微波预处理对玉米秸秆的组分提取及糖化的影响

为了分离得到玉米秸秆中的半纤维素、木质素,改善纤维素的酶水解可及性,对玉米秸秆进行了二步微波预处理法研究.考察了秸秆粒径、液固比、碱及甘油用量、微波功率与处理时间对半纤维素和木质素得率的影响;探讨了预处理后秸秆的酶水解性能.得到的优化预处理条件为:玉米秸秆粒径40～80目;微波-碱预处理功率116.7 W/g、时间10 min、液固比20 mL/g、碱用量150％(质量分数);微波-甘油预处理功率66.7 W/g、处理时间30 min、液固比20mL/g、甘油质量分数100％.试样结果表明:经微波预处理后每10 g玉米秸秆最终可得到2.48 g半纤维素、0.95 g木质素,3.55 g还原糖;二步微波预处理不仅能够提取出玉米秸秆中的半纤维素、木质素,而且提高了纤维素水解的酶可及性,实现了组分的分离.     

加压氨解预处理玉米秸秆糖化工艺研究

以玉米秸秆糖化为目的,研究加压氨解预处理对玉米秸秆还原糖产量和脱除木质素的影响,以确定其最佳工艺条件。结果表明:影响加压氨解预处理的主要因素是氨水浓度和粒径,其最优条件为氨水浓度15%,时间6min,压力0.075MPa,基质浓度150g/L,粒径1mm,可以获得1.74%的还原糖得率和43.30%的木质素去除率。     

复合菌系MC1预处理对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷效率的提高

采用高效纤维素分解菌复合系MC1对玉米秸秆进行预处理,以提高玉米秸秆厌氧甲烷发酵的效率和产气量。复合菌系预处理的结果表明,预处理发酵液的pH值呈先下降后升高的趋势,与以往的复合菌系发酵产物pH值特性相似。在14 d的预处理过程中,秸秆质量减少了59.0%,其中纤维素减少了53.1%,半纤维素减少了76.4%。发酵液中的可溶性糖含量最大值出现在第2 d,为1.44 g/L。化学需氧量（COD）和挥发性产物最大值均出现在第4 d,监测到的5种挥发性产物的量分别为乙醇2.38 g/L、乙酸0.57 g/L、丙酸0.11 g/L、丁酸0.62 g/L和甘油0.22 g/L,因此,处理4 d后最适合甲烷发酵。厌氧发酵的结果表明,与未处理的玉米秸秆的厌氧发酵相比,预处理后的秸秆总产气量和总甲烷量分别了提高了33.0%和58.1%。结果表明,MC1对玉米秸秆预处理后,可明显提高甲烷产量,具有较高的利用潜力。     

太阳能蒸汽爆破和微波预处理对玉米秸秆产沼气的影响

为提高秸秆沼气工程效率,该文以玉米秸秆为原料,分别采用太阳能蒸汽爆破和微波辐射2种方法对其进行预处理,考察中温(35℃)条件下2种预处理方法的产沼气效果。试验结果表明:在接种量200g、发酵温度35℃、启动负荷22.6g/L(以总固体TS计)的试验条件下,2种方法均可破坏玉米秸秆原有刚性结构,使其易与厌氧微生物接触而被降解,其纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量分别降低7.82%、50.56%、36.33%和20.13%、20.97%、54.03%;2种方法预处理后玉米秸秆沼气发酵TS(总固体)产气率分别达到239.89和281.45mL/g,VS(挥发性固体)产气率分别达到296.02和332.28mL/g,日均产气量分别达到320和334mL(分别高于对照15.11%和20.14%),同时料液滞留时间比对照分别减少42.11%和31.58%。该研究为秸秆预处理及提高秸秆沼气工程发酵效率提供了参考。     

稻草秸秆的碱性臭氧预处理效果

为了研究碱性臭氧预处理对稻草秸秆酶水解、表观结构及成分的影响,将稻草秸秆碱性臭氧预处理后进行酶水解,对处理前后的稻草秸秆进行了扫描电镜观察及成分分析,并对处理后溶液进行了紫外光谱分析。结果表明：碱性臭氧预处理能将稻草秸秆中的木质素氧化降解为小分子的有机酸,降低了稻草秸秆中木质素的含量,提高了纤维素的含量。扫描电镜观察显示经碱性臭氧预处理过的稻草秸秆,机械组织暴露,孔隙度大,酶解的有效比表面积大。在pH值5.0、每单位底物加酶量31.2 mg/g、45℃条件下,碱性臭氧预处理稻草秸秆酶水解120 h时还原糖达到了902 mg/g,糖化率为92.57%。在相同酶解条件下,碱性预处理与未处理稻草秸秆的糖化率分别为74.90%与53.53%。碱性臭氧预处理稻草秸秆的糖化率明显高于碱性预处理与未处理稻草秸秆的糖化率。     

小麦秸秆纤维素均相醚化制备羧甲基纤维素工艺优化

为了利用小麦秸秆通过均相反应制备羧甲基纤维素(CMC,carboxymethyl cellulose),采用氢氧化钠和过氧化氢回流加热法制备小麦秸秆纤维素。以加入氧化锌的氢氧化钠/尿素/硫脲体系为溶剂,采用冻融循环法溶解小麦秸秆纤维素,利用正交试验获得了该溶解体系的最佳组成。在溶解了小麦秸秆纤维素的氢氧化钠/尿素/硫脲/氧化锌的体系中,以氯乙酸钠为醚化剂制备CMC,并对其进行红外光谱分析和取代度(degree of substitution,DS)测定。结果表明:在固液比为1∶20 g/mL,质量分数为10%NaOH,反应温度为85℃,回流3.5 h和固液比为1∶30 g/m L,质量分数为3%H_2O_2,反应温度为85℃,回流3 h处理小麦秸秆,纤维素提取率最高为84.61%,同时能较好的脱除半纤维素和木质素;最佳溶解体系为:质量分数为7%NaOH,11%硫脲,5%尿素,0.05%氧化锌,0℃时,最大溶解度为2.880 1 g。红外光谱试验表明小麦秸秆纤维素与微晶纤维素特征吸收峰基本一致,醚化反应生成的CMC与商品CMC的特征吸收峰基本一致。CMC的取代度受纤维素用量、温度和氯乙酸钠与纤维素葡萄糖单元(AGU,anhydroglucose unit)的摩尔比影响,随纤维素用量和氯乙酸钠与纤维素AGU的摩尔比增大而提高,随醚化温度的增加先增大(55℃)后降低。研究结果为以小麦秸秆为原料,经NaOH和H_2O_2处理获得纤维素,溶解在加入氧化锌的氢氧化钠/尿素/硫脲体系中,与氯乙酸钠经过均相醚化反应合成取代度较高的CMC提供参考。     

乙二醇-氯化铁预处理对棉秆酶水解效率的影响

为提高棉秆的纤维素酶水解效率,该研究以乙二醇为预处理溶剂,氯化铁为催化剂对棉秆进行预处理,实现了棉秆木质素和半纤维素的有效去除,提高了酶水解效率。以木质素和半纤维素的去除率为指标,运用正交试验方法优化乙二醇-氯化铁预处理条件。结果表明,棉秆在90%乙二醇水溶液,0.1 mol/L氯化铁,固液比1∶15,160 ℃条件下处理20 min,木质素和半纤维素去除率分别为85.7%和88.9%。相较原料,预处理后棉秆酶解率提高了7.6倍,葡萄糖产率达到100%（基质浓度5%,酶载量8.3 FPU/g,水解72 h条件下）。通过结构表征发现乙二醇-氯化铁预处理使棉秆的比表面积增大,致密结构被破坏,有效提高了棉秆的纤维素酶可及性。     

微波强化酸预处理玉米秸秆乙醇化工艺研究

采用酸预处理正交试验和微波强化酸预处理试验,研究时间、温度、基质浓度、硫酸浓度及粒径对玉米秸秆糖化预处理效果的影响。结果表明：酸预处理时,时间、温度、硫酸浓度、基质浓度、粒径5个因素都是主要影响因子,其最佳条件为：时间2 h、温度130℃、硫酸浓度3%、基质浓度35 g/L、粒径0.50 mm;微波可强化酸预处理效果,提高糖化速度,秸秆还原糖得率与酸预处理的得率基本持平,微波强化酸预处理的最优条件为:粒径0.50 mm、基质浓度35 g/L,硫酸浓度4%,在255 W微波作用下预处理60 min。     

不同预处理方法对稻草秸秆固态酶解特性的影响

该文研究了自然堆积、超声波、NaOH溶液以及H2SO4溶液等不同方法预处理后的稻草秸秆基质固态酶解特性,结合SEM电镜扫描、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及X射线衍射对预处理前后稻草秸秆基质的结构特性进行了观察和分析,获得了稻草秸秆固态酶解的最佳预处理条件。结果表明自然堆积9d、质量分数分别为1.0%的NaOH溶液和15%的H2SO4溶液、超声40min的预处理条件能有效除去包裹在纤维素基质外表面的木质素和半纤维素,提高基质的酶解糖化效率。该试验中质量分数为1.0%的NaOH溶液预处理后的稻草秸秆通过酶解作用获得的还原糖产率最高,为126.3mg/g。该研究可为探索提高纤维素基质酶解糖化效率的方法提供参考。     

不同NaOH/球磨复合预处理对玉米秸秆酶解效果的影响

农作物秸秆的生物转化是木质纤维类生物质能源化利用的重要手段之一。为了探究室温条件下不同机械化学复合预处理对玉米秸秆酶解效果的影响,该研究以玉米秸秆为研究对象,以单独NaOH处理为对照,在不同NaOH质量分数(0、1%、2%和3%)条件下,分别进行了干法和湿法2种NaOH/球磨复合预处理。使用CellicCtec2(Novozymes,丹麦)进行了不同预处理玉米秸秆72 h酶解试验,系统表征了不同预处理玉米秸秆的粒径、结晶度、表面微观形貌、木质纤维组成和官能团变化,分析了不同预处理玉米秸秆理化性质对酶解影响及其相关性。结果表明：干法和湿法NaOH/球磨复合预处理均显著提高了玉米秸秆葡萄糖产率,且随NaOH质量分数增加(从1%提升至3%),不同NaOH/球磨复合预处理玉米秸秆葡萄糖产率显著提升(P<0.01),当NaOH质量分数为3%时,其葡萄糖产率分别达到71.0%和73.1%。无论干法和湿法NaOH/球磨复合预处理,其酶解葡萄糖产率均与纤维素质量分数和平均粒径D₅₀显著正相关(P<0.01),与木质素质量分数显著负相关(P<0.01);干法NaO...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.