美国黑核桃及杂交黑核桃作为砧木的初探

为了研究美国黑核桃及杂交黑核桃作砧木所表现的差异,筛选出核桃优良砧木,本研究调查了各参试品种(系)的一年生嫁接苗嫩枝扦插成活率及嫁接成活率情况;调查嫁接上九核桃的各参试品种(系)7年生嫁接树结果后的生长情况、果实经济指标及抗性,进行综合评价。结果表明,杂交黑核桃优系1、优系3作为砧木综合性状最好;魁核桃的各性状表现优良;优系2无性系化成本高,不适合大量生产;北加州黑核桃病虫害相对较多;东部黑核桃各性状综合排名较低。     

美国东部黑核桃的水土保持应用研究

对美国东部黑核桃的枯落物持水性、林冠截留雨水能力及其对土壤水分的影响进行的研究结果表明:8年生以上成龄具美国东部黑核桃林下枯落物最大持水率为314%,每公顷枯落物约有6.13 t,每次降雨最多可吸收19.25 t雨水;黑核桃林下0~20 cm土层含水率平均为13.79%,对照空地为10.69%,比对照提高3.10百分点;美国东部黑核桃林冠截留率随降雨量的变化可分为快变期、渐变期和稳定期,在日降雨量0~20 mm范围内,林冠截留量随着日降雨量的增加而增加,可达到最大值6 mm。美国东部黑核桃林能够有效增加土壤入渗、截留降水、涵养水源,防治水土流失,可在水土流失治理区示范推广。     

我国核桃主产区果实氮磷钾养分吸收阈值研究

汇总2000—2019年我国西北、西南、中部和东部沿海4个核桃主产区肥料田间试验数据,整理分析核桃产量、氮磷钾养分吸收等特征数据,探究我国不同区域核桃果实氮、磷、钾养分吸收阈值。利用规划求解方法,拟合不同区域核桃获最高产量时果实氮、磷、钾的养分吸收曲线,计算果实氮磷钾吸收阈值高限。结果表明:(1)东部沿海和中部地区的核桃产量显著高于西南地区,西北与西南地区无显著差异。(2)东部沿海地区的核桃氮、磷、钾养分吸收值最高,西北和中部地区次之,西南地区最低;各区域内部养分吸收规律总体表现为氮素>钾素>磷素。(3)在区域层面上,核桃氮、磷、钾的养分内在效率值由高至低的排序为西南、西北、中部和东部沿海地区;在养分要素层面上,各区域核桃养分内在效率值均为磷>钾>氮。(4)核桃的养分吸收阈值总体排序为东部沿海>西北>西南>中部地区,西北、西南、东部沿海和中部地区的氮磷钾养分最高吸收比例分别为1∶0.65∶0.85、1∶0.83∶0.85、1∶0.76∶1.04和1∶0.55∶0.59。可根据核桃氮磷钾养分最高吸收比例的区域差异指导不同地区的核桃施肥配比,西北地区核桃施肥可适量减钾增氮增磷,中部地区需提高施肥量,西南、东部地区应适量减施。     

核桃EST-SSR标记的开发

从GenBank数据库上公布的5025条核桃（Juglans regia）EST序列中,用SSRHunter软件搜索到485条EST序列中含有540个SSR,SSR出现频率为10.75%,SSR-ESTs检出率为9.7%。利用检出的SSR-ESTs序列设计SSR引物43对,对6个核桃样品、1个黑核桃（J. nigra）样品和1个核桃楸（J. mandshurica）样品进行了PCR扩增,其中40对引物有扩增带,占设计引物的93%,35对引物有多态性,占可扩增引物的87.5%。在有多态性的35对引物中,27对引物在核桃种内有多态性;8对引物在核桃种内无多态性,而在核桃、核桃楸和黑核桃种间有多态性。应用UPGMA方法对检测样品进行聚类分析,结果与传统分类一致。     

核桃过敏原分子特征与检测方法研究进展

近年来,核桃(Juglans sp.)等坚果引起的过敏性疾病的患病率逐渐增加,人们喜爱食用的以及经常作为加工食品原料的核桃等坚果中存在的过敏原对敏感机体构成了潜在威胁,也成为过敏原监管的一个难题.目前,被人们普遍食用的核桃品种为英国核桃(Juglans regia)和黑核桃(J.nigra),这两种核桃品种中已知的过敏原为分属于Prolamins超家族的Jug r 1、Jug n 1、Jug r 3和Cupins超家族的Jug r 2、Jug n2、Jug r4,以及Profilins家族的Jug r 5.本文主要对这些核桃过敏原的理化与免疫性质及相关检测方法等方面的研究进展进行了综述,可以系统地了解核桃中的过敏原性质,设计更加准确合理的检测方法,为保障核桃过敏患者的安全提供科学参考.     

黑核桃在黄土高塬沟壑区的引种栽培及发展前景

对从美国引进的黑核桃在黄土高塬沟壑区进行栽培适应性和繁育试验,1998—2008年的试验观察表明:美国黑核桃在黄土高塬沟壑区引种栽培后适应性强,生长速度快,可通过种子育苗、嫁接等繁育方法扩大栽培面积,是黄土高原地区较为理想的一种引进林木,有望成为黄土高原地区农用林业的主要硬阔树种之一,在园林绿化、退耕还林、水土保持等方面具有广阔的发展前景。     

石漠化地区核桃套种不同作物的养地效果

为给石漠化地区生态修复及核桃套种高效种植模式提供科学依据,设计了6种套种处理,分别为核桃单种、核桃/玉米/红薯、核桃/玉米/绿豆、核桃/美洲菊苣/红薯、核桃/美洲菊苣/绿豆、核桃/芝麻/绿豆,并对所有处理的土壤基本理化性状、微生物数量及酶活性进行了测定.结果表明:套种作物并未引起土壤养分流失,但会降低土壤pH值;核桃/...     

贮藏因素对核桃脂肪酶活性与油脂酸价的影响

试验采用不同的贮藏方法,针对影响核桃脂肪酶活性与油脂酸价因素进行了分析研究。发现核桃的水分含量、核桃贮藏温度对核桃的脂肪酶活性影响显著,核桃品种、核桃的水分含量、核桃贮藏形态及贮藏温度等条件对核桃的酸价有明显的影响,脂肪酶活性高时核桃油脂的酸价升高的速度快。核桃酸价超过7.5时酸败严重,核桃仁变色、变味。     

气候变暖对新疆核桃种植气候适宜性的影响

基于新疆102个气象台站1961-2015年逐日平均气温、最低气温、最高气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、累积距平、t检验以及ArcGIS的空间插值技术,对影响新疆核桃种植的关键气候因子（≥10℃积温、最低气温≤-25℃日数、最高气温≥40℃日数、终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日天数）的时空变化特征进行分析的基础上,结合核桃种植气候适宜性区划指标,研究了气候变化对新疆核桃种植气候适宜性及其分布的影响。结果表明：新疆≥10℃积温的空间分布总体呈现“南疆多,北疆少;平原和盆地多,山区少”的格局,最低气温≤-25℃日数有“南疆少,北疆多;平原和盆地少,山区多”的特点,夏季最高气温≥40℃日数为“东部多,西部少;平原和盆地多,山区少”的特点;终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日的天数呈现“西部多,东部少;山区多,平原和盆地少”的格局。在上述气候要素空间分异的综合作用下,新疆核桃种植的气候适宜区主要在塔里木盆地西部平原;次适宜区在塔里木盆地大部和吐哈盆地南部;北疆大部,阿尔泰山、天山和昆仑山区以及吐哈盆地、塔里木盆地东部为核桃不适宜种植区。在气候变暖背景下,近55a新疆≥10℃积温、最高气温≥40℃日数和终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日的天数分别以64.7℃·d·10a-1、0.48d·10a-1、0.120d·10a-1的倾向率呈显著（P＜0.05）增多趋势,冬季日最低气温≤-25℃日数以-0.980d·10a-1的倾向率呈极显著（P＜0.001）减少趋势。上述各要素分别于1986年和1997年发生了突变,受其影响,1997年后较其之前,新疆核桃种植的气候适宜区和次适宜区明显扩大,而不适宜区明显减小,气候变暖对新疆核桃种植总体趋于有利。     

核桃分级破壳取仁及壳仁分离关键技术与装置研究进展

中国是世界核桃种植面积和产量第一大国,高营养和经济附加值的核桃精深加工产品需求量日益增加,因而核桃具有广阔的综合开发利用前景。核桃分级、破壳取仁和壳仁分离是初加工流程中最为关键的3个环节,而且是核桃精深加工必备的前道工序。然而传统的手工作业方式及功能简单的核桃初加工装置无法满足食品工业对核桃高品质及批量化要求,严重制约核桃产业的发展。因此,加大核桃初加工关键技术及装置的研发力度势在必行。对于核桃分级,以尺寸特征为基础,锥辊式、栅条式、筛网式、视觉成像式是分级装置的4种原理。基于分级原理,分类总结分级装置现状及其应用特点;不同类型装置的多因素性能试验可得到各自优化参数组合。对于重点环节破壳取仁,核桃相应物理特性是破壳装置设计的重要依据,如球度、壳厚、含水率等直接影响核桃壳、仁的机械性能,分类总结表征不同物理特性的参数值范围。基于物理特性,挤压式、碰撞式、气爆式是核桃破壳的3种主要原理,分类总结核心破壳机构特征及其应用,并重点介绍了3种创新型破壳装置与工作原理。多因素性能试验可优化各类型装置主要影响因素的参数组合。对于壳仁分离,风选式是目前相关装置的主要应用原理,核桃混合壳仁形态特征及物理参数是设置风速和风向的主要依据;在风选式壳仁分离机理的基础上,分类总结多种壳仁分离装置及各自多因素性能试验下的优化参数组合。该研究通过对核桃初加工3个关键环节各自对应的核桃物理特性、工作机理、装置及其性能优化试验进行系统性总结和综述,期望加深对核桃初加工过程的理解,为提升核桃加工水平提供理论依据与技术支持。     

Survey of U.S. wheat for ochratoxin and aflatoxin.

A total of 291 hard red winter wheat samples, 286 hard red spring wheat samples, and 271 soft red winter wheat samples were analyzed for the presecne of ochratoxin and aflatoxin. Samples in all grades came from those collected during crop years 1970-1973 for grade determinations by the Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Sensitivity limits of the analytical method as carried out were 1-3 ppb aflatoxin B1 and 15-30 ppb ochratoxin A. No aflatoxin was detected in any sample. Three samples of hard red winter wheat (Grades U.S. No. 4 and 5 and Sample Grade) contained ochratoxin A (trace, 35, and 25 ppb, respectively). Eight of the hard red spring wheats contained ochratoxin A (15-115 PPB); these were in Grades U.S. No. 4 and 5 and Sample Grade.     

Determination of procaine and related local anesthetics. II. Collaborative study.

The ion-pairing chromatographic method reported previously for the isolation and spectrophotometric determination of the local anesthetics, alone and in combination, was studied collaboratively. Three solutions were assayed. One containing procaine as the single active component gave an average recovery of 99.8 plus or minus 1.7%. A mixture of procaine and tetracaine gave results of 99.3 plus or minus 1.6 and 98.9 plus or minus 8.82%, respectively. A third solution containing procaine and propoxycaine assayed 100.0 plus or minus 1.5 and 99.1 plus or minus 1.9%, respectively. It was shown that low results for tetracaine were due to loss during the final evaporative step. The method for samples containing tetracaine should be studied further. The other methods have been adopted as official first action.     

Chemical Principles of Environmental Pollution,B.J. Alloway and D.C. Ayres

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution -     

Distribution of aflatoxin in pistachios. 6. Seller's and buyer's risk.

The seller's risk-the probability of a set of samples exceeding an agreed upon aflatoxin level when the lot mean does not-and the buyer's risk-the probability of a lot exceeding this level when a set of samples do not-have been computed using a parametrized experimental aflatoxin distribution and Monte Carlo simulation. The calculations are exemplified using the proposed EC standards (three 10 kg samples, 4 ng/g of total aflatoxin, basis kernels only) as well as for samples up to 250 kg and for varied lot aflatoxin levels. It is found that within this sample size range the seller's risk is as high as 42% at 10 kg and increases with increasing sample size to 80% at 250 kg. Only by reducing lot levels to 0.2 ng/g of total aflatoxin, basis kernels, can the risk be brought down to 2.5%, independent of sample size. The buyer's risk is as high as 58% at 10 kg but falls to 11% at 250 kg samples. The implications for both seller and buyer strategies are discussed.     

Morphology and genetic diversity of Marrubium cuneatum Russell and M. parviflorum Fisch. & C.A. Mey

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Marrubium parviflorum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. and Marrubium cuneatum Russell, are naturally distributed in various parts of Iran. It is difficult to...     

Essential oil composition of Citrus meyerii Y. Tan. and Citrus medica L. cv. Diamante and their lemon hybrids

In this paper we report the volatile fraction composition of Citrus meyerii Y. Tan. and Citrus medica L. cv. Diamante and two new lemon hybrids obtained by cross-breeding them with the tetraploid Citrus limon Burm. cv. Cavone. Both parent and hybrid oils were laboratory-extracted from the peel fruits and analyzed by HRGC-MS and HRGC-FID. Sixty-three components were fully characterized by mass spectra, linear retention indices, and injection of standards. The average composition as single components for all the oils analyzed is reported. Moreover, the data obtained were statistically analyzed. Since limonene is by far the main component of all the essential oils examined, analysis of variance and multivariate analysis gave interesting information on the similarities and differences between the oils analyzed. The new hybrid oils analyzed have potential commercial value because they could be an acceptable alternative to the valuable lemon oil.