南水北调中线陕西水源区生态补偿量模型研究

在跨流域生态共建共享补偿机制中,生态补偿量的计算是工作的重点和难点,是确定补偿水源区多少的关键,补偿标准确定方法的合理性直接关系着机制的顺利实施.选择南水北调中线陕西水源区为研究对象,构建生态补偿量计算模型.从水源区保护水源所付出的成本、受水区经济可承受能力、水源区的水资源价值和环境容量排污权的损失价值4种途径计算陕西水源区水土保持生态补偿量.通过4种途径计算结果比较分析,认为基于水源区保护水源所付出成本的水源区生态服务补偿支付较为可行.陕西水源区的生态补偿量生态环境建设期为99.56亿元/年,生态环境管护期为90.86亿元/年,同时,根据受水区所需水质标准对所推荐的补偿标准进行修正,为建立跨流域调水水土保持生态补偿机制提供了有益参考.     

水土保持与国家生态安全

 探讨水土保持在保障国家生态安全中保护两道生态屏障、防治洪涝灾害的作用。提出了充分发挥生态自我修复能力、加大水土保持法的执法力度、积极推进生态环境建设、建立科学合理的流域生态补偿机制和管理模式等水土流失防治对策。     

我国水土保持生态补偿机制研究

水土保持生态补偿是国家生态补偿的主要内容。水土保持生态补偿归根结底是人类社会系统为控制水土流失、维护水土保持功能、保障水土资源的持续利用对生态系统进行的物质和能量输入。如何使这种物质和能量自觉地、及时地、恰当地输入自然生态系统,有必要在社会系统建立水土保持补偿机制。在分析水土保持现状、总结国内外生态补偿成功经验、深入探讨水土保持补偿机理的基础上,提出了补偿额度的测算方法、补偿实现途径以及相关制度安排。     

黄河流域的水土保持生态补偿及发展建议

在以科学发展观为统领的国家政策制度下,要求尽快建立健全水土保持生态补偿制度已成为可持续发展的必然选择。黄河流域经过近20年的水土保持生态补偿探索与实践,形成了基于法律法规政策、财政转移支付、征收资源开发税费、生态保证金、民间资本等五类的水土保持生态补偿类型。介绍了黄河流域水土保持生态补偿的成功经验、做法和存在的问题,提出了完善水土保持生态补偿的法律法规、健全水土保持生态补偿监管体系、加大水土保持财政转移支付力度、建立多元化水土保持生态补偿机制、开展水土保持生态补偿试点工作、加快水土保持生态补偿基础研究、加快水土保持补偿制度的宣传和教育的建议。     

小流域综合治理方案的模拟与优化调控——以渭北旱塬淳化县秦庄沟流域为例

以渭北旱塬淳化县秦庄沟流域为例,分析了小流域系统内部生态、经济、社会三大子系统相互作用的关系。以水土保持为中心,以沼气池为纽带,生态、经济、社会治理目标为衡量依据,运用VENSIM软件构建SEE(社会-生态-经济)系统动力学模型,量化分析了生态、经济、社会3大子系统的综合治理效益,并对系统2011-2026年时间段内的发展趋势进行了模拟。模拟比较分析结果表明,方案3(人均产粮目标为350 kg的自给型模式)为水土保持生态设计的优化方案。该模式从源头上改变了秦庄沟流域系统恶化的趋势,可使生态系统中水土流失得到有效控制,消除点源面源污染;使流域的生态农业建设得到进一步发展,人均收入达到6 000元;可以在全流域实现饮水安全,出行便利和改善人居环境。     

湄公河流域生态系统服务与利益补偿机制

湄公河流域是中国"一带一路"沿线的重要门户,核算流域各国的生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Value,ESV)与利益补偿量,对建立各国资源利用与经济补偿的联动关系、促进流域协调发展具有重要意义。基于生态足迹理论,对湄公河流域1995—2015年的ESV和生态盈余(或赤字)状况进行了动态评估,结合流域各国的实际经济发展水平对生态补偿优先级进行量化分析,初步建立了各国ESV与实际生态补偿量的转化关系,并对"生态消费型"国家在现状年(2015年)的实际生态补偿量进行了确定。结果表明:1)湄公河流域ESV由1995年的1 289.76亿美元下降至2015年的1 259.21亿美元,各国ESV从大到小依次为:泰国、老挝、柬埔寨、越南、缅甸;各国林地ESV的比例最大(60.0%),水域和湿地ESV比例的增幅最快,近20 a增加了4.5%。2)1995-2015年间,流域境内的缅甸、老挝两国为生态盈余状态,其他3国为生态赤字状态,且赤字水平呈逐年加重趋势,其中泰国、越南两国对全流域生态足迹(Ecological Footprint,EF)的贡献比例高达80.1%。3)流域上游的缅甸、老挝两国为"生态输出型"国家,下游的3个国家为"生态消费型"国家,其中泰国、越南两国经济发展水平较好且生态补偿优先级系数(Ecological Compensation Priority Sequence,ECPS)更低(分别为0.05和0.09),均低于其他3个湄公河流域国家(缅甸:2.67,老挝:1.16,柬埔寨:0.55),应率先进行生态支付。4)结合流域各国的实际经济发展水平,初步确定下游"生态消费型"国家应支付实际生态补偿合计680.63亿美元,泰国、越南和柬埔寨分别支付507.73、167.61和5.29亿美元。该研究结果可为湄公河流域资源管理和生态补偿政策的建立提供理论支撑,并为其他跨境流域相关的研究提供借鉴与参考。     

浑河流域森林生态补偿标准测算

[目的]测算浑河流域森林生态补偿标准,为建立流域森林生态补偿机制提供科学依据。[方法]以浑河流域森林生态补偿为研究对象,在应用ArcGIS 9.3计算流域上游向下游空间转移的森林生态服务价值基础上,利用主成分分析法得到浑河流域下游各市县社会经济发展水平测算出来的补偿系数,最终确定浑河流域森林生态补偿标准。[结果]沈阳市森林生态补偿标准最高为4.12亿元/a,大洼县森林生态补偿标准最低为0.07亿元/a。[结论]森林生态服务价值转移量随着距离上游地区空间距离增加而减少。得到森林生态服务价值转移量越多,补偿系数越大,补偿标准越高。     

流域生态补偿研究的演进与热点分析

[目的]分析和掌握流域生态补偿研究现状,为完善补偿制度和促进中国流域生态保护与高质量发展提供依据。[方法]以中国知网CNKI收录的876篇文献为样本,应用CiteSpace可视化软件,结合普赖斯定律、X指数,对作者共现、高频关键词、研究主题聚类等内容进行分析。[结果]国内流域生态补偿研究主要兴起于2000年,年度发文量整体呈现上升趋势;研究热点与国家政策及流域发展高度耦合,主要包括流域生态补偿标准量化研究、博弈视角下的流域生态补偿主体行为研究、生态保护背景下的流域生态补偿机制研究3方面;按研究主题演进特征可分为初步探索(2007年之前)、快速发展(2007—2017年)、巩固提升(2018—2021年)3阶段,经历了水资源治理背景下的理论分析到补偿标准量化分析的变化;研究对象重点关注长江流域和黄河流域两大水系,干流与重要支流研究交错开展,逐步深化;研究形成了多个科研基础平台,但高产作者和跨部门合作较少。[结论]中国流域生态补偿领域研究20 a多来已形成了一定的理论体系研究框架,研究主题和热点特色鲜明,研究方法趋于系统化、多样化,未来应理论和应用相结合探讨适合区域特征的动态化、市场化补偿...     

鄂尔多斯市实施水土保持生态修复的实践与启示

鄂尔多斯市通过实施禁牧舍饲等水土保持生态修复措施,成功实现了由传统农牧业向现代农牧业的转变。近年来,鄂尔多斯市以农牧业"三区"经济发展规划为指导,统筹城乡发展,实施"收缩转移集中发展"战略,以禁休轮牧及草畜平衡、生态移民、农牧业产业化建设为重要抓手,开创了水土保持生态修复的新局面,为黄河流域加快推行水土保持生态修复提供了典型经验,树立了榜样。建议以国家功能区划总体意见为指导,进一步完善黄河流域水土保持规划,加强流域监督和监测评价,尽快探索和建立水土保持生态补偿机制,以促进流域水土保持生态修复。     

关于建立南水北调中线工程水源区水土保持生态补偿机制的思考

南水北调中线工程是缓解京津和华北平原水资源供需矛盾、促进国民经济与社会可持续发展的重大举措。这一工程的实施,增加了水源区经济社会发展的成本,因此有必要建立水土保持生态补偿机制。在介绍水源区为保护生态环境而付出巨大代价的基础上,论述了建立水源区水土保持生态补偿机制的必要性和重要意义,指出建立水土保持生态补偿机制是贯彻落实党的十七大精神的重要举措,是地方性法规的明确要求,进而提出了开展水土保持生态补偿的原则、主体、对象、途径、方式和有关建议。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.