中国实验用小型猪MC3R基因的CRISPR/Cas9敲除载体构建与验证

黑素皮质素受体(melanocortin receptors,MCRs)属于G-蛋白偶联受体家族,在黑素皮质素(melanocortin)刺激下,通过c AMP启动胞内信号。MCRs各成员表达于不同类型细胞,生理作用迥异,其中MC3R在控制动物食欲和调节能量平衡中发挥重要作用,但作用机理不明。猪的采食与能量分配对猪生长速度、胴体瘦肉率等经济性状具有重要影响,对MC3R基因敲除的研究不仅可以用于明确MC3R的生理作用,还可以评估其在猪分子育种中的价值。本文采用新型基因组编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9系统,基于中国实验用小型猪(chinese experimental mini pig,CEMP)MC3R基因序列信息,在其起始密码子的上游12 bp和终止密码子下游45 bp设计靶位点,构建4个p X330MC3R基因敲除载体,以CEMP成纤维细胞为材料,验证4个载体均实现高效特异性切割,为构建MC3R基因敲除猪奠定了基础。     

MC4R基因研究进展

黑素皮质素受体-4(melanocortin-4 receptor,MC4R)是下丘脑腹内侧核分泌的一类肽类物质,为黑素皮质素受体家族5个亚型(MC1-5R)之一。在哺乳动物中,MC4R具有介导瘦蛋白(leptin)的功能,是一个调节能量平衡与能量动态平衡的重要信号分子,可与其内源性配体黑素皮质素激素(melanocortin,MC)或刺鼠色蛋白(agouti protein,agouti蛋白)和agouti相关蛋白(agouti related protein,AGRP)相结合,从而在控制食欲和体重稳态中起关键作用。因此,MC4R在人类肥胖研究中作为重要的调节因子倍受关注。最近有研究表明:MC4R的1232位点的G→A的突变与绵羊背膘厚度间存在关联,AG和AA型较GG型具有较高的背膘厚度。     

黑素皮质素受体1（MC1R）基因的研究进展

黑素皮质素受体1(melanocortin 1 receptor,MC1R)基因,也称为促黑素细胞激素受体(MSHR)基因,是由扩散位点(extension locus,E) 编码的,是控制动物黑色素合成的重要基因。作者对MC1R基因结构功能、作用机理、基因的定位与多态性检测进行了综述。     

冷应激下民猪黑素皮质素受体基因的表达变化

黑素皮质素受体3（melanocortins 3 receptors,MC3R）是G-蛋白耦联受体超家族的成员之一。研究采用Real-time PCR的方法,对冷应激下民猪腿肌内MC3R基因的表达变化情况进行了研究。结果表明,冷应激下,MC3R基因的表达出现了显著地上升（P〈0.05）。据此推测,民猪很可能是通过上调MC3R基因的表达来增加能量消耗而抵御寒冷气候的。     

鹅黑素皮质素受体-4基因的克隆与序列分析

黑素皮质素受体-4（Melanocortin receptor-4,MC4R）是其黑素皮质素受体MCR（MC1-5R）家族成员之一,属G蛋白偶联受体。它可与瘦蛋白、神经肽、α-黑素细胞刺激素等一起调节动物体重和采食量。参考鸡MC4R基因序列设计引物,克隆并测序了鹅MC4R基因。结果表明,鹅MC4R基因编码区全长996 bp,其核苷酸序列与鸡的同源性为95.3%,与人、牛、猪等哺乳动物同源性在75%-79%;其氨基酸序列与鸡的同源性达到98.5%。构建哺乳类、鸟类和鱼类MC4R基因核苷酸进化树显示,鹅较早地与哺乳类动物分化开来。分析MC4R蛋白的氨基酸残基特性参数表明,MC4R的7次跨膜结构与MC4R的亲水性区域、电荷密度以及氨基酸残基位于表面概率的变化规律相一致。     

奶牛MC4R基因真核表达载体的构建及其表达定位

奶牛黑素皮质素受体-4(MC4R)基因作为G蛋白偶联受体,是关系经济性状的重要候选基因。本研究从牛基因组中克隆得到MC4R基因的编码序列,将克隆片段与pc DNA3.1真核表达载体进行KpnⅠ和EcoRⅠ双酶切,连接形成重组表达载体,将载体瞬时转染到L02肝脏细胞,采用免疫荧光对细胞进行标记,通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察荧光活性,结果发现克隆的MC4R基因序列长度大约1 000 bp,成功构建真核表达载体MC4R-3.1,将载体转染肝脏细胞后Western blot检测蛋白表达,经过激光共聚焦观察荧光后发现MC4R蛋白的绿色荧光在细胞膜上有正常表达,可为进一步研究MC4R受体基因功能提供参考。     

转猪MC4R基因小鼠模型的建立与检测

为了进一步探讨黑素皮质素4受体(melanocortin-4 receptor,MC4R)基因对动物采食量和生长性能的影响,本研究利用基因重组和显微注射的方法建立了转猪MC4R基因的小鼠模型。采用PCR扩增、克隆测序的方法对每代转基因小鼠进行阳性鉴定,然后采用常规测定方法对F3代转基因阳性鼠与同期阴性对照鼠的体重和采食量进行了测定。结果显示:成功构建了转猪MC4R基因小鼠模型,阳性鼠与阴性鼠相比,体重和采食量均略有增加,但未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。据此推测体内超表达MC4R基因并不能像敲除掉该基因一样显著地改变机体性能。     

哺乳动物黑素皮质素受体-4基因多态性研究进展

黑素皮质素受体-4(Melanocortinreceptor-4,MC4R)是下丘脑腹内侧核分泌的一类肽类物质,由中枢神经系统中的多个神经元群体表达,在哺乳动物体重以及能量平衡的调节中发挥重要作用。该基因可作为哺乳动物体重或生长性状的候选功能基因,且基因内存在多个与哺乳动物生长性状关联的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)。文章对哺乳动物MC4R基因及其SNP对动物生长性状的影响进行简要综述,以期为MC4R基因SNPs的相关研究提供参考。     

黑素皮质素受体4(MC4R)基因多态性与动物生长性能的相关性研究

黑素皮质素受体4(Melanocortin 4 receptor,MC4R)是G蛋白偶联受体(G Protein coupled receptors,GPCRs)超家族的一个成员,在动物的体重、能量稳态和采食量的调控中具有重要作用。综述了MC4R基因的结构与定位、生物学功能以及MC4R基因与动物生长性能的相关性研究进展。     

MC1R基因在山羊皮肤组织及B16-F10细胞中的表达分析

为了探讨黑素皮质素受体1 (melanocortin 1 receptor, MC1R)基因在不同肤色成年山羊皮肤组织中的表达及其对黑色素细胞增殖和分化的影响,试验以成年酉州乌羊、板角山羊及小鼠皮肤黑色素瘤细胞(B16-F10细胞)为研究材料,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测MC1R基因在山羊皮肤组织及B16-F10细胞增殖、分化过程中的表达情况。结果表明:MC1R基因在成年酉州乌羊皮肤组织中的相对表达量极显著高于板角山羊(P0.01);在B16-F10细胞增殖阶段,MC1R基因相对表达量先上升后下降,在24, 72, 120小时时的相对表达量显著高于6, 168小时时(P0.05);在B16-F10细胞分化阶段,MC1R基因在分化后期(72, 120, 168小时)的相对表达量显著高于前期(6, 24小时)(P0.05)。说明MC1R基因对动物皮肤黑色素生成和沉积起重要作用,且对黑色素细胞的增殖和分化有一定促进作用。     

四环素诱导的猪黑素皮质激素受体-4基因真核表达载体的构建

猪黑素皮质激素受体-4(melanocortin-4 receptor,MC4R)基因是影响猪生长肥育的主效基因之一,为了进一步研究MC4R基因的生物学功能,制备高成活率转基因猪,通过采用条件性诱导表达载体系统,PCR方法扩增了猪MC4R基因完整编码区,四环素诱导表达系统(Tet-on)的启动子调控区与转录调节元件。采用双酶切和连接等方法将上述元件连接到pcDNA3.1(+)上,构建了重组质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-rtTA-P_Tight-MC4R。经双酶切和测序鉴定,结果显示片段正向连接且片段全长测序正确。试验成功构建了四环素诱导的pcDNA3.1(+)-rtTA-P_Tight-MC4R真核表达载体, 并能在时间特异性方面调控MC4R基因的表达。     

Structural analysis and haplotype diversity in swine LEP and MC4R genes.

Knowledge about structural variation of candidate genes could be important to improve breeding selection scheme and preserve genetic variability in livestock species. Leptin (LEP) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) genes are involved in the energetic pathway and are obvious candidate genes for fatness. By sequencing LEP and MC4R genes in 72 pigs belonging to lean (Large White and Duroc), fat (Meishan and Casertana) breeds and also Wild Boar, 98 polymorphic sites, of which 91 were novel, were found in the Leptin sequence while only the previously described mutation was found in the MC4R gene. A total of 18 LEP haplotypes were observed and their distribution was unequal among the breeds. The phylogenetic analysis showed two haplotype branches distinguishing between lean and fat breeds.     

MC4R基因表达及其与鸡屠宰性状的相关分析

根据鸡MC4R mRNA和看家基因β-actin mRNA序列,分别设计1对引物,以半定量RT-PCR法研究不同品种鸡肾上腺中MC4R基因mRNA表达水平,并分析了其与屠宰性状间的相关关系。结果表明,京海黄鸡公鸡MC4R基因在肾上腺中的表达水平显著高于尤溪麻鸡公鸡（P＜0.05）;京海黄鸡公鸡的胴体重、胸肌重、腿肌重与MC4R基因在肾上腺中表达水平存在极显著相关（P＜0.01）;尤溪麻鸡公鸡的胴体重与MC4R基因在肾上腺中表达水平存在极显著相关（P＜0.01）,胸肌重、腿肌重与MC4R基因在肾上腺中表达水平存在显著相关（P＜0.05）。     

Study on Melanocortin-4 Receptor mRNA Expression in Goats Grazed in Leigongshan Mountain Area

In order to understand the differential expression among tissues or breeds of grazed goat,β-actin gene was used as control,the expression levels of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) mRNA in 7 tissues of Qiandongnan small Xiang goat,Guizhou White goat,Guizhou Black goat,Qianbei Ma goat and Nanjiang Yellow goat were detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technique with double standard curve method.The results showed that MC4R mRNA was expressed in all 7 tissues of 5 grazed goat breeds,the expression levels of subcutaneous fat and kidney were the highest,the expression levels of liver was the second,the expression levels of lung and heart were the third,and the expression levels of semimembranosus muscle and longissimus muscle were the lowest.There were no differences of the expression level of MC4R mRNA in liver among different breeds.In subcutaneous fat,kidney,lung,heart,semimembranosus muscle and longissimus muscle,the highest expression levels of MC4R mRNA were all observed in Guizhou White goat.The results suggested that for grazed goats,the expression levels of MC4R mRNA existed tissue differences,and except for the liver,it existed breed differences,too.This research laid a basis for molecular marker assisted selection of growth traits,carcass traits,and meat quality traits of grazed goat.     

中国西门塔尔牛MC3R和MC4R基因组织表达谱及其在脂肪组织中表达水平与背膘厚度的相关性研究

为探索调控肉牛脂肪沉积的关键基因表达规律,筛选影响肉牛肥育性状的候选基因,本研究采用137头18月龄肉用中国西门塔尔公牛,屠宰并采集组织样品,根据背膘厚度胴体测定值分成高、低2组,每组各选择15个个体,利用荧光实时定量技术对MC3R和MC4R基因在组织中的表达特征及其在不同个体脂肪组织中的表达水平进行分析.结果表明,M...     

Regulation of CRF, POMC and MC4R gene expression after electrical foot shock stress in the rat amygdala and hypothalamus

We investigated the effects of electrical foot shock stress on the melanocortin signaling cascade and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system by observing levels of mRNA expression of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and melanocortin receptor subtype 4 (MC4R) in the rat amygdala and hypothalamus. When rats were exposed to electrical shock for 0.5 hr or 1 hr, plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations increased, indicating stress. The rats were then sacrificed to obtain RNA preparations from the brain tissue. In the amygdala, the expression of MC4R and POMC mRNA as well as CRF mRNA was significantly increased by electrical foot shock stress. In the hypothalamus, MC4R and POMC mRNA increased, but CRF mRNA remained unchanged. The duration of increased gene expression of MC4R and POMC in the amygdala was more sustained than in the hypothalamus. These results have provided the first evidence that exposure to stress increases expression of the MC4R system in the amygdala and hypothalamus.     

Functional and phylogenetic analyses of a melanocortin-4 receptor mutation in domestic pigs

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), a G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor, which is expressed in the brain, plays an important role in the control of mammalian energy homeostasis. A missense mutation (Asp298Asn) was identified in the porcine MC4R gene, which is associated with growth and food intake traits. The Asn298 mutation occurs within a highly conserved motif, NPLIY, of all members of G protein-coupled receptors; whereas, Asp298 is conserved in all five melanocortin receptor subtypes. Functional analysis of the porcine MC4R variant was performed with an in vitro gene expression system in 293 cells. Ligand binding (NDP-alphaMSH) did not differ between Asp298 and Asn298 MC4R proteins. However, the Asn298 MC4R variant was unable to stimulate cAMP production in response to NDP-alphaMSH stimulation; whereas, the Asp298 variant could stimulate cAMP accumulation. These results demonstrate that the Asp298 is required for normal MC4R signaling to the adenylyl cyclase. Sequencing of the MC4R gene of seven diverse genera within the Suiformes that include Hippopotamidae (hippos), Tayassuidae (peccaries) and Suidae (pigs), revealed 62 nucleotide variations in MC4R. Phylogenetic relationships of MC4R variations are consistent with those previously described from morphological and physiological data among the subfamilies of the Suiformes. These findings revealed that a single missense mutation (Asp298Asn) of aspartic acid (Asp) to asparagine (Asn) in MC4R gene decreased cAMP content and MC4R signaling, but with no difference in the ligand binding was associated with growth and feed intake traits in domestic pigs.     

水貂黑素皮质素受体-4基因部分序列的克隆测序

对水貂黑素皮质素受体-4(MC4R)基因进行了克隆和序列分析,以期为进一步开展水貂MC4R基因与其肥胖性状的相关分析及基因定位等研究提供理论基础。首先采用特定引物对水貂MC4R基因进行PCR扩增、克隆和测序,然后用DNAMAN软件拼接MC4R基因全序列,并进行序列的同源性分析。试验获得水貂MC4R基因序列816 bp。水貂MC4R基因序列与同一种属的水獭的同源性最高,达96%,而与犬、狐、大熊猫、河马、野猪、山羊、人及小鼠这些哺乳动物的同源性在89%～95%之间,另外,与贝加尔湖海豹和加州海狮的同源性也较高,均为94%。本研究成功克隆了水貂的MC4R基因,结果表明,其在物种间具有较高的保守性。