香薷的重金属耐性与吸收性研究

采用温室土培盆栽试验和水培试验方法,研究了重金属复合污染条件下香薷的Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb耐性和吸收性.结果表明,土培试验中,各重金属处理条件未对香薷造成毒害,香薷均生长良好,且各处理间生物量无显著差异;香薷地上部Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb浓度最高分别为12.1、100、0.83、11.3 mg/kg.水培试验条件下,Cu 50 μmol/L、Zn 200 μmol/L+Cd 10 μmol/L及Pb 100 μmol/L处理时香薷均生长良好,且生物量与对照均无显著差异,根部Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb浓度最高为2 270、1 648、1 029、25 331 mg/kg; Cu 100 μmol/L处理时香薷生物量显著低于对照,但并未死亡,该处理下香薷叶片丙二醛、还原型谷胱甘肽、可溶性糖浓度均显著高于对照.两组试验表明,香薷对Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb有极强的耐性,是一种良好的可栽种于重金属污染土壤的经济作物.     

铜对伴矿景天生长及锌镉吸收性的影响

利用植物生长室水培试验和温室土培盆栽试验相结合,研究了Cu对Zn、Cd超积累植物伴矿景天生长及Zn、Cd吸收性的影响。水培试验结果显示,0.31～50μmol/L Cu处理14天对伴矿景天生长及对Zn、Cd吸收性没有显著影响;但100μmol/L Cu处理显著抑制植物生长,降低地上部Zn、Cd及根中Cd浓度,对根中Zn浓度变化没有显著影响。盆栽试验结果发现,在土壤Cu仅为3.61 mg/kg时伴矿景天生长不良,外加Cu显著促进其生长并随Cu浓度升高效应增加;但施用3 mmol/kgEDDS和再次外加250 mg/kg Cu处理使伴矿景天因体内Cu积累量过高而导致明显毒害,地上部Cu最高达1 068 mg/kg。可见低量Cu处理可促进伴矿景天生长,利于植物对土壤Zn、Cd的吸取修复,但土壤中Cu浓度过高将抑制Zn、Cd超积累植物的生长,降低其Zn、Cd吸收能力,在利用该Zn、Cd超积累植物修复高Cu的Zn和Cd污染土壤时应采取适当措施降低Cu毒害效应。     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复研究Ⅰ.金属富集植物Brassica juncea对铜、锌、镉、铅污染的响应

用来修复污染土壤的理想植物应具有高的生物量并能忍耐和积累污染物.印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)能富集多种重金属且生物量较大.本文研究了Zn、Cd、Cu、Pb 4种重金属对印度芥菜生长的影响,特别是重金属对印度芥菜地上部生物量的影响.结果表明,在含Cu 250 mg/kg、Pb 500mg/kg或Zn 500mg/kg的污染土壤上,印度芥菜能够忍耐,正常生长.印度芥菜在含Cd 200 mg/kg的土壤上发生镉毒而出现失绿黄化症状,Cd与中等浓度的Zn、Cu、Pb共存时毒害更为严重.这种植物适合Cu、Zn、Pb中等污染土壤的修复.     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复研究Ⅰ.金属富集植物Brassica juncea对铜、锌、镉、铅污染的响应

用来修复污染土壤的理想植物应具有高的生物量并能忍耐和积累污染物。印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)能富集多种重金属且生物量较大。本文研究了Zn、Cd、Cu、Pb 4种重金属对印度芥菜生长的影响,特别是重金属对印度芥菜地上部生物量的影响。结果表明,在含Cu 250 mg/kg、Pb 500mg/kg或Zn 500mg/kg的污染土壤上,印度芥菜能够忍耐,正常生长。印度芥菜在含Cd 200 mg/kg的土壤上发生镉毒而出现失绿黄化症状,Cd与中等浓度的Zn、Cu、Pb共存时毒害更为严重。这种植物适合Cu、Zn、Pb中等污染土壤的修复。     

3种能源草在铅锌矿区土壤中的生长及其对重金属的富集特性

采用土壤盆栽试验,研究紫色皇竹草、甜象草、柳枝稷3种能源草在铅锌矿区原状重金属污染土壤中的生长及其对Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu的吸收累积特性。结果表明,3种能源草在铅锌矿区重金属污染土壤中生长正常,外观均未表现出明显的受毒害症状,具有良好的适应性。在3种能源草中的重金属含量分别为Pb130.74~1 135.11mg/kg,Zn 88.51~269.07mg/kg,Cd 2.87~8.07mg/kg,Cu 6.64~55.45mg/kg。以转运系数(TF)和富集系数(BF)讨论3种能源草对重金属的转运富集能力,发现不同植物对不同重金属的TF和BF有较大差异。除柳枝稷对Zn的TF值为2.622,甜象草对Cd的BF值为1.021 4外,能源草对重金属的其余TF和BF值均小于1.0。根据植株的生长状况、重金属含量、富集能力和转运能力,说明3种能源草均能在铅锌矿区重金属复合污染土壤中正常生长,并可用于以Pb为主的重金属复合污染土壤的修复。     

重金属污染土壤中菠菜对铅吸收和累积规律的研究

通过盆栽试验对苗期和收获期菠菜地上部和地下部的重金属含量进行测定,并计算各元素的累积率和分配率,以了解土壤Pb污染和重金属复合污染条件下菠菜Pb的吸收和积累规律。结果表明,Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染条件下对Pb毒害起到抑制作用;在Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染条件下,Cd、Cu、Zn等金属离子的存在抑制了菠菜根系对Pb离子的吸收,而对菠菜植株内Pb离子的运转影响不大。在本试验条件下,Pb元素在地上部的分配率较低,为14.73%～28.72%。     

芦苇对白洋淀底泥重金属污染程度的影响效应研究

取白洋淀底泥制成3种不同厚度的基质种植芦苇，另外设置不含底泥的麦地土壤和旱地芦苇土壤，定期对基质采样，测定底泥中重金属Cu，Cd，Pb，Zn浓度并进行比较分析。试验表明，底泥和供试麦地土壤和芦苇土壤已受到重金属Cu，Cd，Pb，Zn不同程度污染；Cd浓度均已超过全国土壤质量三级标准，分别为1．35～1．59mg／kg和1．078～1．16mg／kg，污染程度严重。其次为Pb和Zn，Cu为轻微污染。随着芦苇的生长，底泥和麦地及芦苇土壤中大部分重金属浓度呈不同程度下降趋势，表明芦苇对有害重金属有一定抗性和富集作用，旨在为底泥污染治理提供科学依据。     

铜锌铅复合污染土壤上香薷植物的生长和重金属吸收动态

盆栽试验研究了海州香薷和紫花香薷在Cu、Zn、Pb复合污染泥沙土上的重金属耐性与吸收动态。结果发现,在Cu、Zn、Pb全量分别为223、1068、232mg/kg的土壤上,两种香薷植物地上部生物量随生长时间的延长其增长趋势明显,其中叶片积累的生物量略高于茎秆积累的生物量;在整个生长期中重金属含量呈现动态变化,重金属吸收量有增加趋势。     

赤泥对重金属污染红壤修复效果及其评价

以赤泥作为原位固定剂,采用盆栽试验从土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn有效态含量,菜心(Brassicaparachinensis)生长及吸收积累Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn含量3个方面探讨不同赤泥用量对重金属污染红壤的固定修复效果,并用毒性淋出试验TCLP法对其生态风险进行评价。结果表明:菜心在未加赤泥的重金属污染土壤中生长受到严重抑制,在加入赤泥的土壤下生长良好,生物产量显著提高,茎叶干重与赤泥量呈二次相关,5.0mg/kg赤泥处理下菜心产量最大。土壤pH值随赤泥用量的增加而升高,二者呈显著正相关。土壤Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn有效态含量均与赤泥用量呈显著负相关关系;与未加赤泥相比,土壤Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn有效态含量降低范围分别为0.9%～34.2%,29.8%～96.8%,59.9%～96.4%,41.1%～92.7%。加入赤泥显著降低菜心茎叶重金属含量,其重金属含量随赤泥用量的增加而降低;与未加赤泥处理相比,茎叶Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn含量降低分别为68.6%～88.6%,87.3%～96.1%,76.6%～80.3%,79.1%～93.3%。2.5mg/kg赤泥处理下土壤生态风险最小。     

EDTA与EDDS螯合诱导印度芥菜吸取修复重金属复合污染土壤研究

盆栽试验比较研究了EDTA和易降解的EDDS对复合污染土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的活化能力及印度芥菜对4种重金属的吸收与转运特征。结果表明:施用量相同的条件下,EDDS活化土壤Cu的能力与EDTA相当;而EDDS活化土壤Zn、Pb、Cd,尤其是活化土壤Pb、Cd的能力小于EDTA,这与两种螯合剂与不同重金属形成螯合物的稳定常数相一致。向复合污染土壤中施入3mmol/kg和6mmol/kgEDDS均可诱导印度芥菜叶中超量积累Cu。本研究中3mmol/kgEDDS的不同施用方式(单次施,分2次和4次施)对印度芥菜叶片Cu含量的影响差异不显著。各处理印度芥菜叶中的重金属浓度要远高于茎中的浓度,茎中的Cu浓度随土壤溶液Cu浓度线性增加,而叶中Cu的浓度随土壤溶液Cu浓度先增加后下降。     

重金属单一污染对龙须草生长与生理生化特性的影响

试验研究了不同处理水平下Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As单一污染对龙须草生长和生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:龙须草地下部对重金属的抗性大干地上部,种植龙须草的污染土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu的土壤临界值可分别设定为10mg／kg、300mg／kg和100mg／kg;龙须草叶绿素含量随重金属处理浓度的增加呈先升后降趋势,但其总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a／b值均低于对照;龙须草SOD活性随Zn、As单一污染处理浓度的增加呈先升后降趋势,而随其他3种重金属处理浓度的增加呈下降趋势;龙须草CAT和POD的活性随As处理浓度的增加呈上升趋势,而随其他4种重金属处理浓度的增加呈先升后降趋势。     

Chemical Evaluation of Compost Produced at a Large Greek Mechanical Biological Treatment Plant: Metal Availability and Phytotoxicity

ABSTRACT

The present work investigates the impact of municipal solid waste mechanical separation and industrial composting on the metal content of composts and assesses the availability of Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn at different maturation stages of compost produced at the largest mechanical biological treatment plant in Greece. Substantial metal contamination of composts was found to take place within the industrial facility, attributed to segmentation and sorption mechanisms during composting. In fresh compost, Zn is present in mobile fractions (41%), Cu is mostly held on the less mobile organic phases (57%), Cd is mostly present in bioavailable forms (51%), whereas Pb and Cr are associated with less mobile phases, such as Fe-Mn oxides and organic molecules. Cd, Cu, and Zn migrate to more inert phases during compost maturation, paralleled by the decrease of overall metal leachability. Cu and Pb concentrations (mg kg^?1) exceeded the permissible limits in both composts (Fresh: Cu: 213 ± 48, Pb: 128 ± 69; Mature: Cu: 263 ± 1, Pb: 158 ± 29) and water leachates (Fresh: Cu: 106 ± 4, Zn: 126 ± 13; Mature: Cu: 50 ± 0.50, Zn: 118 ± 20). Nevertheless, toxic effects were not observed in monocot, dicot, or aquatic biosensor plants as indicated by radicle and shoot growth and visual quality ratings. Since metal availability in composts is related to their leaching potential, metal speciation studies should be conducted in leachates for the appropriate characterization of industrial composts.     

Time-course of heavy metal uptake in maize and clover as affected by root density and different mycorrhizal inoculation regimes

A pot experiment was conducted to test the effect of three microbial regimes on the time course of heavy metal uptake in clover and maize from an industrially polluted soil. The three treatments included: (1) an intact flora of bacteria and fungi, including indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi together with soil microfauna; (2) the indigenous bacterial/fungal flora except AM fungi, reintroduced into sterilized soil; or (3) the same bacterial/fungal flora plus an AM fungus. For the final harvest, two pot sizes were included to assess the effect of root density. Plant uptake of P and heavy metals varied according to plant species, harvest time and soil treatment. For both plant species, shoot concentration of Zn, Cd and Cu decreased and Ni increased with plant age. Plants growing in sterilized soil with reintroduced AM fungi generally grew better, but contained higher concentrations of heavy metals than those colonized by indigenous AM fungi. Plants with mycorrhiza frequently contained more P, Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb in roots and shoots compared to nonmycorrhizal plants. Elevated root/shoot concentration ratios of P and metals indicate a sequestration of metal phosphates in mycorrhizal roots. Mycorrhizal performance was influenced by root density. At low root densities, metal concentrations in mycorrhizal plants were reduced, whereas it had no effect at high root densities when the entire soil volume was efficiently exploited by roots. We conclude that root density data are essential for interpretations of the influence of AM on metal uptake in plants.     

可降解络合剂及微生物调控对海州香薷修复污染土壤的效应

盆栽试验研究了海州香薷在Cu、Zn、Pb污染土壤上生长和对Cu、Zn、Pb的富集能力,以及调控剂EDDS、壳聚糖和微生物菌剂对海州香薷重金属吸收的影响。结果表明,Cu223mg/kg,Pb232mg/kg,Zn1068mg/kg的重金属复合污染土壤对海州香薷的生长发育没有明显影响。施用EDDS(3mmol/kg土) 微生物制剂处理组海州香薷叶片中Cu含量高达847mg/kg,Zn含量为745mg/kg;Cu吸收量高达6244μg/株,Zn吸收量为5670μg/株,叶片中Cu、Zn的含量和吸收量均极显著高于对照(p<0.01);3mmol/kg土EDDS处理海州香薷茎中Pb含量显著增加(p<0.05),茎中Pb的吸收量亦显著提高(p<0.05),茎秆中Pb的吸收量为274μg/株。微生物制剂或壳聚糖单独处理对海州香薷生长和金属元素吸收均没有明显的效果。     

Fate of Heavy Metals in an Urban Natural Wetland: The Nyabugogo Swamp (Rwanda)

The Nyabugogo natural wetland (Kigali City, Rwanda) receives all kinds of untreated wastewaters, including those from industrial areas. This study monitored heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in all environmental compartments of the swamp: water and sediment, the dominant plant species Cyperus papyrus, and fish (Clarias sp. and Oreochromis sp.) and Oligochaetes. Cr, Cu, and Zn concentrations in the water were generally below the WHO (2008) drinking water standards, whereas Cd and Pb were consistently above these limits. Except Cd, all metal concentrations were below the threshold levels for irrigation. The highest metal accumulation occurred in the sediment with up to 4.2 mg/kg for Cd, 68 mg/kg for Cu, 58.3 mg/kg for Pb, and 188.0 mg/kg for Zn, followed by accumulation in the roots of C. papyrus with up to 4.2 mg/kg for Cd, 45.8 mg/kg for Cr, 29.7 mg/kg for Cu, and 56.1 mg/kg for Pb. Except Cu and Zn, other heavy metal (Cd, Cr, and Pb) concentrations were high in Clarias sp., Oreochromis sp., and Oligochaetes. Therefore, there is a human health concern for people using water and products from the swamp.     

不同生境下锌镉在伴矿景天不同叶龄叶中的富集与分布特征

田间试验、温室盆栽和生长室水培试验研究了Zn和Cd超富集植物伴矿景天不同叶龄叶片的Zn、Cd富集和分布特征。结果显示,田间条件下伴矿景天新叶中Cd浓度高于成熟叶、但新叶中Zn浓度低于成熟叶。温室盆栽试验发现,连续种植伴矿景天,第4季时低污染土壤（S1）上新叶中Zn浓度低于成熟叶,但高污染土壤（S4）上新叶中Zn浓度高于成熟叶;而到了第6季,S1、S4上新叶中Zn浓度均低于成熟叶,且在S1上两者达到显著水平;第4和第6季,伴矿景天新叶中Cd浓度始终高于成熟叶（除S1成熟叶中Cd浓度略高于新叶外）。水培试验结果发现,无论在高Zn（600 mmol/L）、高Cd（100 mmol/L）,还是低Zn（10 mmol/L）、低Cd（1 mmol/L）处理,新叶中Zn、Cd浓度均高于成熟叶;而且随着处理时间的延长,新叶和成熟叶中Zn、Cd浓度均明显上升。水培条件下,新叶和成熟叶中Zn最高分别为43 107、33 774 mg/kg（以干重计）（600 mmol/L,处理56 天）;新叶和成熟叶中Cd的最高浓度分别为15 057、9 060 mg/kg（以干重计）（100 mmol/L Cd,处理56 天）。这些结果表明,Zn、Cd在伴矿景天新叶和成熟叶中富集和分布与其生长介质中Zn、Cd的浓度尤其是有效态浓度、处理时间及植物所处的生长阶段等有关,同时也表明Zn、Cd优先分布于新叶可能与伴矿景天超富集Zn、Cd的机制有关。     

Ecological assessment of soil areas in the industrial region of the Moscow–Oka ecological economic zone

The total content and content of mobile forms of potential soil pollutants (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Sr, F, S) are determined in the topsoil in the impact zone of a cement plant and phosphorus fertilizer factory. The total concentration of Cd (4.0 mg/kg), Pb (99.4 mg/kg), F (15.2 mg/kg), and S (479.6 mg/kg) is found to exceed the established maximum permissible concentrations (MPC, APC). The local concentration maximum of the major pollutants is observed at a distance of 0.5 and 1.0 km away from a phosphogypsum stack. Comparing sampling plots equidistant from the pollution source reveals that alluvial soils have accumulated 1.5–2 times more total forms of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, S than agrosod podzolic soils.