四川凉山地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌分离鉴定及药敏情况分析

通过开展凉山地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定和药敏情况试验,为指导凉山地区奶牛场临床合理使用抗生素以及提高抗生素的防治效果提供理论指导。通过采样、增菌培养、细菌鉴定、药敏试验、数据统计分析等方法,结果发现193 份患有乳房炎的乳样中有134 份分离出12 种病原菌,其中65 份检出两种及以上菌,占检出数的48.50%﹔共分离出234 株不重复菌株。分离率居前五位为：葡萄球菌63 株（26.9%）、大肠杆菌56 株（23.8%）、肺炎克雷伯菌42 株（17.9%）、肠球菌24 株（10.3%）、链球菌13 株（5.6%）。对本试验分离到的大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等12 种菌中的10 种细菌药敏试验结果显示,不论是革兰氏阳性菌还是革兰氏阴性菌对试验选取的17 种常见抗生素均表现不同程度的耐药,有部分菌株还表现严重的多重耐药,有些菌株对部分药物耐药率达100.00%。     

南宁某牛场奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

南宁某奶牛场乳房炎治疗用药已经出现低效或无效,为了解其主要致病菌的耐药性,随机采集乳样228份进行体细胞数检测,筛选出75份进行细菌分离鉴定及药敏试验,其中检出167株可疑菌株,并通过生化鉴定等确定出金黄色葡萄球菌28株(占16.8%)、无乳链球菌10株、停乳链球菌4株、乳房链球菌2株(占9.6%)、大肠杆菌35株(占21.0%)。结果表明,大肠杆菌分离株对链霉素等已100%耐药,金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林等已100%耐药,链球菌对阿米卡星、红霉素等已100%耐药。其中三类菌对庆大霉素、头孢唑啉、头孢曲松和氧氟沙星都具有较高敏感性。     

本溪地区奶牛乳房炎病原分离鉴定及药敏试验研究

奶牛乳房炎(cowMastitis)是奶牛最常见的疾病之一,也是对奶牛业生产危害最大的一种疾病。奶牛乳房炎一直困扰着本溪地区的奶牛业发展,成为影响地区经济效益及发展的主要因素之一,甚至危害消费者身体健康。本研究通过对本溪地区木兰花乳业公司、爱民奶牛场、北方牧业公司、志东奶牛小区和朝阳生态养殖场5个奶牛场的70份乳样进行细菌分离鉴定和药敏试验,分离出本溪地区奶牛乳房炎的主要致病菌,同时进行了药敏试验,为本溪地区治疗奶牛乳房炎提供了有针对性的方案。细菌分离鉴定以及药敏试验结果表明:BMT阳性乳样和临床乳房炎型乳样致病菌的检出率分别为86.7%和90%。70份乳样中分离出77株致病菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、链球菌、棒状杆菌、其他细菌占致病菌的比例分别为44.1%、25.6%、18.3%、7.0%和5.0%,这些致病菌对青霉素、链霉素普遍耐药,对庆大霉素、红霉素、氟哌酸、林可霉素、环丙沙星敏感。     

临床型乳房炎乳样中主要致病菌的分离鉴定及部分分离菌株的药物敏感性

采集了3个奶牛场126份临床乳房炎乳样进行细菌的分离鉴定,并对部分分离致病菌进行生化鉴定和药物敏感性检测。结果显示,共分离纯化到29个属366株细菌,其中包括11个主要致病菌属,主要致病菌为蜡样芽孢杆菌、产色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、乳房链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、黄体链球菌等,其分离率分别为15.87%,11.90%,11.90%,11.11%,6.35%,5.56%,4.76%,4.76%。部分分离菌株药物敏感性检测结果显示,肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林均耐药;蜡样芽孢杆菌存在四重耐药,分别对呋喃唑酮、卡那霉素、庆大霉素和青霉素耐药;产色葡萄球菌对检测的10种药物均敏感。研究结果明确了引起陕西省关中地区部分奶牛场乳房炎的主要病原,为乳房炎的治疗提供科学依据。     

规模化牧场奶牛乳腺炎病原菌感染流行病学调查及肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

为了对规模化牧场的奶牛乳腺炎致病菌进行调研并对肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性进行调查,收集福建、江苏、广州、河北、安徽、山西、内蒙古、浙江地区等11个规模化奶牛场乳腺炎乳样856份,进行细菌分离鉴定,并对分离到的119株肺炎克雷伯菌进行药敏试验。结果显示:乳腺炎样本的细菌检出率为84.46%;导致乳腺炎的致病菌以环境性致病菌为主,包括大肠杆菌(22.74%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(14.55%)和阴沟肠杆菌(9.05%)等,另外也分离到了传染性乳腺炎致病菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌(4.25%)和无乳链球菌(1.71%),且不同地区的乳腺炎致病菌分离情况具有地区差异性;119株肺炎克雷伯菌对氨比西林耐药率最高,耐药率为94.96%,对部分头孢类和氨基糖苷类产生耐药性;对卡那霉素最敏感,敏感率为97.48%。研究表明,乳腺炎致病菌以环境性致病菌的危害突出,传染性致病菌得到有效控制,同时肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性应引起牧场关注。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的诊治及主要病原菌的药敏试验

本试验对潍坊某奶牛场的奶样通过Accu Mast乳房炎病原菌快速诊断皿进行细菌分离鉴定,根据药敏试验采用相应药物进行治疗。试验结果表明:在253例奶样中,分离出链球菌属117株,大肠杆菌82株,克雷伯菌42株。链球菌属对头孢氨苄、头孢噻呋、卡那霉素敏感,敏感率分别为82.05%,70.08%,67.52%,对氨苄青霉素耐药;克雷伯菌对头孢噻呋敏感,敏感率为73.81%,对氨苄青霉素和红霉素耐药。根据药敏试验结果,对链球菌属乳头注射头孢氨苄和卡那霉素,对克雷伯菌乳头注射头孢噻呋,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌感染的乳房炎先对其进行排空乳区法,进而乳头注射头孢氨苄和卡那霉素。其他细菌均采用乳头注孢氨苄和卡那霉素。大肠杆菌感染的乳房炎仅进行排空乳区法,使其自愈。对链球菌属治愈率为91.45%;对克雷伯菌治愈率为40.47%。     

呼和浩特地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定及其致病性与药敏试验

对呼市地区部分奶牛场64头奶牛的256份乳样随机取样64份进行细菌分离鉴定,并选择主要致病菌进行动物致病性试验和药物敏感性试验。引起本地区奶牛乳房炎的主要致病菌为停乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、克雷伯氏菌等,多数引起奶牛乳房炎的病原菌的致病力不强,但这些细菌在乳房内繁殖和产生的毒素、代谢产物等可造成乳房出现炎症,各养殖场分离菌对试验中所使用抗菌药物的敏感性差异极大。     

上海地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解上海地区奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌种类、分布及药物敏感特性,为奶牛乳房炎治疗选用敏感性药物提供依据。采集该地区奶牛场71份临床型奶牛乳房炎奶样进行细菌分离鉴定,并对主要病原菌进行药敏试验。结果显示,71份奶样共检出金黄色葡萄球菌12株,分离率最高,为16.9%,大肠杆菌11株,占15.5%,克雷伯氏菌8株,占11.3%,粪肠球菌5株,占7.0%。药敏试验显示,4种主要病原菌主要对头孢噻吩、氨苄西林、磺胺异唑抗菌药物表现不同程度的耐药,耐药率在75.0%～100.0%,对头孢噻呋、环丙沙星、阿莫西林-克拉维酸抗菌药物较敏感,敏感率在60.0%～100.0%;多重耐药菌株共16株,占22.5%,大肠杆菌和克雷伯氏菌存在同时对9种和10种抗菌药物耐药现象,多重耐药较严重。说明引起该地区奶牛乳房炎的关键致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌、克雷伯氏菌。细菌药敏试验结果显示:分离菌株对氨苄西林、磺胺异唑、庆大霉素具有较强耐药性;对头孢噻呋、环丙沙星、阿莫西林-克拉维酸抗菌药物敏感,上述研究结果可为该地区奶牛乳房炎的防制提供可靠的理论依据。     

奶牛乳房炎致病菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

以某规模奶牛场为试验对象,分别采集患有隐性乳房炎乳样和患有临床型乳房炎乳样各50份,进行了致病菌的分离、鉴定及药敏试验。从中分离出107株细菌,即金黄色葡萄球菌74株,细菌比例为69.16%;大肠杆菌6株,细菌比例为5.61%;无乳链球菌27株,细菌比例为25.23%。本试验结果可为奶牛场更好地防控奶牛乳房炎、同时为奶牛场临床合理用药提供相关理论依据。     

江苏部分奶牛场乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定、耐药性及血清型研究

为查明江苏部分奶牛场乳腺炎病原菌区系分布、主要病原菌药物敏感性及其血清型,本研究从5个奶牛场采集105份临床型和144份隐性乳腺炎奶样进行了细菌分离鉴定,并对分离鉴定出的6种主要病原菌进行了药敏试验,同时对分离鉴定出的12株金黄色葡萄球菌和17株无乳链球菌,采用多重PCR进行了基因分型,并对金黄色葡萄球菌进行了血清学分型。细菌分离鉴定结果显示,5个奶牛场临床型和隐性乳腺炎病原菌检出率分别为74.34%和61.81%。病原菌区系分布主要为大肠杆菌89株(24.25%)、粪肠球菌64株(17.44%)、克雷伯氏菌23株(6.27%)、志贺氏菌19株(5.18%)、无乳链球菌17株(4.63%)、屎球菌14株(3.81%)、金黄色葡萄球菌12株(3.27%)、停乳链球菌1株(0.27%)、乳房链球菌1株(0.27%)和绿脓杆菌1株(0.27%)。药物敏感性试验结果显示,6种主要病原菌均对克林霉素耐药,耐药率达50.00%~93.75%,均对氨苄西林和氯霉素敏感,敏感率为75.00%~100%。主要病原菌血清型分型结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌有2个血清型,主要为荚膜多糖336型(66.67%)和5型(33.33%),无乳链球菌主要有2个血清型,主要为Ⅱ型(64.71%)和Ia型(35.29%)。本研究为该地区奶牛乳腺炎临床合理用药及综合防控提供了依据。     

Resistance of mastitis pathogens in northern Germany

The data of 1692 susceptibility tests acquired from April 2003 through March 2004 in the mastitis laboratory of the Institute for Food Quality and Safety were summarized in order to help veterinarians confronted with acute mastitis in choosing the appropriate antibiotic. Two thirds of the milk samples were infected with gram-positive cocci. One third of these were identified as Streptococcus (S.) uberis, one fourth as Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. All isolates (100%) of S. uberis, S. dysgalactiae, S. agalactiae and Arcanobacterium pyogenes were susceptible to Penicillin and Ampicillin. Concering S. aureus, nearly 100% of the isolates were susceptible to Oxacillin, Cephalothin, Cefacetril, Cefquinom and Neomycin, but only 88% of the isolates were sensitive to Penicillin, Ampicillin and Cefoperazon. The gram-negative rods (Escherichia (E.) coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp.) displayed an irregular resistance pattern. More than 93% of all examined isolates including Pseudomonas spp. were susceptible to Colistin. The sensitivity of E. coli and Klebsiella spp.to Marbofloxacin, Enrofloxacin and Cefquinom exceeded 96%. Thus, the susceptibility of gram-positive mastitis pathogens to common antibiotics is favourable. Because the highly effective Colistin is no longer approved for local therapy, the situation for gram-negative bacteria is more difficult.     

Adherence as a Prerequisite for Infection of the Bovine Mammary Gland by Bacteria

Using a simple in vitro test it was demonstrated that staphylococci, Streptococcus agalactiae, and micrococci, the species of bacteria which are commonly isolated from udder infections, adhered to mammary gland epithelial cells readily and in large numbers. Some strains of organisms which are associated with sporadic outbreaks or occur less commonly, like Str. dysgalactiae and Str. uberis, adhered moderately. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Corynebacterium pyogenes, C. bovis, Str. bovis, and Str. faecalis, species which are isolated occasionally, adhered poorly. From these studies, it appears that selective adherence of bacteria to the epithelial cells is a factor contributing to the ability of organisms to infect the mammary gland and may, therefore, be considered an important stage in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis.     

奶牛乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

2 0 0 2～ 2 0 0 3年采集上海地区 32个规模化奶牛场 433份奶样 ,共分离 2 54株细菌。其中包括金黄色葡萄球菌 48/2 54 (1 8 9% )、表皮葡萄球菌 34/2 54 (1 3 4% )、大肠杆菌 2 8/2 54 (1 1 0 % )、肺炎 /溶血巴氏杆菌 1 1 /2 54 (4 3 % )、无乳链球菌 2 5/2 54 (9 8% )、停乳链球菌 1 6/2 54(6 3 % )、乳房链球菌 1 5/2 54 (5 9% )及酵母菌 8/2 54 (5 9% )。表明葡萄球菌性乳腺炎仍占主导地位。药敏试验结果表明 ,分离菌株对临床常用的多种抗菌药物都产生了耐药性 ,耐药菌株的出现和抗生素的残留给乳腺炎的防治及食品安全带来了隐患     

宁夏吴忠地区奶牛临床型乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解宁夏吴忠地区奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌及其耐药情况,采集56份罹患乳房炎的奶牛乳样进行病原菌分离,并对分离菌进行了生化鉴定、16S rRNA基因序列分析、药敏试验以及耐药基因检测.结果表明,该地区的主要病原菌为大肠埃希氏菌和无乳链球菌,检出率分别为23.2％和14.3％.药敏试验结果表明,大肠埃希氏菌主要对头孢他啶、...     

Antimicrobial resistance in streptococcal species isolated from bovine mammary glands

Streptococcal species isolated from dairy cows with clinical mastitis were obtained from mastitis research workers in Florida, Louisiana, New York, Vermont, Washington, and West Virginia. Seventy-one streptococcal isolates were tested, including 39 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae, 21 strains of S dysgalactiae, and 11 strains of S uberis. The minimal inhibitory concentration of erythromycin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline was determined for each isolate. Differences were not detected among strains with respect to geographic origin. None of the strains was resistant to penicillin. Lincomycin was the next most effective antimicrobial, with only 2 resistant strains of each streptococcal species. There were no differences among the streptococcal species with respect to resistance to either penicillin or lincomycin. Streptococcus uberis was more likely to be resistant to erythromycin than were S agalactiae and S dysgalactiae (P less than 0.02). Streptococcus agalactiae and S uberis had similar distributions for resistance to oxytetracycline, tetracycline, spectinomycin, and streptomycin. Strains of S dysgalactiae were more likely to have intermediate resistance to oxytetracycline and streptomycin than were strains of S agalactiae and S uberis, which were highly resistant to oxytetracycline and streptomycin (P less than 0.001). Differences were not detected among the streptococcal species with respect to resistance to spectinomycin. Resistance to multiple antimicrobials was observed in all streptococcal species tested. Although S dysgalactiae appeared to have a greater percentage of strains (73%) that were resistant to multiple antimicrobials than did S agalactiae (31%) or S uberis (45%), differences were not statistically significant.     

昆明地区奶牛临床型乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定及药敏试验

对昆明地区多个奶牛场的奶牛临床型乳房炎病原菌进行分离、鉴定,从114份乳样中共分离出细菌13种305株,经培养特性、染色镜检、生化鉴定等,鉴定出金黄色葡萄球菌63株,占20.66%;表皮葡萄球菌26株,占8.52%;无乳链球菌53株,占17.38%;停乳链球菌23株,占7.54%;乳房链球菌19株,占6.23%;乳链球菌14株,占4.59%;粪链球菌15株,占4.92%;化脓链球菌14株,占4.59%;大肠杆菌48株,占15.74%;真菌12株,占3.93%。分别对分离菌株进行17种药物的敏感性试验,除真菌外,所有菌株对庆大霉素、新霉素、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、林可霉素、乳肿康均高度敏感,对临床常用的青霉素、链霉素、鱼腥草等具有较强的耐药性。     

"乳康2号"对奶牛细菌性乳房炎的疗效研究

用＂乳康2号＂治疗临床型乳房炎奶牛37头。结果表明,治愈28头,有效6头,无效3头,总有效率为91.89%,平均治疗时间4.7d。对采集的37头奶牛治疗前的42个乳区奶样,进行细菌学检查,有33个乳区检出与乳房炎有关的病原菌,占78.57%。检出病原菌5种,主要为无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、乳房链球菌和大肠埃希菌。停药后采集33个乳区奶样,结果有14个乳区细菌转阴,细菌转阴率为42.42%。在转阴的病原菌中,大肠埃希菌转阴率最高（100%）,其次是混合感染（60.00%）和乳房链球菌（50.00%）。     

Microbial pathogens from goat mastitis and phage-typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates

Examination of milk from goats yielded 41 strains from 40 clinically affected halves; 15 were Staphylococcus aureus, 6 Staph. epidermis, 1 Streptococcus agalactiae, 2 Strept. dysgalactiae, 5 Strept. uberis, 2 Corynebacterium pyogenes, 3 Escherichia coli, 3 Pasteurella spp. and 4 Mycoplasma spp. One half had dual infection of Staph. aureus and Strept. dysgalactiae. Twenty two of the 297 milk samples from apparently normal halves also harboured pathogens comprising of 9 Staph. aureus, 1 Strept. agalactiae, 2 E. coli, 2 Pasteurella spp., 2 Candida albicans and 6 Mycoplasma spp. Most of the bacterial isolates were sensitive to many broad spectrum antibiotics. Twenty of the 24 Staph. aureus isolates were phase typable by a set of 23 human Staphylococcal International Phages suggesting the utility of these phages for the typing of goat strains. The isolates were grouped into 15 phage-types, many of which have been reported from human infections in Iraq. This indicates the possibility of association of human strains of Staph. aureus in caprine mastitis. No definite correlation could be noted between antibiogram and phage types of Staph. aureus strains.     

Comparative evaluation of Vitek gram-positive identification system and API Rapid Strep system for identification of Streptococcus species of bovine origin

The Vitek Gram-positive identification system (GPI, Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, MO) and the API Rapid Strep system (Analytab Products, Plainview, NY) were evaluated for species identification of streptococci isolated from bovine mammary glands and compared to conventional biochemical methods. A total of 144 strains including Streptococcus uberis (60), S. dysgalactiae (32), S. agalactiae (15), S. bovis (15), Enterococcus faecium (10) and Ent. faecalis (12) were evaluated. All reference strains were identified correctly by both systems. Vitek GPI card system identified 94.4% of strains, including 95% of S. uberis, 93.8% of S. dygalactiae, 93.3% of S. agalactiae and S. bovis II, 90% of Ent. faecium and 100% of Ent. faecalis. Majority of strains were identified with a 90-99% level of confidence, with an average of 8 h needed for identification. The API Rapid Strep system identified 96.5% of strains correctly, including 95% of S. 96.9% of S. dysgalactiae, 93.3% of S. agalactiae, and 100% of S. bovis II, Ent. faecium, and Ent. faecalis. Majority of strains were identified with excellent level of identification. With the exception of S. uberis, most strains were identified at 4 h of incubation.     

Intramammary infections in a dairy herd with a low incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus infections.

In a dairy herd with a low incidence of intrammary infections due to Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus, clinical mastitis remained a serious problem despite good control of nonclinical mastitis through postmilking teat disinfection and antibiotic therapy of known infected quarters at the end of lactation. During the 2-year study, the incidence of clinical mastitis was 0.88 cases/cow-year; 32.2% were caused by streptococcal species other than Str agalactiae and 33.5% by gram-negative organisms. Among all new infections detected, 54.1% were caused by streptococcal species other than Str agalactiae and 25.7% by gram-negative bacteria. Among new infections, 41.6% occurred during the nonlactating period or within a few days of calving. Incidence of clinical mastitis was highest in the 1st month of lactation. Among 84 gram-negative infections, 42.8% were caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, 20.2% by Escherichia coli, and 23.8% by Enterobacter spp. Among the many serotypes of K pneumoniae and E coli, none was predominant.