世界家鹅种质资源的遗传多样性

1 家鹅的起源 　　家鹅在动物分类学中属雁形目,鸭科,雁亚科,雁属.众多学者认为家鹅是第一个被人类驯化的家禽,但关于家鹅祖先的起源地却存在分歧.……     

“中国中华秋沙鸭之乡”——伊春市带岭区 环志的中华秋沙鸭返回故乡繁殖——黑龙江碧水中华秋沙鸭保护区

中华秋沙鸭(Mergus squamatus)属于雁形目(Anseriformes),鸭科(Anatidae),是第三季孑遗物种,距今已生存了二千多万年,被称为鸟类中的活化石,为东北亚地区特有的水禽,繁殖于俄罗斯远东锡霍特——爱林山脉、中国东北小兴安岭和长白山部分地区;属国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物,是雁形目中唯     

吉林省鸟类新纪录-白眼潜鸭

白眼潜鸭（Aythya nyroca）属雁形目、鸭科、潜鸭属鸟类,在东北地区一直没有记录。2010年4月11日在吉林省镇赉县大五家稻田泄水池记录到白眼潜鸭1只,填补了白眼潜鸭在吉林省分布的空白。     

产蛋期番鸭饲养管理的要点

番鸭与家鸭均属于鸟纲中的雁形目、鸭科、鸭亚科，但不属于同一个属，家鸭属于河鸭属，而番鸭属于栖鸭属。由于家鸭与番鸭在品种分类、生物学特性及行为特点上有所不同，所以在养殖方面存在一些差异。本文着重介绍产蛋期种番鸭的饲养管理。     

褐马鸡养殖现状

褐马鸡(C rossop tilon m an tchu ricum)别名角鸡,黑雉,属鸟纲,鸡形目,雉科,马鸡属,为我国特有珍稀鸟类,国家一级重点保护野生动物,也属世界濒危物种。山西省在80年代初就建立起褐马鸡的保护区并将褐马鸡定为山西省省鸟。1989年,我国邮电部还发行了一套褐马鸡的邮票。国内鸟类     

我国珍稀保护动物 鸟类(三) 雁形目

六、雁形目本目主要特点是脚适于游泳;嘴通常平扁,先端具嘴甲;雄鸟具交接器。全球有146种,我国有46种。红胸黑雁 (Branta ruficollis) 属鸭科(Anatidae),英名为 Red-breastedGoose。体长约550毫米。本种主要特征是前颈至胸栗棕色,头顶、后颈均黑。此黑雁是典型的北极海洋鸟类,能耐严寒,喜栖于海湾。     

各时期绿头野鸭的饲养管理

绿头野鸭(Anas crecca)别名鹭、大麻鸭,鸟纲雁形目鸭科河鸭属。经驯化、选育,绿头野鸭具有适应性强、食性广、耐粗饲、抗病力强、易养殖、瘦肉多、脂肪少、生长快、耗料少等许多优点。其肉产品为野味     

绿头野鸭养殖技术

绿头野鸭是水鸟的典型代表,属鸟纲、雁形目、鸭科,因鸭头成绿色,别名为大绿头、大麻鸭等,是最常见的大型野鸭优良品种之一,是目前开展人工驯养的主要对象。     

飞羽羽枝轴对鸡形目鸟类分类意义的研究

本文以鸡形目鸟类初级飞羽的羽枝轴为材料，系统地研究了其微观结构在系统分类上的意义。研究发现，羽枝轴的髓质分布、羽枝轴腹侧透明薄片宽度及羽枝轴表面纹理结构是系统分类的重要指标。用上述指标比较目间、科间、属间的差异性，并用Ｒｗ值探讨了雉族各属的亲缘关系，其结果与《中国动物志》所给出的“雉族各属系统关系推想图”十分相似。     

北京地区被救护的野生鸟类弓形虫感染的血清学调查

本次调查运用改良凝集试验(MAT)技术对北京地区野生鸟类进行弓形虫感染的血清学调查。调查发现,在隶属于8目14科46种共131只的野生鸟类中,总体的血清阳性率为27.48%。鹳形目、鸮形目、鸡形目、雁形目、鹤形目、鹃形目和雀形目的阳性率分别为38.98%(23/59),21.05%(4/19),9.09%(2/22),30.77%(4/13),16.67%(1/6),33.33%(1/3)和0.00%(0/8),其中鹳形目与鸡形目鸟类的阳性率存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。按照食性分类,食肉性、杂食性和食鱼性鸟类的血清阳性率分别为36.76%(25/68),11.76%(4/34)和24.14%(7/29)。本研究首次对北京地区野生鸟类进行弓形虫感染的血清学调查,为野生鸟类弓形虫病的研究提供了重要的数据支持。     

家鹅细胞色素b基因系统发育研究

本研究测定了中国家鹅15个品种、欧洲鹅2个品种共44个个体的细胞色素b基因全序列(1143 bp),与Genbank库中白额雁细胞色素b基因序列合并进行比对分析,结果表明各序列同义替换速率(dS)和非同义替换速率(dN)分别为0.0787和0.0011,dS与dN值间的差异极显著(Z=4.713,P＜0.01),dS＜0.5,可使用dS值来构建分子系统发育关系树,构建的最大简约树与邻接树拓扑结构一致,支持中国家鹅的双起源学说,即除伊犁鹅外的其它中国鹅品种起源于鸿雁,伊犁鹅和欧洲的郎德鹅、莱茵鹅起源于灰雁.     

The adaptation of the morphometric parameters of fat cell size for the purposes of animal science research. 2. Cellularity of subcutaneous adipose tissue of different swine breeds influenced by graduated feed levels and in relation to metabolic data and parameters of body fat degeneration

Measurements of morphological and biochemical parameters in subcutaneous adipose tissue as well as investigations of energy metabolism and fat deposition of 89 male castrated pigs were performed. Breeding lines of swine (German Landrace) had been selected through 8 generations for high ("E(+)-Line") and low ("E(-)-Line") levels of NADPH-generating dehydrogenases. A control group ("K.") without selection was closely paralleled. For 21 days the animals were kept under feeding experiments within 2 sectors of growing period (67 kg, 85 kg body mass), and biopsies of backfat were examined subsequently. The inner layer of subcutaneous adipose tissue showed constantly bigger fat cells than the outer layer. The fat cell size increased generally with fattening and body mass respectively. The cellularity of adipose tissue was dependent significantly on the percentage of the very small fat cells measured up to 30 microns diameter (= "PKF30"). The breeding lines differed slightly with respect to their cellularity: The inner layer showed the gradation E+ greater than K. greater than E- concerning fat cell volumes and fat cell surfaces respectively. The PKF30 correlated significantly with food energy level as well as with the respirationally examined protein retention, particularly in inner layers of younger animals. Relations to the fat deposition (examined respirationally or with the D2O-Method and after slaughter respectively) were recognized, not showing validity for all cases. The parameters of lipogenic activity tested by tissue slice preparations and homogenates respectively correlated negatively with average fat cell size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

天津北大港湿地鸭科鸟类调查

为了解天津北大港湿地的鸭科鸟类种类,2004年11月~2008年3月采用定位观察和线路调查相结合的方法,用计数法和网格计数法取得鸟类种类和数量,并对所得数值采用频率指数估计法,结果为鸭科鸟类8属24种。旅鸟24种,占总种数的100%;冬候鸟4种,占总种数的16.7%;留鸟1种,占总种数的4.2%。古北种13种,占总种数的54.2%;全北型9种,占总种数的37.5%;古北-东洋种2种,占总种数的8.3%。明确豆雁(Anser fabalis)、赤膀鸭(Anas strepera)、绿翅鸭(Anas crecca)、绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)、斑嘴鸭(Anas poe-cilorhyncha)和斑头秋沙鸭(Mergellus albellus)6种为优势种。Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H′):春季>秋季>冬季>夏季。有国家二级保护鸟类4种。     

Analysis of the matrix protein gene sequence of the Asian lineage of peste-des-petits ruminants vaccine virus

The M gene nucleotide sequence of an Indian peste-des-petits ruminants (PPRV) vaccine virus ("PPRV Sungri/96") belonging to Asian lineage was determined. The gene is 1476 nucleotides long with a single open reading frame (ORF). The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence was compared with the homologous region of the African Lineage Vaccine virus "PPRV/Nigeria/75/1". The nucleotide sequence of the "PPRV Sungri/96" was 86% identical to that of "PPRV/Nigeria/75/1", while a homology of 93% and 95% could be observed in the ORF and amino acids level, respectively. The M gene encodes a protein of 335 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight (MW) of 37.8 kDa. The ORF is flanked by a 3' untranslated region of 436 nucleotides and a high level of sequence divergence (approximately 30%) could be observed in this region between the vaccine viruses of Asian and African lineages. A high degree of conservation of several amino acids of this protein observed previously was also confirmed in this study.     

The phosphorus supply of swine between 11 and 38 kg. live weight. 2. The phosphorus, calcium and ash deposit in skeletal and soft tissue homogenates during P deprivation and during the use of two different phosphate feedings and different ration conditions

The influence of phosphorus (P) supply on the content of ash, P and Ca of the skeleton and soft tissue as well on the P deposition in the empty body of pigs (approximately 35 kg live weight) was studied in 3 individual feeding experiments with different diets (P-content 2.97, 2.41 or 3.7 g/kg diet). In each experiment 2 of the 3 groups (7 or 8 animals per group, initial weight approximately 11 kg) were supplemented with the feed grade phosphates "Rükana" or "Cefkaphos". In the experiments the supplemented amount of P as "Rükana" or "Cefkaphos" was 2.50, 2.33 or 0.5 g/kg of the diet. After intake of approximately 65 kg of the diet the animals were slaughtered. Homogenates of bones and soft tissues of the left half of the empty body were analysed for ash, P and Ca. Both of the feed grade phosphates increased these parameters in the skeleton and soft tissues as well the P deposition in the body to the same level. In the middle of the experiments the P deposition per kg live weight gain amounted to 4.6 g ("Rükana") and 4.4 g ("Cefkaphos").     

Morphologic manifestations of gene-specific molecular alterations ("genetic addictions") in mouse models of disease

Neoplasia in both animals and humans results in part from lasting activation of tumor-promoting genes ("oncogenes") or diminished function of genes responsible for preventing neoplastic induction ("tumor suppressor genes"). The concept of "genetic addiction" has emerged to indicate that neoplastic cells cannot maintain a malignant phenotype without sustained genotypic abnormalities related to aberrant activity of oncogene(s) and/or inactivity of tumor suppressor gene(s). Interestingly, some genetic abnormalities reliably produce distinct morphologic patterns that can be used as structural signatures indicating the presence of a specific molecular alteration. Examples of such consistent genetic/microanatomic pairings have been identified for mutated oncogenes, such as rising mucin-producing capacity with RAS overexpression, and mutated tumor suppressor genes-including PTEN eliciting cell hypertrophy, RB1 dictating neuroendocrine differentiation, and TRP53 encouraging sarcomatous transformation. Familiarity with the concept of genetic addiction, as well as the ability to recognize such regular genomic-phenotypic relationships, are of paramount importance for comparative pathologists who are engaged in phenotyping genetically engineered mice to help unravel genomic intricacies in both health and disease.     

Pregnancy detection in putatively unmated mink (Mustela vison) by serum progesterone level

The aim of this study was to determine whether blood plasma progesterone is a reliable indicator of pregnancy in mink at an early stage of gestation. We also attempted to establish the threshold value of progesterone as a pregnancy indicator. The analysis was carried out at a production farm on 42 standard female mink aged 1 year, which were grouped both according to the observed success of mating ("mated" and "unmated") and the level of blood serum progesterone measured afterwards ("pregnant" and "nonpregnant"). It was next verified whether a particular female had been assigned to the proper group in the first place. An analysis of accuracy of mating success assessment within the group of unmated females revealed that more than one-third of decisions were wrong, since some females that had been considered unmated ultimately whelped. This suggests that mating supervision by farm workers lacks reliability. A progesterone test for verification of such management decisions should limit the risk of err,or. We suggest that progesterone tests could be carried out using the threshold values 1.9 ng/ml and 20 ng/ml in blood sampled on 25 March and 8 April, respectively, although some level of uncertainty should be taken into account.     

Flow cytofluorimetric analysis of lymphocyte subset alterations in cattle infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus

Clinically normal, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-seronegative, 7 to 9-month-old steers were inoculated intranasally with NY-1, a noncytopathic strain of BVDV, or exposed intramuscularly to killed BVDV. Indirect immunofluorescence staining with monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine leukocyte subsets followed by flow cytometric analysis was used to monitor subsequent hematologic alterations. Infection with BVDV resulted in a transient leukopenia which was characterized by decreases in the absolute numbers of circulating T lymphocytes, including BoT4+ ("helper") and BoT8+ ("cytotoxic/suppressor") subsets, B lymphocytes, and neutrophils. There was no significant variation in numbers of non-T, non-B ("null") lymphocytes or monocytes. Exposure to inactivated BVDV in a combination vaccine did not cause significant alteration in the circulating numbers of any major leukocyte subset; however, significant variation was seen in the BoT4/BoT8 ratios and in the numbers of cells expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens.     

Diurnal and individual variations in bile acids in the plasma of normal dairy cows

Blood samples were collected every 2 h during a 24 h period from 6 cows of one herd and 10 cows of another herd. In a third herd 9 cows were sampled every 2 h from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. Concentrations of total bile acids, acetoacetate, glucose and free fatty acids were determined in blood plasma. A marked difference in individual bile acid concentrations and patterns of diurnal variation was found. For most cows the highest bile acid values were observed between 2 and 6 a.m. (overall mean (+/- SD) at 6 a.m.: 104 +/- 84 mumol/l, range: 20-307 mumol/l). Fourteen cows with a bile acid value greater than 90 mumol/l at 6 a.m. ("high BA") were characterized as a group by showing a pronounced decrease in the mean bile acid concentration after morning feeding. In the group of 11 cows with a 6 a.m. bile acid value less than 90 mumol/l ("low BA") the time of day did not contribute significantly to the bile acid variation. For the "high BA" group a nearly synchronous variation between the mean values of the 3 feeding dependent parameters (acetoacetate, glucose and free fatty acids) and the mean values of bile acids was found. The within animal coefficients of correlation between bile acids and the feeding dependent parameters were significantly higher in the "high BA" group than in the "low BA" group. No direct connection was found between bile acid levels and the quantity of concentrates fed or the individual milk yield.     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from small and exotic animals at a university hospital during routine microbiological examinations

Clinical specimens of small animals (n=869) were screened for the occurrence of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA; MRSA) during routine microbiological examinations, and results were confirmed by a multiplex PCR strategy. The genetic relatedness of all mecA-positive S. aureus isolates was further investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), PCR for Panton-Valentine leukocidine genes (PVL) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec-typing (SCCmec). A total of 61 S. aureus isolates were found during a 20-month period of investigation, 27 (44.3%) of them harbouring the mecA gene for methicillin-resistance. The majority of MRSA were isolated in specimens from dogs (n=18) and cats (n=4). One guinea pig and one rabbit were found to be positive for an MRSA infected site. Similarly, three exotic animals, a turtle, a bat and a parrot, were found to be infected with MRSA. PFGE and MLST analysis revealed a certain genotype ("A" and "A-1") dominating the isolate collection (23 of 27). Furthermore, one isolate showed homologous PFGE pattern to the German epidemic strain Barnim ("BE") and another one ("BE-1") was considered to be closely related. A third genotype ("B") was detected in two cases. Two different sequence types (ST) were identified among the 27 MRSA isolates. PFGE type "A" and both strains related to the Barnim epidemic strain were assigned to ST22, whereas ST239 was associated to PFGE profile "B". The present data show that certain MRSA genotypes are capable of infecting a wide spectrum of small and exotic animals, especially in clinical facilities.