抗草甘膦转基因大豆（RRS）对根际微生物和土壤氮素转化的影响

采用室外小区试验方法,研究了抗草甘膦转基因大豆（RRS）对根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、氨化细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的氨化作用强度、硝化作用强度和反硝化作用强度的影响。结果显示,RRS显著降低了根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量,提高了根际土壤真菌的数量;RRS根际土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌低于其亲本非转基因大豆和部分栽培大豆;RRS对根际土壤氨化作用强度和硝化作用强度有显著影响,但对反硝化作用强度的影响不显著（P〈0.05）。研究表明,RRS不同程度上降低了根际土壤微生物的数量和生化强度,并对根际土壤真菌生长有一定的促进作用。     

培肥方式对松嫩平原黑土土壤微生物的影响

试验研究培肥方式对松嫩平原黑土生态系统中与N素转化有关的土壤微生物(好气性自生固氮菌、氨化细菌、亚硝酸盐细菌和反硝化细菌)数量的影响,结果表明:单独施入农肥可提高土壤好气性自生固氮菌、氨化细菌及反硝化细菌数量;化肥单独施用可降低土壤好气性自生固氮菌数量,提高反硝化细菌数量;农肥化肥等量配比施入土壤好气性自生固氮菌、亚硝酸盐细菌及反硝化细菌数量均增加。     

黄顶菊入侵对土壤磷细菌多样性的影响

采用选择性培养基和rep-PCR聚类分析等手段,通过盆栽试验,研究了入侵植物黄顶菊对土壤中磷细菌多样性的影响。结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后增加了土壤中无机磷和有机磷细菌的数量,入侵后其数量分别为入侵前的1.17倍和1.08倍。rep-PCR基因指纹分析结果显示,黄顶菊入侵前土壤磷细菌包含19个聚类群,其中无机磷细菌10个聚类群,有机磷细菌9个聚类群;入侵后土壤磷细菌包含22个聚类群,其中无机磷细菌11个聚类群,有机磷细菌11个聚类群。多样性分析结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后土壤中无机磷细菌的丰富度指数、香农-威纳多样性指数分别为11和2.369,高于入侵前的10和2.303;有机磷细菌的丰富度指数、香农-威纳多样性指数分别为11和2.398,高于入侵前的9和2.197,而2种细菌的物种均匀度指数基本不变。本文从土壤微生态学的角度初步探讨了黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物群落中磷细菌的影响,为进一步研究黄顶菊入侵的地下化感机制和竞争机制提供一定的理论依据。     

不同复垦年限煤矸山土壤微生物功能菌变化及其影响因素

研究不同复垦年限煤矸山土壤微生物功能菌差异及其影响因素有助于揭示煤矸山复垦土壤质量变化情况,为煤矸山植被复垦提供理论指导。以山西省曹村煤矿复垦4 a（R_4a）,6 a（R_6a）和8 a（R_8a）煤矸山为研究对象,分析了3种复垦年限土壤好氧固氮菌、氨化细菌、纤维素分解菌、有机磷细菌和无机磷细菌数量变化及其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明:随着复垦年限的增加,功能菌总量呈增加趋势;好氧固氮菌、氨化细菌、有机磷细菌、无机磷细菌均呈增加趋势,但纤维素分解菌呈先升后降的趋势。相关分析表明,氨化细菌和纤维素分解菌受土壤理化性质的影响最大;主成分分析结果表明,有效磷、碱解氮、含水量是影响微生物功能菌的主要因子。     

Presence of bacteria reduced phosphate adsorption on goethite

Despite extensive studies, the information obtained from pure iron and aluminum (hydr)oxides cannot fully explain phosphate fixation in natural soils because of the ubiquitous interactions between (hydr)oxides and bacteria in soil. The effect of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis subsp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens) on phosphate adsorption on goethite (α‐FeOOH) was systematically examined under varying reaction times, phosphate concentrations, pH, ionic strength and bacteria dosage. Batch experiments in all cases showed significantly less adsorption on bacteria–goethite complexes than on pure goethite, demonstrating an inhibitory effect of bacteria. The inhibition of phosphate adsorption increased with bacterial loading, and showed a significant, non‐linear correlation with the decrease in the goethite positive charge induced by the bacteria. Moreover, in both the desorption experiment and in situ, the attenuated total reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectra suggested a competition of bacteria surface groups (phosphate and carboxyl) with solution phosphate for hydroxyl on goethite. Therefore, the negative influences of bacteria on phosphate adsorption on goethite were probably caused by the surface charge modification and the competitive adsorption induced by the bacteria. Under most conditions, the effects of B. subtilis subsp. were conspicuous, while only slight influences were found for P. fluorescens. This difference between the two bacteria species was explained by differences in their surface charge, group content and chemical interaction with goethite. These findings uncover an important role of bacteria in phosphate phyto‐availability and mobility in natural environments.     

辐照对脱水蔬菜细菌ATP生物发光检测的影响

以4种脱水蔬菜为对象,研究ATP生物发光法检测辐照处理脱水蔬菜样品的含菌量时,ATP生物发光强度与细菌含量不一致的原因.结果表明:辐照对样品的本底发光无明显影响,也未改变荧光素酶发光系统的光谱;电离辐射在杀灭样品中细菌的同时降低了细菌体内ATP酶的活性,使死亡细菌中的ATP不能随细茵的死亡而降解,并从死亡细茵体内扩散出...     

甲基对硫磷对红壤地区土壤微生物数量的影响

有机P农药是我国最重要一种农药类型,在农业生产上使用广泛。采用室内模拟方法,研究了甲基对硫磷对红壤地区不同类群土壤微生物数量的影响。研究结果表明,甲基对硫磷对土壤微生物数量的影响随甲基对硫磷添加的浓度、微生物类群和培养时间的不同而变化。添加100 mg/L和500 mg/L浓度甲基对硫磷能明显增加土壤细菌的数量,细菌数量的最大值出现在第10天左右;低浓度甲基对硫磷对土壤微生物数量影响不大。平板混合菌体培养实验证明,甲基对硫磷通过抑制或者杀灭某些种类土壤细菌,从而大大促进土壤生态系统中部分种类细菌数量的增殖。     

A simple method for detection of lipolytic microorganisms in soils

Media selective for the isolation of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were amended with 0.1% sunflower oil emulsified with 0.01% Tween 80. Lipase-producing microorganisms produced clear zones on these media. When lipase-producing bacteria were cultured on a polycarbonate membrane laid on the selective medium for bacteria, clear zones were produced on the medium when the membrane along with bacteria was removed. The agar disc cut from the clear zone also produced a clear zone when placed on the fresh medium, indicating that clear zone formation is the result of the activity of extracellular lipases. The largest population of lipase-producing microorganisms in an agricultural soil was actinomycetes followed by bacteria and fungi. Ranging from 12 to 75% of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi isolates from soils collected from three different locations were capable of producing lipases. In general, relatively small percentages of soil bacteria were lipase producers, and lipase producers were more common among soil actinomycetes and fungi. These three groups of microorganisms appear to be all important in decomposition of oils in organic matters in soils.     

苹果树根际促生细菌种群分析

利用选择性培养基, 对多年生苹果树根际与连作幼树根际促生细菌进行了分离和测数, 并采用BOX-PCR技术进行聚类分析。结果表明: 多年生苹果树根际细菌总量及固氮细菌、解磷细菌、硅酸盐细菌、拮抗细菌4类根际促生细菌的数量均高于连作幼树根际。在多年生苹果树根际, 硅酸盐细菌的数量最大, 解磷细菌和固氮细菌的数量次之, 拮抗细菌的数量最小; 在连作幼树根际, 解磷细菌的数量最大, 硅酸盐细菌和固氮细菌的数量次之, 拮抗细菌的数量最小。从两种土壤中获得的促生细菌分离株的BOX-PCR图谱最大的相异百分数都在1.25以上, 说明这些细菌分离株的遗传进化距离比较接近。在细菌BOX-PCR图谱相异百分数为0.25的水平上, 多年生苹果树根际促生细菌分为79个聚类群, 其中固氮细菌18个聚类群, 解磷细菌29个聚类群, 硅酸盐细菌19个聚类群, 拮抗细菌18个聚类群; 连作幼树根际促生细菌分为46个聚类群, 其中固氮细菌15个聚类群, 解磷细菌19个聚类群, 硅酸盐细菌8个聚类群, 拮抗细菌9个聚类群。多年生苹果树4类根际促生细菌的多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均高于连作幼树根际, 而优势度指数低于连作幼树根际。与连作幼树相比, 多年生苹果树根际促生细菌具有丰富的种属多样性。     

生物有机肥中磷细菌对难溶性磷的有效化研究

通过土壤盆栽试验，在生物有机肥中加入固氮菌、磷细菌、硅酸盐细菌等有益微生物并与磷矿粉混合施用来栽培玉米，研究其中的磷细菌对土壤中难溶性磷的有效化作用。结果表明，在不施肥、施用磷矿粉、含磷细菌生物有机肥、不含磷细菌生物有机肥4个处理中，处理3更能促进玉米的生长、增加植株体内NPK养分的积累，特别是在肥力较低的土壤上表现更为显著。处理3也提高了土壤中的速效磷养分含量。     

微观水分和养分条件对铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体裂解宿主过程的影响

摘 要：【目的】研究不同水分和养分条件下,细菌和噬菌体的生长和运移规律、细菌和噬菌体种群互作过程以及其对群落结构的影响和调控机制。【方法】通过控制微生物运动平板表面相对水膜厚度研究铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1）和铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体PA-27-1（Pseudomonas phage PA-27-1）的互作过程。【结果】细菌和噬菌体的互作主要受噬菌体裂解细菌、细菌的运动和噬菌体扩散三个因素控制。水分通过调控多孔表面水膜的厚度和连通性来改变细菌在微孔尺度的运动,进而影响微生物在粗糙界面的增殖和生物膜的形成过程以及菌落的形态特征,同时通过影响噬菌体的扩散传播来调节细菌和噬菌体之间的互作机制。细菌与噬菌体自身运动性及个体大小上的不同也导致二者在微观孔隙中增殖（扩散）特征的差异。相对低水膜网络促进了细菌和噬菌体之间的空间隔离,降低了噬菌体有效侵染细菌的概率,从而有利于细菌的增殖。丰富的养分条件有利于细菌生物量的快速繁殖,进而促进噬菌体的增殖。【结论】本研究揭示了环境生物膜等微生境中噬菌体和宿主细菌的生长和运移规律,有助于为深入理解土壤噬菌体的时空分布特征与演变规律以及其与土壤细菌之间的互作模式提供理论基础和数据支撑。     

水稻根际反硝化细菌生态分布的研究

本文报道了三种土壤中水稻根际反硝化细菌的生态分布及两种作物对根际反硝化细菌的影响.结果表明:水稻各生育期菌数均以根面大于根际,又大于根外,R/S值为10-100以上.水稻与大麦的根面及根际反硝化细菌与细菌总数均以抽穗期最多,成熟期菌数明显下降,但水稻不同生育期菌数高于大麦相应时期的菌数.其优势种根面比根际者单纯;同一土壤中不同作物根面反硝化细菌优势种有明显差异;不同土壤中同一作物根面、根际反硝化细菌优势种差异不明显.     

水生植物分泌物对微生物影响的研究

植物分泌物和功能微生物的相互作用对于植物－微生物系统净化水质效果扮演着重要的作用.加入3种植物(黄花水龙、凤眼莲、伊乐藻)的分泌物对接种的氮循环微生物和光合细菌进行培养,结果表明:3种水生植物粗分泌物对光合细菌都起到了促进生长的作用,但是对于氮循环微生物却有不同的作用效果:分泌物对氨化菌和反硝化菌生长有促进作用,但是对于亚硝化菌和反硝化菌表现出抑制的作用,而且不同水生植物的分泌物对微生物作用大小也有所差异.这些结果能为今后进行植物－微生物修复体系中选择何种水生植物和接种微生物才能起到最佳的修复效果提供依据.     

Effect of organic manure on the biological activities associated with insoluble phosphorus release in a blue purple paddy soil

Abstract

This study examined the effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on soil microflora, soil respiration, number of inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and organic phosphorus (P) mineralizing bacteria. The inorganic phosphate solubilizing rate, organic P mineralizing rate, and selected enzyme activities in a blue purple paddy soil were also studied. The results showed that organic manure significantly increased the total number of fungi, actinomyces, bacteria, P solubilizing bacteria, organic P mineralizing bacteria, P solubilizing rate and organic P mineralizing rate, soil respiration rate, and selected enzyme activities, whereas chemical fertilizer resulted in a smaller effect, and bacteria were affected more than fungi and actinomyces by organic manure. The enhancement of biological activities caused by organic manure might be due to the introduction of a large amount of living microorganisms and readily‐utilizable carbon source on which microorganisms live. This study showed that the augment of inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacteria and organic P mineralizing bacteria was one of the reasons that organic manure increased the avilability of P in a blue purple paddy soil.     

木醋液及炭醋肥对设施土壤微生物数量及相关性的影响

本文通过田间小区试验,研究连续施用木醋液和炭醋肥对设施菜地土壤微生物数量的影响,为设施土壤改良提供科学依据。采用微生物培养法研究木醋液及炭醋肥施入设施土壤中对5茬蔬菜生长期间土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌、纤维分解菌和无机磷细菌数量的影响,并对不同类群微生物数量进行相关性分析。结果表明:设施土壤中施入木醋液和炭醋肥能够显著或极显著地增加土壤细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌、纤维分解菌和无机磷细菌数量,减少真菌数量。二者的施用还能增强设施土壤不同类群微生物数量间的相关性;自生固氮菌和纤维分解菌呈极显著的正相关,无机磷细菌与其他类群之间的相关性存在处理间差异。相比对照,炭醋肥增加了土壤细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌、纤维分解菌和无机磷细菌数量分别为23.9%、22.5%、72.5%、4.3%和46.9%;木醋液分别增加了11.3%、11.2%、66.7%、2.6%和24.9%;炭醋肥和木醋液施用后真菌数量分别减少了40.9%和54.9%。因此炭醋肥的施用效果优于木醋液,但是二者的连用超过3茬则无显著影响。     

土传病原细菌的生存与致病权衡

土传病原细菌严重威胁土壤-植物系统健康和农业可持续发展。在接触和入侵寄主植物根系之前,病原细菌会经受土壤pH、含氧量、营养物质种类和数量等非生物因素骤变以及其他土壤微生物的竞争、寄生和捕食等生物胁迫。病原细菌的生物膜形成、代谢、运动、毒力、DNA修复以及对噬菌体、抗生素或环境压力的抵抗能力等特性对其在土壤环境中生存和侵染寄主非常重要。为适应复杂且多变的土壤生物和非生物环境,病原细菌必须动态权衡其生存和致病力之间的关系,维持其生存、传播、增殖和侵染致病间的平衡,以最大化其在土壤环境中的适应性。系统理解土传病原细菌应对胁迫和侵染寄主植物的过程及权衡机制是建立精准、高效生态防控手段的关键。为此,以土传病原细菌为代表,总结了土传病原细菌生存与致病的权衡规律和典型现象及土壤中的生物和非生物影响因素,阐述了土传病原细菌入侵植物根际过程中的生存与致病权衡机制,并提出一些与土传病原细菌生存与致病权衡相关的科学问题,呼吁建立基于生存-致病权衡理论的土传病害生态防控策略,为绿色农业可持续发展提供理论参考。     

甘蔗黑穗病菌拮抗细菌的筛选及鉴定

从甘蔗根际土壤及甘蔗不同组织内分离到的928个细菌菌株中，对甘蔗黑穗病菌有拮抗作用的细菌菌株有301个．占32．4％．其中拮抗能力强(拮抗带大于10mm)的菌株有18个，占1．9％。经在KBA培养基上培养．发现具有拮抗作用的细菌主要是荧光菌和非荧光菌中的白色菌群。在18个拮抗性强的菌株中，13个菌株来自甘蔗的茎、芽(生长点)，占72％；5个菌株来自根际土壤，占28％；12个菌株为革兰氏阳性细菌中的芽孢杆菌属；6个菌株为革兰氏阴性细菌，其中4个菌株分别为假单胞杆菌属、不动杆菌属、伯克氏菌属及沙雷氏菌属，其余2个菌株有待进一步鉴定。     

Fluctuations in the population density of Gram-negative bacteria in a chernozem in the course of a succession initiated by moistening and chitin and cellulose introduction

The role has been studied of Gram-negative bacteria in the destruction of polymers widely spread in soils: chitin and cellulose. The introduction of chitin had no positive effect on the population density of Gram-negative bacteria, but it advanced the date of their appearance: the maximum population density of Gram-negative bacteria was recorded not on the 7th?C15th day as in the control but much earlier, on the 3rd?C7th day of the experiment. Consequently, the introduction of chitin as an additional source of nutrition promoted revealing of the Gram-negative bacteria already at the early stages of the succession. In the course of the succession, when the fungal mycelium begins to die off, the actinomycetic mycelium increases in length, i.e., Gram-negative bacteria are replaced at this stage with Gram-positive ones, the leading role among which belongs to actinomycetes. The growth rate of Gram-negative bacteria is higher than that of actinomycetes, so they start chitin utilization at the early stages of the succession, whereas actinomycetes dominate at the late stages. The population density of Gram-negative bacteria was lower under the anaerobic conditions as compared with that in the aerobic ones. The population density of Gram-negative bacteria in the lower layer of the A horizon and in the B horizon was slightly higher only in the case of the chitin introduction. When cellulose was introduced into the soil under aerobic conditions, the population density of Gram-negative bacteria in all the layers of the A horizon was maximal from the 14th to the 22nd day of the experiment. Cellulose was utilized in the soil mostly by fungi, and this was suggested by the increase of the length of the fungal mycelium. Simultaneously, an increase in the length of the actinomycetal mycelium was observed, as these organisms also perform cellulose hydrolysis in soils. The Gram-negative bacteria began to develop at the stage of the fungal mycelium destruction, which indirectly confirmed the chitinolytic activity of these bacteria.     

土传病原细菌的生存与致病权衡

土传病原细菌严重威胁土壤-植物系统健康和农业可持续发展。在接触和入侵寄主植物根系之前,病原细菌会经受土壤pH、含氧量、营养物质种类和数量等非生物因素骤变以及其他土壤微生物的竞争、寄生和捕食等生物胁迫。病原细菌的生物膜形成、代谢、运动、毒力、DNA修复以及对噬菌体、抗生素或环境压力的抵抗能力等特性对其在土壤环境中生存和侵染寄主非常重要。为适应复杂且多变的土壤生物和非生物环境,病原细菌必须动态权衡其生存和致病力之间的关系,维持其生存、传播、增殖和侵染致病间的平衡,以最大化其在土壤环境中的适应性。系统理解土传病原细菌应对胁迫和侵染寄主植物的过程及权衡机制是建立精准、高效生态防控手段的关键。为此,以土传病原细菌为代表,总结了土传病原细菌生存与致病的权衡规律和典型现象及土壤中的生物和非生物影响因素,阐述了土传病原细菌入侵植物根际过程中的生存与致病权衡机制,并提出一些与土传病原细菌生存与致病权衡相关的科学问题,呼吁建立基于生存-致病权衡理论的土传病害生态防控策略,为绿色农业可持续发展提供理论参考。     

粪产碱菌与水稻根的联合过程

应用~(15)N同位素标记菌体和Tn5转座子诱变的突变株研究固氮粪产碱菌对宿主水稻的联合进程,结果表明,粘附作用是结合过程的第一步,接种3h后粘附在根表的菌体数量达最大值,约占接种量的3.7％。粘附的菌体易脱离根表,表明粘附作用是细菌与宿主植物间的弱的相互作用。在根表定位是结合过程的第二步。接种15h后,定位菌体数量达最大值,约占接种量的21％。经振荡处理不能使定位菌体脱离根表。定殖是结合过程的第三步,接种20h后定殖菌体紧密结合于根表,剧烈振荡亦不易使其脱离根表。定殖后菌体开始出现果胶酶活性。采用趋化(Che)和胞外多糖(Exo)突变株研究表明,趋化性和胞外多糖的合成是影响细菌在根表结合的重要因素。粪产碱菌在水稻根表没有专一的粘附部位,但粪产碱菌的定位和定殖主要发生在主根根表,尤其是主、侧根交接处。