Biodegradation of Organic Chemicals in Soil/Water Microcosms System: Model Development

The chemical interactions of hydrophobic organic contaminants with soils and sediments may result in strong binding and slow subsequent release rates that significantly affect remediation rates and endpoints. In order to illustrate the recalcitrance of chemical to degradation on sites, a sorption mechanism of intraparticle sequestration was postulated to operate on chemical remediation sites. Pseudo-first order sequestration kinetics is used in the study with the hypothesis that sequestration is an irreversibly surface-mediated process. A mathematical model based on mass balance equations was developed to describe the fate of chemical degradation in soil/water microcosm systems. In the model, diffusion was represented by Fick’s second law, local sorption-desorption by a linear isotherm, irreversible sequestration by a pseudo-first order kinetics and biodegradation by Monod kinetics. Solutions were obtained to provide estimates of chemical concentrations. The mathematical model was applied to a benzene biodegradation batch test and simulated model responses correlated well compared to measurements of biodegradation of benzene in the batch soil/water microcosm system. A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effects of several parameters on model behavior. Overall chemical removal rate decreased and sequestration increased quickly with an increase in the sorption partition coefficient. When soil particle radius, a, was greater than 1 mm, an increase in radius produced a significant decrease in overall chemical removal rate as well as an increase in sequestration. However, when soil particle radius was less than 0.1 mm, an increase in radius resulted in small changes in the removal rate and sequestration. As pseudo-first order sequestration rate increased, both chemical removal rate and sequestration increased slightly. Model simulation results showed that desorption resistance played an important role in the bioavailability of organic chemicals in porous media. Complete biostabilization of chemicals on remediation sites can be achieved when the concentration of the reversibly sorbed chemical reduces to zero (i.e., undetectable), with a certain amount of irreversibly sequestrated chemical left inside the soil particle solid phase.     

等高绿篱系统土壤水分入渗特性研究

以等高绿篱(新银合欢和黄荆)前淤积土与石坎梯田为研究对象.探讨等高绿篱系统与石坎梯田不同土层深度、不同距篱/坎的土壤水分人渗特性及其影响因素,并对其土壤水分入渗过程进行模型拟合.结果显示.同一土层,随距篱坎变长,各处理土壤入渗性能坎依次减弱,不同距篱绿篱处理土壤入渗性能存在较大差异,而不同距坎石坎梯田处理土壤人渗性能差异相对不明显,随土层加深,绿篱处理土壤入渗性能相应依次减弱,而石坎梯田处理土壤人渗性能急剧减弱;表层(0-0.15 m)土壤平均人渗性能,石坎梯田处理优于绿篱处理,对于二层(0.15-0.30 m)土壤平均人渗性能.绿篱处理转而优于石坎梯田处理,三层(0.30-0.45 m)土壤,各处理土壤入渗性能基本相当;黄荆处理土壤人渗性能存在明显的空间变化规律,主要通过水平和垂直两个方向来体现.其中水平方向,距篱远近间接反映了黄荆对土壤入渗性能的影响程度,距篱越近,影响越大;土壤容重、砂粘比与有机质对土壤入渗性能均有显著影响.而初始含水量仅对初始入渗率有显著影响,其中砂粘比对初始人渗率、前30 min入渗量影响最大,容重对稳定人渗率影响最大;Green-Ampt模型和Philip模型更适合本研究土壤水分入渗过程描述与模拟,且具有较高的准确性.     

基于元胞自动机的城市地表积水模拟研究

[目的]对城市地表水文产汇流时空过程进行模拟研究,以期为城市排水防涝应急决策提供依据。[方法]针对城市地表覆盖破碎性和地形复杂性的特征,构建基于元胞自动机(CA)的城市地表积水模型,结合水力水文学原理定义元胞及其规则。[结果]与传统统计经验模型、物理模型相比,该模型避免了汇水区划分、水流路径确定、参数提取等数据预处理问题,以广州市番禺区富华东路段区域作为试验区进行参数率定及模型验证,根据规则更新每个元胞的状态参数可获得任意时刻地表积水量、径流量和水流。[结论]该CA模型可以准确模拟地表水流时空分布及其变化,模拟结果可靠、表达直观;通过雨水口不同排放量模拟和常用数学模型对比分析表明,CA城市地表积水模型在城市内涝模拟中具有良好的实用性及易操作性。     

江西省洪涝灾害与水土保持

针对１９９８年江西发生特大洪涝灾害的状况,总结了水土流失的原因及其治理成效,提出了加强水土保持工作的对策。     

水分胁迫对巴西香蕉幼苗水分状况、质膜透性和根系活力的影响

在盆栽试验条件下,以巴西香蕉幼苗为试材,设置7个水平土壤含水量处理,分别为100％～91％、90％～81％、80％～71％、70％～61％、60％～51％、50％～41％和40％～0,测定叶片相对含水量、组织含水量、自由水、束缚水含量、质膜透性和根系活力。研究结果表明,随着水分胁迫的加剧,叶片相对含水量、组织含水量、自由水含量和根系活力均随土壤相对含水量的下降而减少;而水分饱和亏缺、束缚水含量和质膜透性则随土壤相对含水量的下降而升高。综合不同处理下巴西香蕉幼苗水分状况、质膜透性和根系活力可知,香蕉幼苗生长最适宜的土壤水分含量是田间持水量的71％～80％。     

恩诺沙星对小型模型水生态系统中底泥微生物的影响

兽药在环境中的行为及其生态效应已成为目前生态毒理学研究的热点之一。恩诺沙星是畜禽养殖业中广泛应用的抗菌药物,它可随畜禽排泄物进入环境,对环境生物产生影响。为对恩诺沙星的生态安全评价提供依据,利用小型模型水生态系统研究了恩诺沙星在其中的降解及其对底泥微生物数量的影响,于室外大棚以自然发生法构建了小型模型水生态系统（水生微宇宙）,培育2个月待其稳定后用于试验研究。试验设恩诺沙星0．02、0．05、O．1、0．2和0．5mg·L^-1 5个浓度系列,1个空白对照。结果表明,试验初期恩诺沙星在模型水生生态系统中的消失速度很快,随时间推移消失速度逐步减慢,并且在低浓度时维持较长的时间;初始浓度越高,恩诺沙星在低浓度时维持的时间越久。在试验浓度范围内,恩诺沙星对淤泥中的好氧细菌、真菌、放线菌、氨化细菌和硝化细菌的数量均无显著影响。     

Fecal Indicator and Pathogen Reduction in Vegetation Microcosms

Municipal wastewater has been applied as a fertilizer to coniferous forest in northern Sweden with the additional aims to purify the wastewater and reduce the treatment costs. This practice has the potential to introduce pathogenic microorganisms from the applied wastewater or sludge to the environment, with a subsequent risk of transmission to exposed humans or animals. Seasonality and climatological conditions, in particular low temperature, humidity and low sun intensity will furthermore affect the persistence of pathogens in the forest in northern Scandinavia and may therefore enhance the survival and thereby the exposure risk. The survival of two pathogens (Salmonella senftenberg and Campylobacter coli) and four fecal indicator organisms; bacteria strains (E. coli and E. fecalis) and bacteriophages (S. typhimurium phage 28 B and ?x174), used here as viral models, was evaluated in microcosms (60 Litre terrariums) with two vegetation regimes (characterized as moss and lichen) at selected temperatures (+3^?C to +27^?C) and artificial light exposure (light and dark). Salmonella persisted in high numbers after 35 days in the vegetation, indicating a potential risk for further transmission. Neither the vegetation regime nor temperature or light exposure as independent factors governed the reduction of the indicator bacteria and the bacteriophages. The persistence of the indicator organisms was generally best supported in the moss vegetation at low temperature in the dark, where the time for a 90% reduction (T₉₀) was in the range from 8 days (E. coli) to 31 days (Salmonella phage). The die-off characteristics found in this study provide baseline values for further validations in the field and verify that the purification and reuse of municipal wastewater in coniferous forest could potentially be responsible for transmission of fecal pathogens to humans and animals.     

等高固氮植物篱技术在坡耕地可持续耕作中的应用

等高固氮植物篱技术是利用固氮植物能够固氮、生长快和具多用途的特点，在坡耕地上建立高密度植物篱。通过枝叶还田及腐根和枯枝落叶，有改善土壤肥力、团粒结构及水分渗透率，加上植物篱的机械阻档，联系人针表径流50％－70％，减少土壤侵蚀97％－99％，土壤全氮含量增加65％－103％，有机质含量增加达25％－35％，农作物增产达 30％－60％。该技术具有投入低、操作简便、实用性强、效果显著、效益多样的特点。该技术综合地解决了山区坡耕地水土保持和土壤培肥的问题和用地、养地的矛盾，可实现坡耕地的可持续耕作利用，值得在我国山区大力推广。     

Water Quality Modeling of the Kali River,India

Water quality monitoring procedures effective in calibrating the QUAL2E model for the Kali River in India are described. The stability of dry season conditions for the Kali River are utilized to consider the migration pathways, and hence the calibration efforts necessary for water quality models. Alternative procedures for calibrating values for the reaction rates are utilized for reinforcement of the findings. These alternatives include changes in stream turbidity which are shown to be a useful measure of benthic oxygen demand. Ratios of BOD₅ to COD are reported between sugar mills, industrial inputs and municipal sources.     

Modeling of Water Sorption Kinetics in Spaghetti During Overcooking

The organoleptic changes of pasta during overcooking are strongly related to the rate at which water molecules penetrate the pasta matrix once the optimal cooking conditions are reached. A model to describe water sorption kinetics during the overcooking stage is presented. The model has been developed assuming that overcooking starts once the central core disappears and that during this stage sorption kinetics are governed by the pasta matrix relaxation rate. To validate the model, water sorption tests were performed at 10–100°C. A good agreement between the model predictions and the experimental data was obtained. Based on these results, the main matrix relaxation time can be used to compare behavior during overcooking of pastas with different compositional and technological variables.     

戈壁公路路基水毁防护试验研究

以穿越戈壁荒漠的红柳沟~若羌段的路基水毁调查为基础,提出了"淘底滑塌"、"冲蚀啃边"、"冲刷截断"3种主要的水毁形态,并概化成物理模型进行了水毁机理试验及防护试验研究,以探索戈壁公路路基水毁形成机理及水毁防护技术。通过大量的试验比较,提出了水毁路段合理的防护方案。分析表明,采用格宾箱体结构或格栅笼结构用于国道315线改建工程中的水毁防护工程,与传统的防护结构相比,具有较大的技术和经济优势。     

戈壁公路路基水毁防护试验研究

以穿越戈壁荒漠的红柳沟～若羌段的路基水毁调查为基础，提出了“淘底滑塌”、“冲蚀啃边”、“冲刷截断”3种主要的水毁形态，并概化成物理模型进行了水毁机理试验及防护试验研究，以探索戈壁公路路基水毁形成机理及水毁防护技术。通过大量的试验比较，提出了水毁路段合理的防护方案。分析表明，采用格宾箱体结构或格栅笼结构用于国道315线改建工程中的水毁防护工程，与传统的防护结构相比，具有较大的技术和经济优势。     

浅谈澳大利亚旱地果园的节水灌溉

澳大利亚地处南半球,国土总面积768.23万km^2,人口1 900万人.地势低平,全境平均海拔350m,是世界上地表起伏最缓的大陆.大部分地区降水稀少,年平均降水量470mm,且时空分布不均.水资源总量为3430亿m^3,目前已开发利用的地表水和地下水资源量为175亿m^3.果园总面积57 233 hm^2,以葡萄、梨、桃和杏等为主,主要为旱地果园.在旱地果园节水灌溉上,主要采用测水灌溉技术,即通过土壤水分监测,分析土壤水分状况和果树需水情况,确定适宜的灌溉时间与灌水定额.同时采用APEC-VC冬储地下水技术,将地表多余的水资源,通过压力贮存到地下100m左右,在缺水的季节通过动力机器抽水灌溉农田.许多地区果园应用了秸秆覆盖技术,目前秸秆覆盖果园面积占果园总面积的30%左右.其节水灌溉的主要经验为：制定法律,保障节水;土壤普查,科学规划;建立健全节水体系.     

短期培养下抑制剂烯丙基硫脲对土壤硝化作用及微生物的影响

硝化抑制剂烯丙基硫脲（ATU）对土壤硝化作用及温室效应的影响及机理尚不清楚。本研究采集典型旱地土壤,进行21天室内微宇宙培养,探究了氮肥与不同剂量ATU（分别为氮素用量的1%, 5%, 10%, 15%和20%）配施对土壤硝化作用及N2O和CO2排放通量的影响,并通过实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序16S rRNA基因技术监测硝化微生物群落变化,同时与传统硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）进行了保氮减排效果的对比。结果表明,与未施加氮肥的对照相比（CK）,单施氮肥（N）显著提高了土壤硝化强度并促进了N2O排放。DCD能显著抑制硝态氮和N2O的积累,抑制效率分别为68.6%和93.3%。而低浓度ATU对土壤硝化作用无影响,仅在高浓度具有抑制效应,且抑制效率最高仅为14.7%。所有ATU处理N2O排放量均显著降低,降幅为60.3～68.2%,仍远高于DCD处理。处理间N2O和CO2的综合温室效应强弱顺序为N>ATU+N>DCD+N≈CK,且不同ATU施用量处理之间差异不显著。相关分析发现氨氧化细菌（AOB）,而不是氨氧化古菌（AOA）和全程氨氧化细菌（Comammox）,与土壤硝态氮积累和N2O排放显著正相关,与土壤pH显著负相关。高通量测序结果表明Nitrosovibrio tenuis类型AOB对氮肥诱导的硝化过程起主导作用。除此之外,ATU和DCD还能显著提高Cupriavidus,并降低Patulibacter、Aeromicrobium、Actinomycetospora、Defluviicoccus和Acidipila等微生物属在群落中的相对丰度。该研究为深化土壤碳氮循环理论,合理使用硝化抑制剂以及减缓温室气体排放提供科学依据。     

土壤水热耦合运移数值模型研究进展

土壤水热耦合运移的数值模型研究是在二十世纪五十年代在等温水分运动模型的基础上发展起来的 ,该模型的建立不仅可用于预测农田水热的分布情况 ,从而为农业生产决策服务 ,而且可用于工业生产建筑中的地下产热问题和垃圾填埋场土地填筑中垃圾腐化产热问题的解决 ,因而具有广泛的应用价值 .本文对五十年代以来国内外土壤水热耦合数值模型的主要研究发展进行了介绍 ,并指出现今的模型应注意的问题 .     

等高反坡阶对坡耕地产流产沙和氮磷迁移的作用研究

在云南抚仙湖尖山河典型小流域,建立标准径流场并挖设等高反坡阶,采用野外田间试验定点监测的方法,以烤烟坡耕地为研究对象,从水平和垂直两个方向研究2007-2008年氮磷的迁移特征.结果表明:(1)等高反坡阶作用下,坡耕地径流控制率和土壤侵蚀控制率分别为61.90％和77.40％,雨季地表径流产生次数减少18次,次降雨下径流控制率为71.27％,土壤侵蚀控制率为84.13％,等高反坡阶对土壤侵蚀量的控制效果较好;(2)地表径流总氮、硝态氮和总磷迁移通量控制率分别为51.04％,45.77％和57.40％,径流泥沙全氮迁移通量较原状坡面减少了81.10％,碱解氮迁移通量较原状坡面减少了90.93％,全磷迁移通量较原状坡面减少了92.37％,速效磷迁移通量较原状坡面减少了88.00％;(3)坡面0-110 cm内壤中流总氮浓度与土壤深度之间无显著关系,阶面0-200 cm内总氮浓度与土壤深度有明显的关系,0-50 cm等高反坡阶阶面总氮浓度明显增加,是原状坡面的1.03～2.19倍,壤中流总氮浓度在050 cm土层对等高反坡阶响应较高;等高反坡阶措施增加或者削减坡耕地氮磷含量,且在各土层深度间有差异.     

A Modeling System for Monitoring Water Quality in Lagoons

Regular monitoring of key water quality parameters is important for assessing the hydrological status of a lagoon and its management activities. In this study, a new cost-effective technique based on the geo-ecological information-modeling system (GIMS) is implemented employing the combined use of simulation experiments and in-field observations to investigate the problem of optimizing water quality monitoring of a lagoon. The GIMS is accompanied by 39 elements selected in 8 management systems and 31 functional elements, which are described in detail. It is shown that the combined use of model and field observations allows reliable recording of lagoon water quality and optimization of the monitoring regime. Finally, simulation experiments are presented, demonstrating the fidelity of the proposed modeling system to optimize water quality control through regular in-field measurements and simulations.     

坡面土壤水蚀建模历程

阐述国内外坡面土壤水蚀建模发展历程,然后分别论述经验模型、概念模型、物理模型以及水蚀遥感信息模型的发展历程,最后比较各类模型优缺点。     

信息电气化技术在水利行业中的应用

从行业自身发展情况出发,本文对遥感（RS）技术、地理信息系统（GIS）技术、全球定位系统（GPS）技术及其集成技术在包括防汛减灾、水资源管理调度和水环境保护、水土保持、水利工程建设和管理以及现代化农田水利建设等水利领域中的应用现状与发展趋势进行分析与展望。     

模拟降雨条件下草篱对坡地浅层土壤水分分布特征的影响

为明确草篱对坡地浅层土壤水分分布特征的影响,在北京地区采用模拟降雨的方法,分层采集不同坡位的土壤样品,研究了在草木樨和狼尾草2种等高草篱措施干预下,不同雨强(30,45 mm/h)和坡度(15%,20%)条件下坡地降水迁移分配以及水分在浅层土壤中的分布特征。结果表明,该地区雨季坡地降水具有明显的沿坡面水平移动特征,无草篱对照地表径流量占降雨量的12%~44%。采用等高草篱能促进降水向下迁移,增加壤中流,减少30%~70%的地表径流,但此作用有随坡度的增加而减弱的趋势。浅层土壤含水量随土层加深而降低,表层(0-5cm)显著高于5-10,10-15cm土层。草篱带内土壤含水量与对应坡位无草篱区域的含水量处于同一水平。雨强、草篱、坡度均对坡地降水的运移和分配规律有显著影响,草篱的重要性高于坡度,低于雨强,是减少坡耕地降水流失的关键因素,但大强度的降雨和较陡的坡度会削弱草篱的水土保持功能。