10%,20%,30%和40%)对紫色土坡面流水动力学特性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着砾石覆盖度的增大,流速和弗劳德数呈减小趋势;径流深、水流剪切力、阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数呈增大趋势,雷诺数变化不明显。(2)坡面总侵蚀量随着砾石覆盖度的增加呈负指数减少,且砾石覆盖在冲刷流量较小的情况下,对坡面侵蚀量的减少效果越明显。(3)冲刷流量的大小并不影响砾石覆盖度和坡面总侵蚀量之间的关系。研究结果为探究紫色土坡面流侵蚀过程及机理研究提供一定的理论基础。     

Simulation of rill erosion in black soil and albic soil during the snowmelt period

Snowmelt-induced rill erosion could bring serious harm for soil quality and agricultural productive conditions of slope farmland in the black soil zone of Northeast China. In this study, we conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the effects of the freeze-thaw (FT) temperature, number of FT cycles, water content, flow rate, and thaw depth on rill morphology and erosion amount in two common soil (black soil and albic soil). The thaw depth obtained the maximum range, which was the primary factor for the width-to-depth ratio of rills in the black soil; whereas, the flow rate obtained the maximum range as the primary factor for rill erosion in black soil and albic soil. The number of FT cycles had a minor effect on rill erosion in the two soils. Under the same conditions, the rill morphology showed a large difference between the two soils, and higher rill erosion occurred in albic soil than black soil. Rill erosion was relatively high in black soil and albic soil when the FT temperature fluctuated around 0°C during freezing-thawing. The water content exhibited a greater effect on rill erosion in black soil than in albic soil. The unthawed frozen layer could promote rill erosion during snowmelt period to some extent. The results could provide some reference for future study snowmelt-induced rill erosion mechanism and preventive measures.     

模拟玉米茎秆流对土壤侵蚀的影响

玉米茎秆流是降雨过程中经玉米冠层截留后沿茎秆流向根部的水量,是种植坡地地表径流的重要组成部分,对植物根部的土壤侵蚀过程具有重要影响。采用人工模拟降雨方法,研究了成熟期玉米茎秆流对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响。试验土槽长为0.40 m、宽为0.23 m、深为0.14 m;采用直径为2 cm的PVC管模拟成熟期玉米茎秆,高度为1.2 m;模拟茎秆流量为5,10,15 g/s,用相同降雨条件下无茎秆流坡地作为对照措施;降雨强度为60,90,120 mm/h,降雨历时108 min,坡度为10°。结果表明:(1)与对照措施相比,茎秆流具有加快坡地地表产流的作用;(2)模拟茎秆流条件下地表产流量和产沙量均高于对照,相较无茎秆流坡地,3个降雨强度下各茎秆流量的产流贡献率为14.90%~43.10%,产沙贡献率为12.47%~26.75%;(3)茎秆流在茎秆周围地表形成细小股流,促使坡地土壤侵蚀过程由面蚀向细沟侵蚀转变,从而增加了坡地土壤侵蚀量。因此,在坡地水土流失计算与评价中应考虑茎秆流的土壤侵蚀作用。     

紫色土细沟水流输沙能力对近地表水流作用的响应

地表径流与近地表水流耦合作用会引发强烈的土壤侵蚀.输沙能力作为土壤侵蚀的关键参数之一,对完善近地表水流作用下的土壤侵蚀过程具有重要的理论意义.通过限定性细沟模拟试验,采用从底部供水的方式构建近地表水流,在此基础上测定了距弱透水层不同饱和深度(5、10、15 cm)与水力条件(3个流量2、4、8 L·min–1,3个坡度...     

新型W-OH材料对崩积体土壤分离速率的影响

崩岗崩积体土壤颗粒容易脱离母体而发生侵蚀,而新型亲水性聚氨酯材料(W-OH)能有效增加土壤颗粒之间的粘结力,从而抑制侵蚀的发生。为此,通过变坡式水槽实验,研究不同浓度的W-OH材料(2.0%、3.0%、4.0%、5.0%)对崩岗崩积体土壤分离速率的影响。结果表明:W-OH材料能够显著降低崩积体土壤的分离速率,土壤分离速率的大小随W-OH浓度的升高而降低;由于固结表层的存在,W-OH材料显著改变了表层土壤的侵蚀过程,使得土壤分离速率与坡度、水流剪切力、水流功率等参数之间的函数关系相对于对照发生了改变,并且表层土壤发生分离的临界水流剪切力也得到了提升。     

不同降雨强度下土壤结皮强度对侵蚀的影响

为定量分析土壤结皮对坡面侵蚀的影响,该文选择塿土、黄绵土、黑垆土和黄墡土4类土壤,分析其在3种雨强(60、90、120 mm/h)下的结皮强度变化规律。结果表明,当土壤含水率高于30%时,不同降雨强度下结皮强度差异不显著(P0.05),当含水率小于30%时,结皮强度随降雨强度增大而增强。以杨凌塿土10°坡面为例,进行坡面人工模拟降雨试验,分析计算不同强度结皮坡面的侵蚀产沙、径流剪切力、阻力系数以及流速,结果表明:结皮对坡面产流的影响并不显著,但其存在有效地减少坡面的侵蚀产沙量。结皮存在能有效地减少坡面产沙量,无结皮坡面的产沙量是结皮坡面产沙量的1.24~8.72倍。相同降雨条件下,结皮强度越大,其产沙量越小。进一步通过灰色关联分析得出:随着坡面结皮强度增加,水流功率对坡面侵蚀的作用效益不断减小,而阻力系数的作用效益增加,即水流增加产沙的正效应不断减弱;另一方面,结皮强度增大使得坡面土壤抗蚀性增强,因此,结皮强度越大,坡面侵蚀量将大幅度减少。研究可为准确有效预报坡面土壤侵蚀提供重要依据。     

Drivers of soil erosion and subsurface loss by soil leakage during karst rocky desertification in SW China

As an extreme manifestation of environmental degradation, karst rock desertification is caused by soil loss and rock exposure. In some areas with serious rocky desertification, there is no soil to be eroded or leaked. The soil loss in these areas superimposes soil erosion and unique subsurface loss by soil leakage through fissures, pipelines, sinkholes, etc., which directly reduce soil resources and accelerate rocky desertification. However, the factors driving soil erosion and subsurface loss by soil leakage are still unclear. Rainfall experiments were conducted on simulated slopes with surface-exposed bedrock and subsurface fissures based on field investigations in a karst rocky desertification area of Guizhou Province, China. Four factors, including rainfall intensity, slope gradient, bedrock exposure rate and subsurface fissure degree, were considered in the experiment. We found that the amount of soil surface erosion and subsurface leakage loss is driven not only by the runoff volume but also by other influential factors. Rainfall intensity is the driving factor determining the amount of surface erosion and subsurface leakage loss of soil and water and the relationship between them. The slope gradient plays a leading role only in subsurface fissure flow leakage loss. The bedrock exposure rate drives the surface soil erosion rate, shows a critical value (30%), and dominates the fissure flow leakage loss rate. Subsurface fissure density plays an important role in the surface loss of soil and water; however, an increase in the subsurface fissure density does not obviously accelerate the subsurface leakage loss of soil and water. Although this result, obtained from laboratory simulations, may differ at the field scale or larger, it could provide a foundation for systematic studies on soil erosion/leakage and insights into the relations between rocky desertification and soil erosion/leakage and their driving factors in karst rocky desertification.     

土壤侵蚀过程中坡面流水力学特性及侵蚀动力研究评述

土壤侵蚀动力过程是水流和土壤两者相互作用的复杂物理过程,而含沙水流是土壤侵蚀的主要动力,深入理解坡面流水力学特征及侵蚀动力是研究土壤侵蚀动力学规律的基础.本文从坡面流水力学特性及侵蚀动力,包括:流速、水深、流态、阻力规律以及坡面流的切应力、冲刷动力、运动能量等多方面对国内外关于土壤侵蚀动力过程研究进行了系统深入的评述,并探讨了研究中存在的问题,重点指出:坡面流作为三维、非恒定非均匀沿程变量流,流动形态千变万化,坡面状况较为复杂,其均匀流理论远不能真实反应自然界复杂地表状况下的水流水力学特性及其变化规律.开展复杂地表的水流运动过程、水力学参数变化规律及坡面侵蚀水动力过程研究是今后土壤侵蚀水动力学研究的重要方向,这对于深入了解土壤侵蚀水动力过程的内在机制、构建物理侵蚀模型具有重要的研究意义.     

东北黑土坡耕地不同水力条件下坡长对土壤细沟侵蚀的影响

集中水流条件下细沟土壤侵蚀过程对研究细沟侵蚀机理与土壤侵蚀预报有着重要的意义,并且为土壤侵蚀模型其他重要参数比如剥蚀率、可蚀性参数提供基础数据。为了研究东北黑土坡耕地不同水动力条件下坡长对土壤细沟侵蚀的影响,该文采用室内模拟试验方法,测量含沙量随坡长的分布。试验设计包括4个坡度(5?、10?、15?、20?)与3个流量(1、2、4 L/min),在不同水力条件下,测量不同坡长(0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8m)含沙量。结果表明含沙量在各种水力条件下均随坡长增加,且其增加的速率随坡长减小。对坡长与含沙量系列数据用幂指数函数拟合,其决定系数R2在0.85到0.99之间。因此,黑土坡耕地细沟侵蚀产生的含沙量随坡长呈幂指数增加,且含沙量在一定坡长之后将达到最大值。随坡度和流量的增大,水流在更短的坡长上侵蚀并携带更大的最大含沙量。该文对进一步理解与研究细沟侵蚀过程有着重要的意义,且为深入研究细沟侵蚀提供了数据支撑,为土壤侵蚀模型剥蚀率、可蚀性参数等提供依据。     

褐土与棕壤坡耕地细沟侵蚀发生的阶段性水沙变化

为深入探究辽西低山丘陵区坡耕地土壤侵蚀机理,以该区的典型土壤类型褐土和棕壤为研究对象,采用室内人工降雨模拟试验,研究3种坡度(5°,10°,15°)和3种降雨强度(40,60,80 mm/h)下细沟侵蚀发生的阶段性水沙变化过程。结果表明:褐土与棕壤坡面侵蚀过程可划分为3个阶段,即细沟侵蚀之前阶段、跌坎发育阶段和细沟侵蚀快速发育阶段;细沟侵蚀之前的面蚀阶段,同一坡度条件下,褐土与棕壤随雨强的增加,坡面流速呈增大趋势,而在同一雨强条件下,坡度对流速的影响并无明显规律;细沟侵蚀阶段,当坡度一定条件下,褐土与棕壤细沟内、细沟间的流速随雨强的增加而增大,当雨强一定时,褐土与棕壤随坡度的增加细沟间流速增加;细沟侵蚀阶段流速表现为细沟内流速坡面流速细沟间流速;细沟侵蚀快速发育阶段2种土壤产生的径流量占总径流量的80%以上,土壤侵蚀量占总侵蚀量均在70%以上,且棕壤对总体侵蚀量的贡献更稳定,更易发生细沟侵蚀。整场降雨的侵蚀方式是面蚀向细沟侵蚀的转变,坡面一旦发生侵蚀,细沟侵蚀对坡面总侵蚀的贡献更大。     

杂谷脑河下游坡面泥石流发育特征及防治对策

以杂谷脑河下游为研究对象,对干旱河谷气候区的坡面泥石流发育条件、固体物质类型与分布进行了分析,基于物源特征,将坡面泥石流分为崩滑型、沟谷冲蚀型、坡面侵蚀型和面蚀型四种类型。通过分析坡面土体启动的力学过程、泥石流启动机理、致灾方式三者之间的耦合关系,探索了土体失稳临界状态及造成其失稳的关键外力因素,揭示泥石流启动过程中的水、土相互作用及影响机制。研究结果表明,在相似的水力条件和地形地貌下,斜坡表层土体的空间分布及受力状态控制坡面泥石流频次、规模和致灾方式,由此提出基于物源受力过程和保护对象的优化防治模式,并为具有相似下垫面条件的川西北干旱河谷区的坡面泥石流防治提供参考。     

模拟暴雨条件下植被混凝土坡面侵蚀的水动力学特征

[目的] 探究不同外掺料对暴雨条件下植被混凝土坡面侵蚀水动力学特征的影响,在降雨侵蚀方面为植被混凝土的配方改进提供科学依据。[方法] 通过室外模拟降雨试验,在60°坡度、3种雨强（60,90,120 mm/h）下研究4种外掺条件（无添加、聚丙烯酰胺、生物炭、棕榈纤维）的植被混凝土坡面侵蚀状况,并分析坡面水动力学参数与土壤侵蚀量之间的关系。[结果] 坡面雷诺数始终小于500,坡面流为层流;未添加外掺料的坡面弗劳德数始终小于1,坡面流为缓流,添加外掺料的坡面弗劳德数始终大于1,坡面流为急流。添加外掺料的坡面具有较大的坡面流速、水流功率,较小的水流剪切力、径流深度和阻力系数。添加生物炭的坡面土壤侵蚀量显著高于无添加坡面,添加聚丙烯酰胺和棕榈纤维的坡面土壤侵蚀量显著低于无添加坡面。[结论] 外掺料对植被混凝土坡面水动力学参数影响显著。土壤侵蚀量与雷诺数、水流功率呈极显著正相关关系。添加聚丙烯酰胺和棕榈纤维能有效降低植被混凝土边坡土壤侵蚀量,可在高陡边坡生态恢复工作中进行应用。     

Experimental study on the effects of multiple factors on spring meltwater erosion on an alpine meadow slope

Meadow degradation provides a major indication of increased soil erosion in alpine regions. Serious soil erosion is observed during the spring in particular because soil thawing coincides with the period of snowmelt and the meadow coverage is very low at this time. Studies relating to soil erosion caused by spring meltwater are, however, limited and controversial. Therefore, a field experimental study was conducted in a typical meadow in the Binggou watershed on the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau to assess the impact of multiple factors on spring meltwater erosion on an alpine meadow slope. The multiple factors included three flow rates (1, 2, and 3 L/min), four slope gradients (10°, 15°, 20°, and 25°), and three underlying surface conditions (meadow, disturbed meadow, and alluvial soil). An equal volume of concentrated meltwater flow was used in all experiments. The results showed that rapid melting at a high flow rate could accelerate soil erosion; as the flow rate increased from 1 to 3 L/min, the total surface runoff increased by a factor of 0.7 and the total sediment yield increased by more than 6-fold. The influence of the slope gradient on the amount of runoff was positively linear and the influence was relatively low; when the slope increased from 10° to 25°, the total runoff only increased by 16%. However, the slope gradient had a strong impact on soil erosion. The total sediment yield doubled when the slope increased from 10° to 20° and then slightly decreased at 25°. The meadow could effectively reduce soil erosion, although when the meadow was disturbed, the total runoff increased by 60% and the sediment yield by a factor of 1.5. The total runoff from the alluvial soil doubled in comparison to the meadow, while the sediment yield increased nearly 7-fold. The findings of this study could be helpful to understand the characteristics and impact of multiple controlling factors of spring meltwater erosion. It also aims to provide a scientific basis for an improved management of alpine meadows as well as water and soil conservation activities in high-altitude cold regions.     

Erosion resistance of irrigated soils in the republic of Azerbaijan

It was found that the average size of water-stable aggregates in irrigated soils varies in the range 0.23–2.0 mm, and the eroding flow velocity is 0.03–0.12 m/s. A five-point scale was used for assessing erosion resistance, predicting irrigation erosion, and developing erosion control measures on irrigated soils. According to this system, gray-brown soils and light sierozems were classified as the least erosion-resistant, sierozemic and meadow-sierozemic soils as low erosion-resistant, gray-cinnamonic soils as moderately erosion-resistant, mountain gray-cinnamonic soils as highly erosion-resistant, and steppe mountain cinnamonic soils as very highly erosion-resistant ones. The determination of the erosion resistance of soils is of great importance for assessing the erosion-resistance potential of irrigated areas and developing erosion control measures.     

土壤容重对溶质迁移过程的影响

土壤在径流作用下发生流失、土壤溶质迁移等现象,是一个受径流、土壤性质、下垫面特性、土地利用方式等多种因素综合影响的复杂过程.利用斜坡土槽,采用一定的坡度和实验流量,对不同容重的土样进行了室内放水实验,研究了在土壤饱和条件下,土壤容重对土壤溶质迁移过程的影响.实验结果表明:(1)随径流作用时间的增加,单位时间内土壤溶质迁移量逐渐减少,其关系可用幂函数来描述;(2)土壤溶质发生迁移是受地表径流和壤中流共同作用的结果;(3)土壤容重对土壤溶质迁移过程影响总体表现为土壤容重越大,随径流迁移的土壤溶质量越少;(4)土壤容重增加相同幅度,但同时刻随径流迁移的土壤溶质递减量逐渐减少.     

西南地区黄壤坡面径流冲刷过程研究

土壤分离是土壤坡面侵蚀产沙的必要途径和重要过程,准确预测土壤分离过程对完善土壤侵蚀物理模型具有重要意义。利用变坡钢槽,在不同坡度（8.8%～46.6%）流量（0.5～2.5 L s-1）组合下,研究了喀斯特地区黄壤分离速率与坡度、流量以及水流剪切力、水流功率、单位水流功率的关系。对比了相同流量典型坡度组合下黄壤与黄土的分离速率差异。研究结果表明,喀斯特地区黄壤的分离速率随坡度和流量的增大而增大;坡度和流量的多元回归分析结果能够很好地预测土壤分离速率值（R2=0.9）。水流功率和单位水流功率与黄壤分离速率呈现较好的幂函数关系,决定系数比较接近（R2=0.83、0.79）;而水流剪切力预测黄壤分离速率较差（R2=0.18）。黄土的土壤分离速率明显大于黄壤,且二者分离速率差异随坡面冲刷流量的增大而增大。尽管坡度、流量、水流功率和单位水流功率都可以很好地预测土壤分离速率,且回归方程形式与国内他人研究相差不大,但方程中表征土壤可蚀性的系数相差较大,体现了黄壤坡面侵蚀过程及其受径流影响作用的特殊性。