对搞好公益性农作物品种试验鉴定的探讨

文章针对如何提高公益性农作物品种试验鉴定准确性方面,全面阐述了农作物品种区试、展示需突出抓好的搜集确定参试品种、建立健全试验网络、准确选好试验地、避免人为误差、优选统计分析方法、加强试验繁种生产紧密结合等观点,对搞好品种试验与展示,促进新品种转化有一定的指导作用。     

对加强黑龙江省农作物品种试验审定工作的探讨

黑龙江省农作物品种试验、审定制度从1956年开始实行以来，经历了起步、规章建立、改革发展和提高完善四个阶段。并且逐步行成了“五统一”的审定工作方法，即由省统一组织试验、统一试验技术规程、统一对照品种、统一汇总试验结果，由省统一审定、命名推广品种。20世纪90年代以来，黑龙江省农作物品种审定工作在前一阶段良好的基础上，试验审定体系和工作机制日趋完善。     

怎样搞好农作物品种区域试验

农作物品种区域试验是指新选育或引进的品种经育种单位试验表现优良并有推广可能时 ,在试验主持单位的统一安排下 ,在不同生态区域内选有代表性的若干地点 ,采用同一试验设计所进行的联合品种比较试验和生产试验 ,又称品种区域适应性试验。农作物品种区域试验是科研育种走向生产用种的中间环节 ,是农业生产的一个重要纽带。农作物品种区域试验布点多 ,范围广 ,能在较多样的生态环境和接近大田生产的条件下进行试验。通过区域试验 ,可以对参试品种的适应性和丰产性作出较正确的评价 ,为试验品种的适应范围、推广地区和适宜的生产水平与栽培条…     

对农作物品种展示问题的探讨

文章针对农作物品种推广中存在的主体多元化和品种多乱等问题,以小麦和玉米为重点。概括了品种展示的概念,分析了品种展示的特点及其所起的作用,并在实践的基础上,提出了品种展示应注意的具体问题。     

对农作物品种展示评价工作的思考

农作物品种展示评价是服务乡村振兴,推动现代农业发展的有效途径。对新形势下农作物品种展示评价工作的极端重要性进行简要阐述。通过在全国范围内开展系统调研,归纳总结了当前农作物品种展示评价总体概况,包括展示基地建设、参与展示评价主体和作物情况以及展示评价宣传效果,重点分析了展示评价过程中存在的基地建设不完善、宣传不到位、展示效果未凸显等问题,提出了提高基地综合实力、创新工作机制、提升展示效果等对策建议,以期进一步完善展示评价工作。     

对未来黑龙江省农作物品种试验、审定工作的思考

黑龙江省农作物品种试验、审定制度从1956年开始实行已走过了近半个世纪的历程，经历了起步(1956～1970年)、规章建立(1971～1978年)、改革发展(1979～1988年)和提高完善(1989年至今)4个阶段。共审定推广各类农作物品种836个，其中小麦品种91个，大豆品种147个，水稻品种79个，玉米品种122个．杂粮品种77个，经济作物品种91个，瓜菜品种……     

搞好品种试验的几点体会

农作物品种试验包括区域试验和生产试验,是农作物品种审定工作中最基本、最关键的环节。及时、客观、公正地做好品种试验工作,为品种审定提供科学依据,是每个试验工作人员义不容辞的责任和义务。潍坊市种子管理站自1998年筹建国家区试站以来,每年承担国家和省级小麦、玉米、花生、大豆、棉花等作物多项区试和生产试验,先后有6人次被全国、省农作物品种审定委员会评为区试工作先进个人。现将近年来品种试验工作总结如下。1做好基础设施建设筹建国家级农作物区试站,搞好品种试验工作。市政府无偿划拨3.4hm2土地作为长期试验田,解决了试验田靠…     

对主要农作物品种联合体试验的思考

联合体为进一步挖掘试验潜力,扩大农作物的试验容量奠定了基础,但因联合体组建过程中没有充分的研讨,联合体内部潜在的问题逐渐显现。本文针对目前主要农作物品种联合体试验组建存在的问题,提出了联合体发展的思路与组建方式。     

新形势下县域农作物品种展示评价之可行性探讨

农作物品种展示评价工作的开展,是因应当前农作物品种“井喷式”新形势和新一轮种业管理体制改革新局面,创新构建的服务于用种主体“看禾选种”、加快优良品种推广应用、优化推广品种结构的部省县三级联动共建的展示评价新体系。本文简要阐述了展示评价的重要性,重点分析了当前县域种子展示评价工作面临的突出问题,对深入扎实开展展示评价之可行性进行了着重探讨,以期为全国性开展实施的农作物品种展示评价工作提供参考。     

对加强非主要农作物品种管理的探讨

分析了对非主要农作物品种进行管理的必须性，探讨了对非主要农作物品种进行分类管理及管理办法，并提出了配套管理措施。     

农作物种子管理与植物新品种保护

《中华人民共和国种子法》、《中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例》和《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》等法律法规及其配套办法的实施．为品种管理提供了法律依据和技术保障．使我国种子管理工作逐步走向法制、科学、规范化的轨道。但是,由于各套法律法规出台的时间和背景不同．导致很多种业工作者对农作物种子管理和植物新品种保护两者的关系还存在概念上的模糊．其实这两者之间有共同点也有不同点。     

西安市农作物品种试验示范体系建设的思考

近年来,随着市场经济的深入发展,新优品种的推广模式发生了很大变化,由原来的"科研单位+国有企事业单位+农户"的模式转化为"科研单位+公司+农户"和"公司+农户"的推广模式.新模式加速了新品种的应用进程,但也出现了许多不利于农业增产、农民增收的问题,主要原因一是科研单位急于出成果,二是品种审定把关不严,三是企业为了营利有意夸大宣传新品种,四是农民选种盲目从"新",造成生产上品种多、乱、杂.     

Harvest index and evoluation of major food crop cultivars in the tropics

Summary Relative importance of harvest index (I) and total biomass yield (B) to economic yield (Y) was assessed in several food crops at different levels of environmental productivity. Importance of B is generally higher in low than high yielding environments, while that of I is higher in high than low yielding environments. In some crops B is important throughout different yield levels while in others I is important even in low yielding environments.Past efforts by anonymous farmers have consummated a good part of genetic improvement of crop yields through improvement in B. Many venerable land cultivars of grain crops, adapted to unimproved, limited-input cultural conditions, evolved through this process. The same process may not have thoroughly exhausted the yield improvement opportunity through improving I. Success in yield improvement by modern breeding has been limited mainly to high-input cultural conditions characterized by higher soil fertility and irrigation mainly through improvement in I. Varietal improvement possibility for less productive environments is discussed.     

推进福建农作物新品种DUS测试工作的探讨

阐述农作物新品种DUS测试重要性、迫切性,分析福建DUS测试存在问题,提出推进DUS测试的措施,包括加强监管和指导、增设DUS机构编制和政府购买服务、共享测试结果、新技术应用、跨省间引种合作和借用国际资源等措施。     

基于市场的农作物品种技术价值评估

随着植物品种保护制度的实施,农作物品种技术的交易越来越多,对其转让价值的研究具有重要的意义。本文从供给方和需求方入手,分析出转让双方各自可以接受的价格区间,再根据农作物品种技术所处的市场条件,得出农作物品种技术的价值区间。     

The evaluation of arabica coffee cultivars for resistance to coffee berry disease: Some comments

Summary The preselection test as used in the Kenya arabica coffee breeding program was critically examined prior to use in a similar program in Uganda, since the criticism by Van der Graaff (1982) of the an der Vossen et al., scaling technique for measurement of seedling resistance to Colletotrichum coffeanum may alter the interpretation of results.The published data were re-analysed using non-parametric statistical techniques and it is concluded that, despite the criticism, the method appears to give satisfactory results. It is suggested however, that the mode of the distribution obtained by the selection test be considered as a suitable alternative to the mean in the interpretation of results.     

Diversity of crop development traits and nitrogen use efficiency among potato cultivars grown under contrasting nitrogen regimes

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) requires abundant nitrogen (N) to perform well and has low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). We assessed phenotypic variation among 189 potato cultivars for NUE and the association between NUE and ecophysiological variables describing canopy development (CDv), under high and low N input. In 2009 and 2010, 189 cultivars were grown with N supply (soil N + fertiliser N) of 75 or 180 kg N/ha at Bant, the Netherlands. CDv was assessed weekly as the percentage of soil covered by green potato leaves (%SC). Data were analysed using a model that described CDv as a function of thermal time, based on the Beta function and estimates of cardinal temperatures. Nitrogen significantly affected model-derived, biologically relevant, curve-fit parameters for each cultivar. The t 1 (i.e., thermal time required to reach maximum soil cover (Vx)) was higher at low than at high N. Other parameters were higher at high than at low N, especially Vx and the period over which it was maintained. Nitrogen also affected tuber dry matter yield, tuber size and weight distributions, N content and N uptake but not tuber dry matter percentage. The total area under the %SC curve was highly correlated with yield in both years. Cultivars performing well under high N also performed well under low N. There was large variation in NUE component traits among cultivars; maturity type partially explained this variation. Variables of the CDv model captured this variation, N effects on light interception and its correlation with yield.     

The biotechnology of crop legumes

Summary The absence of variety-independent gene transfer methods for major agronomic species has, until now, limited the usefulness of recombinant DNA techniques to crop improvement programs. Until recently, only Solanaceous crops could be used to study fundamental and applied problems in plant sciences. During the past five years rapid advances in cell biology, in combination with the development of novel gene transfer methodology allowed utilization of the tools of plant molecular biology in conventional breeding programs. Cereal and leguminous species were considered to be recalcitrant to genetic manipulation. As a result of the development of direct DNA transfer methodology into organized tissue, we are now in a position to introduce any foreign gene into almost all of the major cereals and legumes. This can be achieved efficiently, often in a variety-independent fashion. The object of this review is to provide a comprehensive account of the state of the art in gene transfer for the cultivated leguminous crops. Important oilseed and feed species primarily in industrialized countries, as well as minor but equally important species for sustaining growth populations in developing countries will be examined. Advantages of the various gene transfer methods that were shown to be useful for specific crops, as well as limitations and problems associated with each crop and gene transfer method will be discussed. Data from field trials of transgenic legumes, where available, will be presented.     

A model-based approach to assist variety evaluation in sunflower crop

Assessing the performance and the characteristics (e.g. yield, quality, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance) of new varieties is a key component of crop performance improvement. However, the variety testing process is presently exclusively based on experimental field approaches which inherently reduces the number and the diversity of experienced combinations of varieties × environmental conditions in regard of the multiplicity of growing conditions within the cultivation area. Our aim is to make a greater and faster use of the information issuing from these trials using crop modeling and simulation to amplify the environmental and agronomic conditions in which the new varieties are tested.In this study, we present a model-based approach to assist variety testing and implement this approach on sunflower crop, using the SUNFLO simulation model and a subset of 80 trials from a large multi-environment trial (MET) conducted each year by agricultural extension services to compare newly released sunflower hybrids. After estimating parameter values (using plant phenotyping) to account for new genetic material, we independently evaluated the model prediction capacity on the MET (relative RMSE for oil yield was 16.4%; model accuracy was 54.4%) and its capacity to rank commercial hybrids for performance level (relative RMSE was 11%; Kendall's τ = 0.41, P < 0.01). We then designed a numerical experiment by combining the previously tested genetic and new cropping conditions (2100 virtual trials) to determine the best varieties and related management in representative French production regions. Finally, we proceeded to optimize the variety-environment-management choice: growing different varieties according to cultivation areas was a better strategy than relying on the global adaptation of varieties. We suggest that this approach could find operational outcomes to recommend varieties according to environment types. Such spatial management of genetic resources could potentially improve crop performance by reducing the genotype–phenotype mismatch in farming environments.