退化红壤不同治理模式马尾松生长特点分析

对福建省长汀县花岗岩红壤区严重侵蚀地3种治理模式的马尾松林分进行生长过程分析,结果表明,前期合理的水土保持工程措施和施肥措施为马尾松的正常生长创造了条件,3种模式的治理措施在初期对马尾松的生长都有很大的促进作用,其中,模式对马尾松的生长促进效果最好,模式的效果最差,随着时间推移和肥力的耗竭,马尾松的生长又趋退化,其中以模式的效果维持时间最长,模式最短,效果也最差。因此合理的水土保持工程措施和施肥措施是治理严重侵蚀退化土壤的必要手段,而后期如何进行调控管理以加快生态系统的恢复是今后在类似地区亟待研究的问题。     

花岗岩丘陵侵蚀区马尾松残林改造途径初探

<正> 花岗岩丘陵侵蚀区水土流失严重,尤以花岗岩风化壳崩岗侵蚀区为甚。解放后,该类地区虽经反复治理,但因树种单一(以马尾松为主),治理效果不显著。为探索该类地区马尾松残林的改造途径,我们于1986年在五华县水土保持试验推广站和源坑水库治理试验示范区,开展了马尾松残林改造试验。     

严重侵蚀红壤不同治理模式群落N、P养分循环研究

福建长汀河田采取了多种治理模式对严重侵蚀红壤进行治理 ,为探讨不同治理模式的植物群落养分循环功能的恢复效果 ,对其中的以草促林、乔灌混交和乔木混交 3种治理模式及对照未治理的马尾松群落的 N、P养分循环进行了研究。结果表明 ,3种治理模式马尾松各组分的 N、P养分含量均比对照的高 ,群落养分的分布更加合理 ,群落 N、P养分总累积量、年存留量、归还量、吸收量均远大于对照的 ,养分循环功能有了一定程度的恢复。     

南方红壤丘陵侵蚀区“老头松”改造技术探讨

长期受水土流失影响的南方红壤丘陵侵蚀区,存在马尾松严重退化的现象,生态环境退化严重。福建省通过多年的水土流失治理,探索出南方红壤丘陵侵蚀区"老头松"改造的良好经验。本文通过分析马尾松退化机理,在总结以往成功治理经验的基础上,进一步总结、规范、提升,对推进南方红壤区"老头松"改造及类似林地水土流失治理有较大的示范及借鉴作用。     

闽西严重侵蚀紫色土不同治理措施群落生物量及能量研究

通过对福建省宁化禾口严重侵蚀紫色土采取粗放治理、强化治理、封禁治理 3种不同治理措施及对照群落的生物量和能量进行研究 ,结果表明 :强化治理的马尾松平均木生物量为 37.6 5 kg,分别是粗放治理和未治理地的 2 .7倍和 13.7倍 ;群落总生物量为 5 6 .90 8t/ hm2 ,分别是粗放治理和未治理的 3.1倍和2 7.5倍。不同治理措施群落各层次的干重热值大小顺序均为乔木层 >灌木层 >草本层 ,对照则为乔木层 >草本层 ;不同治理措施群落的能量主要积累在乔木层中 ;强化治理的能量现存量为 114 76 4 .7k J/ m,分别是粗放治理和未治理的 3.1倍和 2 7.5倍。然而 ,强化治理的群落生物量和能量现存量仍低于 2 0世纪 6 0年代中期在原马尾松疏林地采取的封禁治理 ,表明处于严重退化阶段的紫色土生态恢复和重建具有长期性特点 ;同时表明侵蚀退化紫色土的治理应根据其所处的不同退化阶段而采取相应的治理措施 ,才能收到最佳的治理效果     

花岗岩侵蚀劣地马尾松残林改造途径的研究

该研究选择１０种优良速生的牧草，绿肥和薪材树种，采用林间套种的种植方式，组成松草，松肥和松薪混交３种技术措施对花岗岩侵蚀劣的马尾松残林进行改造。重点研究分析了各改造措施对马尾松生长和土壤理化性质的影响及经济效益的高低。结果表明；松草，松肥，松薪混交改造花岗岩侵蚀劣地的马尾松残林，见效快，改土保水效果好，其经济上是合理可行的。     

红壤侵蚀退化地马尾松幼苗生长及养分利用效率对施肥的响应

马尾松是南方红壤侵蚀区的先锋树种,由于受土壤贫瘠的限制,植物生长缓慢.以树龄1年的马尾松为研究对象,研究了不同施肥处理对马尾松的生长特征以及生物量、植株养分含量和养分利用效率的影响.设置了1个对照(不施肥,CK)和3种施肥方式:单施复合肥(0.94,1.89,3.56 g);复合肥与微生物菌肥混施((0.94+8.00...     

铁岭县侵蚀沟综合治理措施与经验

铁岭县侵蚀沟长度较大、宽度较小,沟壑密度较大,侵蚀现象严重,2017—2020年铁岭县开展了侵蚀沟专项治理工作。通过对铁岭县侵蚀沟综合治理现状进行调研,分析了谷坊工程、护岸工程、沟头防护工程等典型侵蚀沟治理措施的实施效果、治理技术和模式,并根据其存在问题,提出建议与对策,以期更好地为铁岭县水土保持工程的实施提供指导。     

南方红壤区侵蚀退化马尾松林地生态恢复研究

我国南方红壤区严重侵蚀退化马尾松林地土壤极度贫瘠,加之退化面积广等因素,导致其恢复的难度加大,如何恢复侵蚀退化马尾松林地成为当前面临的一个艰巨而又迫切的任务,因此加快相关方面的研究和治理,探讨其退化机理,解决生态恢复关键技术,对于推动红壤区的生态建设具有重要意义。该文从土壤退化、人为因素、马尾松的生物学特性等方面阐述了马尾松林地的退化机理,总结了退化马尾松林地生态恢复的途径和模式及其产生的生态环境效应,并提出了马尾松侵蚀退化林地进一步研究的展望,以期为退化马尾松林地生态修复的后续研究作一参考。     

红壤侵蚀特点及其坡地治理关键技术与模式探讨

严重的水土流失导致红壤的全面退化,研究红壤区坡地治理的关键技术与模式,对防治红壤水土流失意义重大。本文结合我国近10年来红壤侵蚀的研究成果,概述了红壤坡地的侵蚀特点;从工程措施、植物措施、耕作措施3个方面,探讨当前红壤区侵蚀坡地治理的关键技术;并在分析不同关键技术截流、分流、汇流贮用效果的基础上,总结了红壤区崩岗地、林地、荒坡地和坡耕地4种典型侵蚀坡地的径流调控模式,以期为有效治理红壤坡地侵蚀,促进经济和生态环境可持续发展提供借鉴和指导。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.