盆栽桃化学脱叶药剂与浓度筛选试验

以多年生矮丽红油桃和2年生红花寿星桃为试材,研究不同化学脱叶剂及浓度对脱叶效果的影响,结果表明：以8％～9％尿素进行脱叶处理较为适宜。     

费约果开花物候特性的研究

以费约果实生树为试验材料观测其花期物候。结果表明,不同年份费约果种群花期长短相近,花期36~37d;株间开花时间不同,持续时间相差不大,为29~32d;单花开花约7d。花瓣多为4瓣,多反卷,雄蕊众多,易于昆虫和鸟类传粉。     

牡丹对B9花期调控的响应研究

以不同牡丹品种为试材,采用露天喷施的方法,在西柏坡牡丹园,研究了不同时期喷施B9、喷施不同浓度B9和B9、PP333混合物对牡丹花期延迟和生理特性的影响,以期为延长牡丹花期和提升观赏率提供参考。结果表明:露天条件下,喷施不同浓度B9、每天喷施小浓度B9和喷施B9、PP333的混合试剂可以延长牡丹花期,调控效果与牡丹品种、试剂浓度、试验地地形地势、试验地当年气候等因素密切相关。对"洛阳红"不同时期开始喷施10 000mg/L的B9,花期均未延长,成花率和花径变化不规律,但小风铃期开始喷施药物成花率明显升高,圆桃期开始喷施药物花径明显增大,单花寿命呈缩短趋势;对"蓝紫魁"不同时期开始喷施10 000mg/L的B9,立蕾期未开花,花期均未延长,花径明显增大。对"岛锦"喷施不同浓度的B9,总花期延长1.0~2.7d,末花期延长0.4~0.6d,明显提高了成花率和延长了单花寿命,但花径呈减小趋势,喷施10 000mg/L的B9延长总花期和末花期效果最显著。对"洛阳红"从立蕾期开始每天喷施不同浓度的B9总花期延长0.2~1.2d,初花期延长0.7~1.3d,末花期延长1.3~2.3d,明显延长了单花寿命和增大了花径,每天喷施100mg/L的B9延迟花期效果最显著。喷施B9与PP333配比为480∶320和280∶420的混合试剂初花期均延长2d,明显降低了成花率和减小了花径,喷施配比为280∶420的混合试剂总花期延长3.7d,单花寿命最长,效果最好。     

迎春桃花花期调控研究

迎春桃花是春节花市上的重要商品花卉。由于天气原因,迎春桃花往往提前或延迟开放,不能应节供应市场。本研究应用物理和化学方法对迎春桃花进行花期调控试验,以期解决生产中的实际问题。在桃花脱叶后进行了石灰氮、硫脲、单氰胺、花磷动力、"穿衣"+热水的催花处理,结果表明,使用化学方法和物理方法都有催花效果。它们可使桃花花期提前7~8d,并使桃花的花朵饱满和颜色鲜艳。各处理中,以喷施石灰氮、花磷动力和"穿衣"+热水处理催花效果最佳。     

赣西引种不同品种薄壳山核桃花期特性观测与比较

以赣西地区6个不同品种(“马罕”“波尼”“肖尼”“金华”“卡多”“威奇塔”)的薄壳山核桃为试材,采用野外观测的方法,研究了不同品种的花期特性,得出适宜的品种配置组合,以期为江西发展薄壳山核桃产业提供参考依据。结果表明：1)6个品种雄花期12～30 d,盛花期4～7 d;雌花花期8～17 d,盛花期3～7 d;雄花散粉期4～6 d,雌花最佳可授期2～7 d; 2)6个品种雄花期最长的“金华”花期19～30 d;最短的“肖尼”花期15～16 d;盛花期较长的为“金华”“马罕”“卡多”,花期6～7 d;而盛花期较短的为“肖尼”与“波尼”,花期4～5 d;“马罕”与“波尼”的雌花期最长,其花期14～17 d;最短的为“肖尼”,花期8～9 d;“波尼”“金华”“马罕”盛花期较长,花期5～7 d;“肖尼”与“卡多”较短,花期仅2～3 d; 3)不同品种的雌雄花比差异显著,“威奇塔”“波尼”的雌雄比最大,约为1∶5.81与1∶6.46;4)观测5个品种的雄花散粉期和雌花可授期的相遇情况,得出适宜的授粉组合,分别为“波尼”ד马罕”、“波尼”ד肖尼”、“波尼”ד威奇塔”、“马罕”ד卡多”、“马罕...     

梨树芽袋栽培技术模式初报

在梨树开花前25d,选用白色单层蜡质纸袋（A型袋）、带孔的半透明塑料袋（B型袋）、外层灰色内层红色的双层纸袋（C型袋）3种不同类型纸袋和KNO₃、ZnSO₄和GA₃乳膏3种化学药剂对梨树休眠花枝进行了套袋和药剂处理,研究套袋和药剂处理对梨树开花的影响。结果表明:休眠期套袋处理能明显提早花期,不同袋型促花效果不同,A型袋和B型塑料袋促花效果优于C型袋,花期比对照提早4～5d;套A型和B型袋,同时涂抹4%ZnSO₄溶液处理,促花效果最为明显,花期比对照提早7d左右,但C型袋与对照差异不明显,且新梢叶片出现黄化。不同袋型保温保湿效果不同,B型塑料袋保温、保湿效果优于其他袋型。综上,梨树休眠期花芽套袋（芽袋栽培）,是一项提早开花结果的有效栽培技术措施。     

哈尔滨市四条道路植物景观季相色彩设计的评价研究

以哈尔滨市4条典型道路绿地植物为研究对象,采用NCS色卡采集不同季节植物花、果、叶色彩数据的方法,候温法划分季节,研究了植物的主要观赏性状色彩对道路绿地植物景观季相色彩设计的影响,以期探讨哈尔滨市道路绿地季相色彩设计评价方法与推理依据。结果表明:采集观赏性状色彩数据的方法评价植物景观季相色彩设计体现了一定科学性与合理性,不同季节道路景观色彩构成数据体现定性、定量及与图纸表达色彩一致的特征。研究案例中43种植物生长季节叶色色彩范围为S6020-G30Y~S3560-Y90R,共44个标准色,其中红色系色值占11%;观花植物花色范围为S0300-N~S3560-Y90R,共20个标准色;观果植物果色范围为S3060-Y~S5040-Y90R,共9个标准色,主要集中在红色系,占67%。4条道路的春季景观中,观花植物种类在4~7种,花期持续时间25~34d;夏季景观中,观花植物0~8种,花期持续时间0~81d,观果植物1~2种,持续时间16~25d;秋季景观中,观花植物5~7种,花期持续21d,观果植物0~2种,持续0~25d。4条道路存在植物叶色色系偏少,秋季果色不够丰富等问题。     

赤霉素对‘凯特芒’花期调控试验

在不同起始时间对‘凯特芒’喷施不同浓度的赤霉素,研究赤霉素对攀西地区‘凯特芒’花期调控影响。试验表明：从起始处理时间11月30日开始喷施0．005％～0．01％赤霉素推迟‘凯特芒’花期效果较好,花序出现期推迟22～42d,始花期推迟4～11d,盏花期推迟7～12d,单株成花率为100％;在起始处理时间A1、A2下,喷施浓度≥0．01％赤霉素‘凯特芒’单株成化率下降。     

番茄不同生育阶段遮荫对光合作用与产量的影响

 研究了番茄夏季不同生长阶段午间遮荫对光合作用、干物质分配和产量构成的影响。结果表明,不同时期遮荫使番茄初花期、盛花期和末花期午间气孔导度(Gs) 和胞间CO2 浓度(Ci) 增加, 75%遮荫显著降低净光合速率(Pn) , 但盛花期中度遮荫( 40%遮荫) 的Pn 随着遮荫时间的增加逐渐上升, 在末花期阶段表现尤为明显, 8 d 平均Pn 比对照增加22%, 蒸腾速率也显著增加。在初花和盛花期, 重度遮荫( 75% 遮荫) 显著降低根、茎干样质量, 但中度遮荫使末花期的根、茎干样质量分别比对照( 不遮荫) 增加43%和22%, 叶干样质量的增加不明显。初花期遮荫对果实产量影响不明显, 但盛花期75%遮荫的总产量和有效产量显著降低; 在末花期, 与对照相比, 40%的遮荫使总产量和有效产量显著增加, 单果质量亦增加35%。这些结果表明, 末花期午间适度遮荫有利于提高光合作用, 增加干样质量和经济产量。     

观赏海棠品种群的花期物候特征研究

 以82个观赏海棠品种为研究对象,进行了始花期（S₁）—盛花期（S₂）—末花期（S₃）3个阶段的花期物候观测,系统地研究了品种群的花期物候特征,旨在为海棠专类园建设及海棠花期物候性状特异种质挖掘与定向育种提供参考。结果表明：根据始花期的候区分布,可将82个品种划分为最早（VE）、早（E）、中（M）、晚（L）和极晚（EL）5大花期时序品种群;最早与最晚开花品种的始花期间隔22 d。根据S₁ ~ S₃花期持续时间长短,以3 d为级差,可将82个品种划分为超短（VS）、短（S）、中等（M）、长（L）和超长（VL）5大花期长短类群;82个品种平均花期长度为（11.4 ± 2.8）d。基于花期物候频率统计,构建了始花期（S₁）、盛花期（S₂）和末花期（S₃）的品种频度指数动态分布函数（CFI）,其动态函数的直线斜率存在显著差异（k₁ = 6.312 < k₂ = 6.821 < k₃ = 9.1557）,反应了3个花期阶段物候节奏由慢而快的变化趋势。还构建了观赏多度指数函数（CDI）,为品种群花期整体观赏性评价提供了新的参考依据;基于CDI,将品种群的群体观赏期划分为6个阶段,即启动期（P₀）、指数快速上升期（P₁）、指数高位稳定期（P₂）、指数快速下降期（P₃）、窗口期（P₄）和指数低位持续期（P₅）;P₁ ~ P₃期间CDI值 ≥ 13.6%,时间长达21 d;P₂时段的CDI值高达75.3% ~ 80.3%,时间达3 d。基于82个观赏海棠品种S₁ ~ S₃的花期长度（L）和开花期间每日最高气温均值（T）的二维源数据,以T = 23 ℃和T = 27 ℃为分界点,拟合了L与T之间的分段耦合函数,不同温度区间耦合度（R²）差异显著：52个品种分布于A区（T = 19.2 ~ 22.9 ℃）,21个品种分布于B区（T = 23.0 ~ 26.9 ℃）,9个品种分布于C区（T = 27.0 ~ 32.0 ℃）;这反应了花期长短的相对性,当T ≤ 23 ℃时,花期长短的主导因子为遗传因素,T ≥ 27 ℃时,花期长短的主导因子为日最高气温,T = 23.0 ~ 26.9 ℃时,花期长短由遗传因素和日最高气温共同主导。     

Manipulation of bolting and flowering in celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce). III. Effects of photoperiod and irradiance

SUMMARY

Photoperiods of 8 and 16 h during chilling at 5°C had no effect on bolting and macroscopic flower appearance in celery cv. New Dwarf White. Eight hour photoperiods during chilling however markedly increased the number of plants forming sessile flowers. Short photoperiods (8 h) after chilling decreased the proportion of young, but competent plants that bolted and flowered. Total darkness during chilling completely prevented any subsequent vernalization response either as bolting or as flowering. Reducing irradiance receipt by the plants during chilling from 85 to W m"2 (PAR) had no effect on their vernalization response. After chilling, a reduction in mean daily total irradiance in the glasshouse from 4.05 to 1.57 MJ m"2 d-1 had no effect on bolting and flowering. Confinement of competent plants to darkness for 4-8 d at 20°C just prior to chilling resulted in a highly significant delay (F>0.001) to bolting and reduced the number of plants flowering. Two days of darkness had no significant effect. The inhibitory effects of dark treatments prior to chilling was greater in plants chilled subsequently for six weeks than for nine weeks.     

几种化学药剂对破除葡萄与桃自然休眠的效果

以桃、葡萄为试材,探讨多种化学药剂和外源生长调节剂打破休眠的效应。结果表明:CaCN2打破葡萄的休眠效果稳定,可使萌芽提早6～17d,并提高萌芽率,其破眠效果随需冷量的增加而显著;几种化学药剂在桃树上应用,其打破休眠的效果差异较大,CaCN2、NH4NO3对打破桃休眠无效,硫脲的破眠效果最明显,可使叶芽萌发提前9～12d、花芽6d,并提高萌芽率;KNO3对破除休眠亦有一定效果。外源生长调节剂对休眠的调节作用因调节剂种类、浓度和使用时间而异:Ze(50mg/L)+GA3(100mg/L)可完全打破叶芽的休眠,100mg/L6-BA对尚未完成自然休眠的花芽萌发有明显的促进作用,IAA和2,4-D却对芽的萌发表现出强烈的抑制作用。     

Plant management of greenhouse roses. The pruning

Results of pruning-experiments showed no significant differences in winter flower production between selective pruning and hedging. Winter production was related to the degree of the plant cut-back during the spring. Severe removal of the plant canopy resulted in decreased winter production of flowers. Delay in autumn cut-back decreased total winter yield, but mid-winter production was increased. The decline in winter flower production, following early summer cut-back, was partially restored by continuous lateral bud removal (de-shooting) during the summer. Flowering was greatly hampered by defoliation.     

带叶休眠对休眠解除期间葡萄芽呼吸代谢的影响

 以中高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’为试材,研究人工脱叶休眠处理和带叶休眠处理对休眠解除期间芽体呼吸代谢的影响。结果表明：与人工脱叶休眠处理相比,带叶休眠处理明显促进芽的休眠解除。带叶休眠处理与人工脱叶休眠处理芽在休眠解除期间的呼吸速率和途径变化趋势相似,但带叶休眠处理芽呼吸速率和途径发生显著变化的时间明显早于人工脱叶休眠处理,并且总呼吸速率和糖酵解—三羧酸循环途径、交替途径的运行活性和容量及剩余呼吸比例都高于人工脱叶处理。     

生长调节剂诱导西葫芦、黄瓜雌花分化和发育的研究

应用25、50、100和200mg／kg的吲哚乙酸（LAA）、萘乙（NAA）、赤霉素（GA）喷施2～3叶期西葫芦和黄瓜幼苗及用50、100和200mg／kg的TiBA（三碘苯甲酸）喷施20-30cm高的西葫芦和黄瓜植株,发现50mg／kgIAA和200mg／kgTiBA明显促进西葫芦雌花分化和坐果,NAA的促进效果较差,GA无效;50mg／kgIAA和100mg／kgTiBA促进黄瓜雌花分化和坐果,NAA的捉拼效果较差。低浓座的GA具有一定的促进作用。     

The effect of chilling,defoliation and hydrogen cyanamide on dormancy release,bud break and fruiting of Anna apple cultivar

The effect of defoliation (DEF) alone or combined with hydrogen cyanamide (HC) on dormancy state, fruit quality and yield of Anna apple cultivar was studied. Trees were manually defoliated on three successive dates, November 15th, December 1st and December 15th. The flower buds (FB) entered the endodormancy synchronized with vegetative buds (VB) for most of the treatments. Most of the treatments terminated endodormancy between January 27th and February 8th during the season 2004/2005 and between January 18th and February 8th during the season 2005/2006. The treatments were effective in dormancy release of FB and somewhat with VB. Defoliation on November 15th + HC recorded the lowest chilling accumulation needed to reach 50% bud break. All the treatments exceeded the control considering the percentage of flower (FBB) and vegetative bud break (VBB) either in the lab or at the field. Growing degree hours and the number of days required to reach each stage of fruiting were differed between the two studied seasons. The control and DEF on December 15th exceeded all the treatments regarding initial fruit set percentage (IFS). The defoliation treatments alone gave the highest yield (kg/tree). Defoliation + HC treatments gave the best fruit quality, while the control gave the least values.     

水分胁迫对成年糯米糍荔枝末次秋梢发育和成花的影响

以16年生糯米糍荔枝为试材,研究了水分胁迫对其末次秋梢发育和成花的影响。结果表明,干旱处理的末次秋梢萌芽抽梢期主要集中在8月下旬到9月上旬,保湿处理抽梢时期集中在9月上中旬,10月上旬干旱处理没有新梢抽出而保湿处理还有少量新梢抽生;9月份各旬抽生的末次秋梢从萌芽至老熟所需的时间均表现为保湿处理比干旱处理多11～13d,但末次秋梢从老熟到白点出现所需时间,保湿处理平均为39d,比干旱处理缩短17d;说明中度水分胁迫使末次秋梢的萌芽期提前,并缩短了秋梢的老熟时间,但是大大地延长了白点出现所需的时间。此外,干旱和保湿处理的植株枝梢成花率单株间差异较大,但总的来看中度水分胁迫对糯米糍荔枝成花没有促进作用。     

A role for carbohydrate levels in the control of flowering in citrus

Girdling in October of small or large fruitless branches increased 2–3-fold both starch content of leaves and flower numbers as compared with ungirdled ‘Murcott’ mandarin trees. Autumn girdling and GA₃ treatments were both effective and additive in increasing starch contents of leaves and twigs of ‘Shamouti’ orange trees. GA₃, however, had the expected effect of depressing the reproductive inflorescences in both girdled and ungirdled branches, while girdling had the opposite effect. Girdling and fruit removal in October also additively and dramatically increased flower production in ‘Murcott’. Lowtemperature regimes in a phytotron caused young ‘Minneola’ budlings to flower earlier in the season and more profusely, while having no effect on starch content of leaves and twigs. The interactions of increased carbohydrate content and gibberellin in the control of flower formation in citrus are discussed.     

Further studies on graft-induced off-season flowering and fruiting in mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Summary

Defoliated shoots of cvs Alphonso, Dashehari, Totapari etc. (receptors), could be induced to flower within four weeks during the off-season by veneer grafting them to leafy shoots of the off-season flowering cv. Royal Special (donor) during the non-flowering season. Experiments on defoliating the donor and receptor shoots revealed the crucial dual role of the leaves in flowering. In the ‘floral cycle’, leaves from the donor promoted flowering, whereas leaves on the receptors, in the vegative phase, were inhibitory, and prevented graft-induction of the receptors. Thus, for graft induction, leafy donors and defoliation of receptors were essential. The inhibitory effect of the leaves on the receptors was localized and did not affect flowering of the donor shoots’ The similarity between these findings and those in the herbaceous, day-length sensitive species strengthens the view that flower formation is controlled in the same way in herbaceous and in woody perennial species. A minimum threshold of the floral stimulus appeared to be another requirement for an optimum flowering response. This was concluded from an experiment in which the leafy receptors were defoliated on different dates during the off-season flowering cycle. At the end of cycle, the defoliated receptors produced small panicles, and finally only vegetative shoots, probably indicating sub-threshold levels of the stimulus. Bud activity at the apex in the receptor was also an important pre-requisite for graft-induction. Some veneer-grafted scions which remained dormant during the flowering cycle of the donor and which sprouted much later after the completion of off-season flowering, ‘escaped’ the stimulus and invariably turned out to be vegetative. It is postulated that the cyclic synthesis of the floral stimulus in the leaves in an inductive cycle, and the gap between two such cycles, mainly decides the flowering behaviour of mango cultivars—biennial, annual and multiflowering. Two other requiremets are the absence of non-induced leaves and the synchronization of meristematic activity in the bud with the inductive cycle. Juvenile shoots from one to four year old seedlings could not be graft-induced—unlike the shoots from mature, six year old seeding trees. This juvenility effect continued into the second year when defoliation of the receptor shoots had no effect and failed to induce them to flower.     

石灰氮和水杨酸对破除葡萄芽休眠的影响

 2003年12月～2004年3月, 在江苏省镇江市南山农业科技示范园葡萄园, 以藤稔品种为试材, 分别在树体的初休眠期(12月上旬) 、深休眠期( 1月上旬) 和休眠后期( 2月上旬) , 取芽体饱满、生长充实的1年生枝条, 用不同浓度的石灰氮(CaCN2 ) 和水杨酸( SA) 进行涂芽破眠处理; 之后放入温室进行发芽培养, 并每5 d取冬芽测定H2O2及其抗氧化酶系统的变化, 21 d后统计各处理最终萌芽率。结果表明: 施用CaCN2和SA能不同程度的提高H2O2含量和POD活性, 降低CAT活性; 但在不同休眠期对SOD活性的影响不一致。而破眠或促进萌芽效果好的化学药剂处理, 花芽在培养前期的H₂O₂含量、POD和SOD活性增幅较大, CAT活性下降较明显。对萌芽率的统计表明, 初休眠期施用石灰氮和水杨酸对葡萄破眠无效; 到深休眠期及以后施用25%的石灰氮对葡萄破眠效果较为明显, 萌芽较对照提前4～6 d, 最终萌芽率达41.6%～90.0%; 而水杨酸处理对葡萄花芽破眠基本无效。