考虑可动-不动水体假设的河套灌区适宜秋灌定额UBMOD模拟

针对土壤盐分物理非平衡运移定量描述的问题,为了探究内蒙古河套灌区根系层盐分累积与淋洗规律及适宜秋灌定额,该研究考虑可动-不动水体假设,构建UBMOD水盐运移模型,模拟分析了河套灌区永联试验区根系层土壤盐分累积与淋洗规律,探究不同水文年型、不同灌溉定额、不同灌溉水矿化度与不同秋灌定额条件下永联试验区根系层土壤盐分的淋洗规...     

基于ANN技术的大型灌区节水改造后农田水环境预测

为了研究大型灌区节水改造后区域农田水环境的变化及可能引起的环境负效应,该文以中国黄河河套灌区为案例,通过区域水盐动态的监测和多年水文、地下水资料的分析,以三个不同尺度下的试验区为研究对象,用人工神经网络技术中的BP、RBF模型对农田地下水文和土壤水盐变化进行了系统预测,求得中国内蒙古河套灌区在未来不同节水水平下灌区地下水文、土壤水盐的变化趋势,并与传统的有限元数值法和水均衡法的结果进行了对比,得出的预测结果具有一定的合理性和一致性。说明人工神经网络技术在进行复杂系统的模拟预测中显示突出的优势,可获得较好预测效果,适合未来因子变化的区域趋势估计,提出了在气候干旱、土壤盐渍化灌区的科学引水量应存在一个适度的环境安全阀值,可以为大型灌区节水改造提供宏观管理决策依据。     

基于FDR的土壤原位水盐一体传感器设计与应用

土壤中的水盐含量及其动态演化与农田生产及生态环境等密切相关。土壤水盐含量受到作物、土壤和栽培技术等多重因素的影响,其动态监测是业界的一大难题。该文结合水盐含量影响土壤介电特性这一特性,通过运用新型频域反射、分频技术,进行高频段土壤水分以及低频段土壤水盐含量的测定,再采用基于土壤质地的水盐标定方法,排除水分对盐分数据的影响,从而实现土壤孔隙水盐含量的同时测定。从2013年至今,将FDR传感器在天津市18个监测点的应用情况进行了分析,证明了该种传感器工作的有效性和准确性。     

基于表观电导率和Hydrus模型同化的土壤盐分估算

精细刻画农田土壤盐分运移过程对盐渍化精准治理具有重要意义。该文以磁感式大地电导率仪EM38测定的土壤表观电导率作为数据源,利用表观电导率与剖面土壤盐分之间的反演模型作为观测算子,将集合卡尔曼滤波(ensemble Kalmanfilter,En KF)同化方法应用于土壤水盐运移过程模型(HYDRUS-1D),进行滨海盐渍农田周年土壤盐分动态的模拟,并分析了同化过程的敏感性。结果表明:与单纯使用HYDRUS模型相比,En KF同化方法对模型观测算子的更新,有效提高剖面土壤盐分模拟精度,且En KF同化值的精度优于En KF同化模拟值,在同化过程中的调整量亦最大;敏感性分析结果显示土壤盐分同化过程对状态变量集合数大小不敏感,对观测数据误差和引入观测数据的深度较为敏感,观测数据误差水平越高、引入观测数据的深度越浅其误差越大。研究表明基于水盐运移模型和土壤表观电导率数据的EnKF同化方法能提高土壤盐分的模拟精度,为利用多源数据和机理模型进行较大尺度生态过程模拟预测提供了有效手段。     

农田水盐运移与作物生长模型耦合及验证

合理定量描述土壤水盐动态及作物生长过程对于干旱灌区制定适宜的农业用水措施具有重要意义。该文以SWAP(soil water atmosphere plant)模型为基础,采用变活动节点法实现了对土壤融化期的水盐运移模拟,并在根系吸水计算中引入了基于S形函数的水盐胁迫计算方法,以修正原SWAP模型对根系吸水的模拟。进一步嵌入了参数与输入数据较少且可以模拟作物生长过程及实际产量的EPIC(environmental policy integrated calculator)作物生长模型,构建了改进的农田尺度土壤水盐动态与作物生长耦合模拟模型-SWAP-EPIC。分别采用宁夏惠农灌区春小麦和春玉米田间试验数据,对SWAP-EPIC模型田间适用性进行了检验。对比分析各层土壤水分与盐分浓度、作物生长指标(叶面积指数、地上部生物量)的模拟值与实测值,结果表明:春小麦和春玉米试验中土壤水分的平均相对误差MRE和均方根误差RMSE均接近于0且模型Nash效率系数NSE值趋近于1,水分模块模拟精度较高,盐分浓度模拟存在略微差异但总体上一致性较好,并且作物生长指标匹配良好;同时,模拟的产量和蒸散发均较为接近实际值,春小麦和春玉米产量模拟相对误差分别为4.9%和3.3%。综上,该文改进的SWAP-EPIC模型可良好地应用于寒旱区农田尺度土壤水盐运移与作物生长耦合模拟。     

农田气象条件下阿特拉津在土壤中淋溶动态的数值模拟

阿特拉津(Atrazine)是我国华北地区夏玉米田常用的除草剂,而夏玉米生育期又是该地区的主要降雨时段,对这一时段Atrazine在田间尺度的淋溶风险进行评价,对保护浅层地下水环境具有重要意义。以北京市通州区永乐店试验站一块27 m×27 m的农田为背景,通过田间采样、测试分析土壤样品并收集2001年的气象数据,基于简化土壤水三维流场的柱模型假设,在同时考虑土壤水力学参数、Atrazine运移和吸附参数空间变异性的情况下,对该农药在农田尺度下淋溶动态的空间分布进行了数值模拟。在此基础上,对夏玉米不同生育期耕层20 cm深度处的土壤水负压、水流通量和Atrazine浓度的空间变异结构进行了地质统计学分析。结果表明,在整个夏玉米生育期内这三个参量的半方差模型基本上为球状模型,它们的变程多在8~10 m。本研究案例对布设农田尺度土壤水分和Atrazine动态监控网具有一定的参考意义。     

作物模型研究与应用中存在的问题

该文以CERES-Wheat、Maize模型为例,系统阐述了作物模型的研究与应用发展情况,分析了模型当中仍然存在的问题,指出在冠层结构与作物光能截获计算方法和作物水分、养分对生长过程的胁迫机理与定量方法方面需要深入的实验研究,以探索其机理,提高模型模拟预测性能.该文强调指出目前绝大多数的作物模型是空间一维的田间尺度模型,借鉴区域生物地球化学循环模拟方法或与分布式水文模型耦合进行尺度扩展开发区域尺度作物模型,既是区域水、土资源评价与管理的应用需求,也将能促进作物模型发展并发挥更大作用.     

基于土壤水盐阈值的河套灌区玉米灌水制度

在引黄水量大幅减少且大范围实施节水工程的条件下,为使农田水土环境仍能保持良性健康发展,该文以内蒙古河套灌区隆胜试验区为研究对象,开展引黄灌区玉米生育期适宜灌水决策模拟研究。在田间试验的基础上,对土壤含水率和土壤含盐量的观测数据进行了统计分析,土壤含水率与含盐量观测值均呈中度变异性。利用克里格插值方法按土壤表层盐分空间变异将研究区分为南北2个区,分别在2个区域内建立了土壤水盐数值模型SWAP,分别对2个区域的土壤水盐模型进行了率定与检验。根据相关研究结果和研究区多年实测值综合得到不同生育期的农田生态安全阈值,即土壤含水率的适宜值与作物耐盐阈值(以土壤含盐量阈值表示)。以土壤含水率与土壤含盐量阈值为限制因子,以节水控盐为目的,利用率定与检验后的SWAP模型模拟了不同灌水量条件下玉米不同生育阶段的土壤含水率、含盐量变化,预测了不同水文年满足玉米生长的土壤水盐安全阈值的用水方案,从精细微观的角度提出相应水文年农田水土环境安全用水范围值。基于SWAP模型的决策结果:枯水年(降雨量90 mm)安全用水量为263~311 mm;平水年(降雨量140 mm)198~227 mm;丰水年(降雨量200 mm)106~138 mm;各水文年的用水量较基准年(枯水年)的节水指数分别为:0.01~0.17、0.04~0.16和0.06~0.27。成果可为当地及相近地区农田水土环境可持续发展提供科学依据,对于河套灌区农业生产和水资源的开发利用具有重要的意义。     

基于GIS的农田土壤含水量预报方法研究

利用1980~2006年的常规气象资料和土壤水分资料,确定了辽宁省5个气候相似区的作物系数,模拟了土壤水分供应系数动态模型,在水分平衡方程的基础上,建立了辽宁省0~50 cm的农田土壤水分预报模型,同时对其进行了检验。利用NOAA卫星监测得到的农田土壤含水量作为预报的初始值,然后在GIS支持下,采用Kriging插值方法对模型中所需参数的散点数据进行插值得到与预报值匹配的网格数据,然后利用地理信息系统的空间分析功能,依据模拟的农田土壤含水量预报模式,计算了农田土壤含水量预报值的格点数据,实现了农田土壤含水量由点到面的预报。结果表明:模型的预报准确率在85%以上,应用地理信息系统技术预报土壤含水量是可行的。     

农田-防护林-荒漠复合系统土壤水盐运移规律及耦合模型建立

为探讨节水灌溉条件下干旱内陆区不同景观单元土壤水盐动态规律及水盐通量变化特征,以新疆三工河流域绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型景观格局农田-防护林-荒漠为研究对象,利用2018年4月—9月连续定位观测数据资料,分析各景观单元作物生育期(4月1日—6月28日)和非生育期(6月29日—9月15日)土壤水盐动态规律及其变异性、土壤水盐通量变化特征及影响因素,构建农田-防护林-荒漠复合系统BP神经网络土壤水盐耦合模型,并对所建模型参数敏感性及应用可行性进行探讨。结果表明,各景观单元作物生育期和非生育期土壤含水率、电导率均具有较明显的垂直分层、水平递变和季节波动特征;按变异性可划分为3个典型土层:活跃层(0～40 cm)、次活跃层(40～140 cm)和相对稳定层(140cm);距防护林越近,农田土壤含水率和电导率分别呈降低和升高趋势,荒漠均呈升高趋势;单次降水和灌溉事件后各景观单元各典型土层土壤含水率和电导率随时间分别均呈负指数函数和三次函数变化趋势。土壤控制体(单位面积深140 cm土柱)内,生育期农田和防护林均为向下水分通量,非生育期均为向上水分通量,荒漠两时期均为向下水分通量;农田和防护林土壤贮水量与土壤积盐量随地下水位下降、蒸散发量增大均呈递减趋势;荒漠土壤水盐通量对各因素及其交互效应响应较微弱;生育期最后1次充分灌溉的淋洗作用可使该系统土壤积盐量趋于平衡状态。拓扑结构为32-36-6的BP神经网络土壤水盐耦合模型具有较高的模拟精度;灌溉和地下水位是影响该系统土壤水盐动态的关键因素。研究结果可为节水灌溉条件下绿洲-荒漠共生系统寻求生产和生态之间的平衡机制提供理论依据。     

采样尺度对土壤养分空间变异分析的影响

以高密度土壤养分采样数据为数据源,通过随机抽取生成不同采样尺度的样点数据,分析采样尺度对土壤养分空间变异特征分析的影响。研究结果表明:区域土壤养分预测均值随采样尺度减小呈下降趋势,而变异系数增加;养分空间分布的全局趋势随采样尺度增大而增强,但不影响半方差模型;当采样尺度较大,样点间自相关较弱时,相对较少的样点也能满足区域统计参数估测分析需要,但不能用于空间变异特征和插值分析;当样点数大于最佳采样数时,养分统计参数、空间变异特征和插值分析随着采样尺度减小而精度提高,当采样尺度达到0.2左右时,能够满足中等空间变异的土壤养分空间插值分析需要;样点空间布局对相关距和空间插值分析精度的影响比采样尺度本身更为显著。     

Regional simulation of long-term organic carbon stock changes in cropland soils using the DNDC model: 1. Large-scale model validation against a spatially explicit data set

Because of the large spatial and temporal variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics, a modelling approach is crucial in detailed regional analyses. Several estimates of regional scale SOC sequestration potential have been made using dynamic soil organic matter (SOM) models which have been linked to spatial databases contained within a Geographic Information System. In all these previous studies, a large‐scale model validation, which provides information on the general model performance for the study area under concern, was impossible because of lack of data. A data set of over 190 000 SOC measurements, grouped as means per community and covering the period 1989–2000 was available for Flanders in northern Belgium. In order to validate the DNDC model at a large spatial scale, we used this data set along with detailed pH, soil texture and crop areas which were all available at the municipality scale to simulate SOC stocks for the entire study area during the period 1990–2000. A minor adjustment of the initial distribution of SOC in the model's SOC pool was necessary to fit the simulated SOC stock changes to the measured decrease of −475 kg OC ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (0–30 cm). Although DNDC was able to simulate the SOC stock changes well for the whole study area, the simulated decrease in the SOC stocks was overestimated for communities predominantly having sandy textures and underestimated for communities with silt loam to silt textures. This study also urges caution with the application of SOM models at regional scales after limited validation or calibration at the field scale as these do not guarantee good simulation of spatial variation in SOC changes.     

Integrated Assessment of Soil Chemical Status. 1. Integration of Existing Models and Derivation of a Regional Database for Switzerland

A regional soil acidification model was developed by integration and adaptation of existing models. The regional model consists of the dynamic multi-layer soil chemistry model SAFE, its steady-state version INITSAFE, the atmospheric deposition and nutrient uptake reconstruction model MAKEDEP, and a routine with empirical relations concerning depth-dependent parameters. A scheme for the extraction of input to the regional model from available information of different geographical detail also was developed. Basic data sources considered were: 1) national surveys such as the National Forest Inventory, covering site specific information, 2) available point measurements of parameter values, and 3) literature sources. Not all parameters were available on a regional scale with sufficient resolution. Input required for the model calculations therefore was derived from the available data sources by means of transfer algorithms including spatial interpolation. Interpolation was done allocating parameter values determined at reference sites to conventionally mapped entities such as geological units, soil type, and other kinds of geographical information. The exercise resulted in a data base of the required 68 site-specific parameter values covering climatic, deposition and land use parameters, as well as stand characteristics and soil properties.     

土壤与地表水体空间分布格局的交互关系研究

水要素是重要的成土因素之一，土壤与地表水体空间分布格局之间存在密切联系。以中国中部典型农业区的土壤和地表水体数据为例，基于改良的土壤多样性计量方法计算并统计了1km网格尺度下的土壤类型个数、土壤构成组分多样性、土壤空间分布多样性和地表水体空间分布多样性等多类数据指数，探索了区域土壤与地表水体在地理空间分布格局上的内在联系。结果表明：①研究区内最具代表性土类潮土和褐土（两者面积加和占研究区总面积85%，两者空间分布多样性均大于0.8）的空间分布格局与区域地表水体的空间分布格局之间存在数据联系，回归分析中的判定系数R2大于0.5，这与水要素在两种土壤类型成土过程中所起的作用密切相关。②研究区面积的增加一般会造成地表水体对区域内土壤类型数量的影响作用减弱。与其他成土因素相比，水要素在土壤形成中影响作用的重要程度与研究尺度的大小有关。③基于资源地理空间分布离散性分析的土壤多样性计量方法及理论为水、土等不同资源类型的空间分布格局评价及其交互关系研究提供了理论及数据支持。     

基于GIS的黄土丘陵区土壤水分制图与动态模拟方法研究

以空间图形和数据库为基础,利用GIS把特定区域内土壤水分样点数据与地理数据结合起来,建立不同利用类型-土地类型-坡度分级-坡向等的浮点型土壤含水率字段,对区域尺度土壤水分制图及其动态模拟方法进行了研究和探讨.     

基于GIS的区域土壤侵蚀模型设计

区域土壤侵蚀模型是国家和区域土壤侵蚀调查、水土保持宏观规划的支持工具。借鉴国外区域土壤侵蚀模型,以DEM栅格为空间单元,对区域土壤侵蚀的单元模型进行定量表达,包括降雨、植被截留、入渗,微地形填洼等,并利用GIS功能完成径流传递和汇集部分的计算,建立了区域土壤侵蚀模型。所建立模型在延河流域的试运算,结果接近现实,能反映土壤侵蚀时空分布趋势。模型的建立可为水土保持的宏观决策提供支持。     

Estimating effective soil depth at regional scales: Legacy maps versus environmental covariates

Soil depth reflects the quantity and ecosystem service functions of soil resources. However, there is no universal standard to measure soil depth at present, and digital soil mapping approaches for predicting soil depth at the regional scale remain immature. Using observation of soil profile morphology, we compared the soil depth nomenclatures from the World Reference Base for Soil Resources, Chinese Soil Taxonomy, and Soil Taxonomy. For this study, shallow soils were defined as those with an effective soil depth < 100 cm. Based on legacy data and field soil survey, the spatial distribution of shallow soils in Xinjiang, China, and the main controlling environmental factors were explored. Results showed that shallow soils in Xinjiang are mainly distributed in high altitude regions such as the Tian Mountains. At the regional scale, significant correlations were observed between soil depth and climate factors, as well as between soil depth and vegetation fractional coverage. Contrary to previous conclusions at small spatial scales, terrain attributes could not explain soil depth variation at the regional scale. This study addressed knowledge gaps on soil depth prediction at regional scales while elucidating climate‐vegetation‐soil coevolution.     

复杂景观区土壤有机质预测模型的尺度效应

为研究复杂景观区土壤有机质预测模型的尺度效应,探讨不同空间尺度数据综合利用的问题,本文运用回归Kriging方法对河南省登封市土壤有机质进行预测,分析了不同空间尺度数据在建模过程中的作用和影响.结果表明:土壤有机质关于高程因子的趋势属于宏观趋势,以大尺度数据拟合该趋势值效果最优;小尺度数据不适合用于拟合土壤有机质的趋势值,但揭示了小尺度残差值的空间变异细节,增强了大尺度残差值的空间结构性,能够有效提高土壤有机质预测精度.因此,景观复杂区土壤有机质预测中,应基于大尺度数据模拟趋势值,大尺度数据和小尺度数据相结合拟合残差值的空间变异函数以预测残差值,最后趋势值加上残差值得到土壤有机质预测值.     

气候和土壤质地对中国东北地区旱地土壤有机碳影响的尺度效应

Understanding how spatial scale inffuences commonly-observed effiects of climate and soil texture on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage is important for accurately estimating the SOC pool at different scales. The relationships among climate factors, soil texture and SOC density at the regional, provincial, city, and county scales were evaluated at both the soil surface (0-20 cm) and throughout the soil profile (0-100 cm) in the Northeast China uplands. We examined 1022 profiles obtained from the Second National Soil Survey of China. The results indicated that the relationships between climate factors and SOC density generally weakened with decreasing spatial scale. The provincial scale was optimal to assess the relationship between climate factors and SOC density because regional differences among provinces were covered up at the regional scale. However, the relationship between soil texture and SOC density had no obvious trend with increasing scale and changed with temperature. There were great differences in the impacts of climate factors and soil texture on SOC density at different scales. Climate factors had a larger effect on SOC density than soil texture at the regional scale. Similar trends were seen in Heilongjiang and eastern Inner Mongolia at the provincial scale. But, soil texture had a greater effect on SOC density compared with climate factors in Jilin and Liaoning. At the city and county scales, the inffuence of soil texture on SOC density was more important than climate factors.     

Assessing scale effects on modelled soil organic carbon contents as a result of land use change in Belgium

This paper explores the influence of spatial scale on modelled projections of soil organic carbon (SOC) content. The effect of land use change (LUC) on future SOC stocks was estimated using the Rothamsted Carbon model for a small area of southern Belgium. The study assumed no management change and used a single climate change scenario. Three model experiments were used to identify how data scale affects predicted SOC stocks: (i) using European LUC datasets at a resolution of 10′ and assuming equal distribution of change within the study area, (ii) using more accurate regional data aggregated to the 10’ resolution, and (iii) using the regional data at a spatial resolution of 250 m. The results show that using coarse resolution (10′) data is inappropriate when modelling SOC changes in the study area as only the methods using precise data predict a change in SOC stocks similar to those reported in the literature. This is largely because of differences in model parameterisation. However, precisely locating LUC does not significantly affect the results. The model, using either pan‐European or region‐specific precise data predicts an average SOC increase of 1 t C ha^?1 (1990–2050), mainly resulting from afforestation of 13% of agricultural land.