低比转速离心泵内部流场分析及试验

为了研究低比转速离心泵内部流动特性,对10种不同设计方案的低比转速离心泵进行了数值模拟和性能预测,讨论了叶轮和蜗壳的关键几何参数对内部流场和外特性的影响,分析了不同设计方案下泵内的静压、流线、速度和湍动能等分布,并针对复合式叶轮短叶片的分布位置和蜗壳喉部面积进行了对比试验。试验结果表明,该文优选的方案D,通过增加偏置短叶片后,扬程提高了5.5 m,效率提高了3.23%;增大蜗壳内部和喉部面积后,5种设计方案的额定点扬程均提高了约10 m,效率提高了约5%,且扩大了高效区范围。该研究将为低比转速离心泵的性能     

离心泵内部非定常压力场的数值研究

为研究离心泵内部压力随叶轮旋转的变化,采用FLUENT提供的滑移网格技术对设计工况下离心泵内的非定常流动进行了数值计算,分析了离心泵内部非定常流动的规律。结果表明：离心泵内部流动的非对称特性和非定常特性明显;离心泵出口和叶片进口压力的波动对离心泵性能影响较大;在蜗壳中部截面S2和蜗壳出口截面S3上,静压的波动主要受叶片和蜗舌相对位置的影响,而动压的波动主要受叶片和截面相对位置的影响;两截面上沿蜗壳径向静压增大,动压减小;沿蜗壳周向静压随圆周角的增大而增大,而动压略成下降趋势。该分析为研究离心泵内流现象,降低离心泵的汽蚀、振动和噪声提供了有益的借鉴。     

离心泵内叶轮与蜗壳间耦合流动的三维紊流数值模拟

根据离心泵通道的几何和流场特点,探讨了离心泵叶轮通道结构化多块网格划分中的一些处理方法。同时求解三维时均Ｎ-Ｓ方程,并采用“冻结转子法”处理叶轮与蜗壳间动静耦合流动的参数传递和相互干扰问题,对某一设计工况下离心泵内的全三维紊流场进行了计算,捕捉到了离心泵叶轮内、叶轮与蜗壳间及蜗壳内的压力分布、速度分布和旋涡的结构与演化特征等重要流动信息。结果表明,该方法能够较为准确地预测出离心泵叶轮与蜗壳间及内部的流动特性,所得结果对进行离心泵的水力设计或改型优化设计等研究具有重要的指导意义。     

无过载离心泵结构参数优化设计

低比转数离心泵轴功率曲线随流量的增大而急剧上升,最大轴功率与设计点功率之比远大于一般离心泵的相应值,很容易在大流量区引起配套电机过载。为了实现无过载性能、保证泵运行的可靠性,该文在前人研究成果的基础上,采用改变叶轮几何参数和堵塞部分叶轮流道相结合的方法,对IS50-32-160型无过载离心泵进行了优化设计。利用商业软件Fluent,对两叶片间流道有效部分出口和进口面积之比FII/FI与低比转数离心泵性能的关系进行了研究,当堵塞1/4流道,FII/FI为1.17时,效率曲线平坦,轴功率曲线在大流量区内出现极值,呈现出无过载特性。结果表明:采用该方法可以在实现无过载性能的前提下,有效地改善无过载离心泵的性能。     

交错叶片对三通道蜗壳离心泵水动力性能的影响

为改善筒袋泵水动力性能,基于SST k-ω湍流模型,对立式筒袋泵首级叶轮进行三维非定常数值模拟,采用时-频域数据处理法,对各个监测点的压力脉动进行分析,主要研究了同一叶轮模型下蜗壳不同截面的压力脉动情况及不同交错角对离心泵内压力脉动和径向力的影响。结果表明:在三隔舌三通道蜗壳内,每隔120°压力脉动情况相似;随着交错角度的增加,距离隔舌较近且顺着叶片旋转方向的监测点压力脉动下降最多,压力脉动标准差下降了85%以上;叶轮所受径向力最多下降了60%;叶片交错后液体在轴向方向上会更容易产生流动,导致流动损失但有助于平稳蜗壳内的压力。综上所述,采用交错叶片有助于提高筒袋泵水动力性能。该研究为交错叶片结构在筒袋泵中的应用提供了参考。     

单流道离心泵定常非定常性能预测及湍流模型工况适用性

为了评价计算流体动力学在单流道离心泵性能预测中的精度,以一台比转速为140的单流道离心泵作为研究对象,基于试验测试结果,对比分析了定常及非定常计算方法的性能预测结果,研究了标准k-ε湍流模型(Standard k-ε)、重正化群k-ε湍流模型(Renormalization group k-ε,RNG k-ε),标准k-ω湍流模型(Standard k-ω)和SST k-ω湍流模型(Shear stress transport k-ω,SST k-ω)4种湍流模型在单流道离心泵内流计算中的适用性,并分析了泵内的流动。结果表明,单流道离心泵内流的CFD计算应采用非定常方法;小流量工况下,单流道泵的内流CFD(Computational fluid dynamics)计算应采用SST k-ω模型,扬程、效率和功率偏差均比较小,分别为0.38%、3.12百分点和5.59%;设计工况和大流量工况下的内流计算应采用RNG k-ε模型,扬程预测偏差在3%以内,效率预测偏差在4个百分点以内,功率预测偏差在4%以内;小流量工况时,单流道叶轮叶片进口边下游压力面流道内出现较严重的流动分离和回流现象;单流道叶轮出口环面的低压区位置位于叶片出口边上游,且紧靠出口边。研究结果可为单流道离心泵CFD性能预测提供参考。     

不同型式隔舌离心泵动静干涉作用的数值模拟

为了研究不同型式隔舌对离心泵动静干涉作用的影响,分别对长舌、中舌和短舌3种不同型式隔舌的离心泵采用大涡模拟动态亚格子湍流模型进行三维非稳态数值模拟,通过非定常数值计算获得了不同型式隔舌离心泵隔舌处压力脉动特性和作用在叶轮和蜗壳上的径向力特性,并对其进行比较分析.结果表明:由于受到动静干涉的影响,不同工况下作用在叶轮上的...     

叶片包角对离心泵流动诱导振动噪声的影响

为研究叶片包角对离心泵流动诱导振动噪声的影响,以一台单级单吸离心泵为研究对象,保持泵体和叶轮其他几何参数不变,将叶片包角从115°分别改为110°、120°和125°。基于离心泵流动诱导振动噪声的试验测试系统,在离心泵闭式试验台上测量了不同叶片包角模型泵在不同流量下的振动和噪声信号并对其进行了处理和分析。试验结果表明:模型泵内部流动诱导的振动对泵体的影响最大,包角为125°时模型泵的振动强度相对较弱;随着叶片包角的增加,泵进口法兰测点a1和泵出口法兰测点a2处振动强度大致呈先增加后降低的趋势,泵体测点a3和泵脚测点a4处的振动强度无明显变化规律;在不同流量工况下,随着叶片包角的增加,模型泵噪声信号的轴频峰值呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,而叶频能量峰值变化较为复杂。该研究可为低振动低噪声离心泵的水力优化设计提供参考。     

深井离心泵内部非定常流动的压力脉动特性分析

为了分析深井离心泵内部的非定常压力脉动特性,该文基于标准k-ε湍流模型和滑移网格模型,应用SIMPLEC算法,在CFD软件Fluent中对深井离心泵内部全流场进行三维非定常数值计算,得到了额定工况下流道内不同位置的压力脉动特性,并通过快速傅里叶变换进行了频域分析。结果表明,网格数对数值计算结果影响较大;在叶轮出口与导叶进口交界处,叶轮叶片与导叶叶片的动静耦合是产生压力脉动的原因;压力脉动周期与叶轮叶片数相关,导叶叶片数对压力脉动周期影响较小;叶片通过频率是影响压力脉动的主要因素。该文为改善泵体结构,进一步提高深井离心泵的使用可靠性提供了依据。     

半高导叶端面间隙对离心泵水力性能影响的数值模拟与验证

离心泵中存在各种间隙,其间隙流动极其复杂,易出现泄漏流、间隙涡等复杂湍流,影响离心泵的水力性能及运行稳定性.该文结合数值模拟与试验方法,采用SSTk–ω湍流模型,研究半高导叶端面间隙对离心泵水力性能及内部流场的影响规律,重点探讨半高导叶端面间隙对离心泵水力性能的影响机理.结果表明,适当的半高导叶端面间隙能有效改善离心泵水力性能,拓宽其高效区,导叶叶高为1.0时,最高效率点流量37.5m3/h处,而导叶叶高为0~0.8时,其最高效率点流量42.5m3/h处;导叶端面间隙为0.4~0.6导叶叶高时,离心泵的效率与扬程最优,且最大效率为57.5%;在0.6倍设计工况、0.8倍设计工况和1.0倍设计工况时,带半高导叶端面间隙的离心泵中叶轮做功和导叶内总压损失均高于普通导叶式离心泵,在0.6倍设计工况,导叶叶高为1.0时叶轮做功比导叶叶高为0~0.8时叶轮做功低将近7m水头,且在0.6倍设计工况和0.8倍设计工况下,导叶叶高为0时导叶内总压损失平均值比导叶叶高为1.0时分别高6.66m、4.62m水头;在1.2倍设计工况和1.4倍设计工况时,其叶轮做功和导叶内总压损失均低于普通导叶式离心泵;在各流量工况下,带导叶端面间隙的离心泵中蜗壳内总压损失均小于普通导叶式离心泵;随着流量增加,带半高导叶端面间隙的离心泵中叶轮-导叶动静干涉作用在逐渐减弱,叶轮-蜗壳动静干涉作用逐渐凸显.研究结果为离心泵导叶优化设计提供参考.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.