黄河三角洲耕地变化及其驱动力的卫星遥感分析

Taking Kenli County in the Yellow River Delta, China, as the study area and using digital satellite remote sensing techniques, cultivated land use changes and their corresponding driving forces were explored in this study. An interactive interpretation and a manual modification procedure were carried out to acquire cultivated land information. An overlay method based on classification results and a visual change detection method which was supported by land use maps were employed to detect the cultivated land changes. Based on the changes that were revealed and a spatial analysis between cultivated land use and related natural and socio-economic factors, the driving forces for cultivated land use changes in the study area were determined. The results showed a decrease in cultivated land in Kenli County of 5321.8 ha from 1987 to 1998, i.e., an average annual decrement of 483.8 ha, which occurred mainly in the central paddy field region and the northeast dry land region. Adverse human activities, soil salinization and water deficiencies were the driving forces that caused these cultivated land use changes.     

不同轮作制度下土壤中不稳定有机碳组分的变化

Taking Kenli County in the Yellow River Delta, China, as the study area and using digital satellite remote sensing techniques, cultivated land use changes and their corresponding driving forces were explored in this study. An interactive interpretation and a manual modification procedure were carried out to acquire cultivated land information. An overlay method based on classification results and a visual change detection method which was supported by land use maps were employed to detect the cultivated land changes. Based on the changes that were revealed and a spatial analysis between cultivated land use and related natural and socio-economic factors, the driving forces for cultivated land use changes in the study area were determined. The results showed a decrease in cultivated land in Kenli County of 5321.8 ha from 1987 to 1998, i.e., an average annual decrement of 483.8 ha, which occurred mainly in the central paddy field region and the northeast dry land region. Adverse human activities, soil salinization and water deficiencies were the driving forces that caused these cultivated land use changes.     

我国西北风沙土-黄土地区土地利用变化及其对生态建设的意义

China has experienced dramatic land use changes over recent decades, with marked environmental and socio-economic consequences. Hengshan County, located in the aeolian-loessial area of Northwest China, was investigated to illustrate land use changes and their implications for environmental and long-term rural economic development. The farmland in Hengshan County significantly decreased during 1990--2003, whereas forest land and grassland increased. The conversion rates of farmland, orchard land, forest land and construction land varied markedly among different periods: 1990--1995, 1995--2000 and 2000--2003. Conversion of orchard land, grassland and construction land was dominant in 1990--1995, whereas the conversion of farmland to forest land mainly occurred in 2000--2003. The results suggested a profound transition in institutional policy and political economy of land management, including implementation of integrated soil erosion control projects, adoption of a market-oriented economy and the ‘Grain-for-Green’ policy, during this period in China. To achieve long-term sustainable land use in Hengshan County, efforts should aim at increasing off-farm income of rural families as well as establishing land-economizing mechanisms to promote land productivity, in addition to conservation measures.     

子午岭植被自然恢复过程中土壤有机碳密度的时空变化

To probe the processes and mechanisms of soil organic carbon （SOC） changes during forest recovery, a 150-year chronosequence study on SOC was conducted for various vegetation succession stages at the Ziwuling area, in the central part of the Loess Plateau, China. Results showed that during the 150 years of local vegetation rehabilitation SOC increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） over time in the initial period of 55-59 years, but slightly decreased afterwards. Average SOC densities for the 0-100 cm layer of farmland, grassland, shrubland and forest were 4.46, 5.05, 9.95, and 7.49 kg C m^-3, respectively. The decrease in SOC from 60 to 150 years of abandonment implied that the soil carbon pool was a sink for CO2 before the shrubland stage and became a source in the later period. This change resulted from the spatially varied composition and structure of the vegetation. Vegetation recovery had a maximum effect on the surface （0-20 cm） SOC pool. It was concluded that vegetation recovery on the Loess Plateau could result in significantly increased sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in soil and vegetation, which was ecologically important for mitigating the increase of atmospheric concentration of CO2 and for ameliorating the local eco-environment.     

印度热带森林干旱扰动土壤的微生物碳, 氮, 磷的研究

Variations in microbial biomass C (MB-C),N (MB-N) and P (MB-P) along a gradient of different dominant vegeta- tion covers (natural forest,mixed deciduous forest,disturbed savanna and grassland ecosystems) in dry tropical soils of Vindhyan Plateau,India were studied from January 2005 to December 2005.The water holding capacity,organic C,total N,total P and soil moisture content were comparatively higher in forest soils than in the savanna and grassland sites.Across different study sites the mean annual MB-C,MB-N and MB-P at 0-15 cm soil depth varied from 312.05 ± 4.22 to 653.40 ± 3.17,32.16 ± 6.25 to 75.66 ± 7.21 and 18.94 ± 2.94 to 30.83 ± 23.08 μg g ?1 dry soil,respectively.At all the investigated sites,the maximum MB-C,MB-N and MB-P occurred during the dry period (summer season) and the minimum in wet period (rainy season).In the present study,soil MB-C,MB-N and MB-P were higher at the forest sites compared to savanna and grassland sites.The differences in MB-C,MB-N and MB-P were significant (P 0.001) among sites and seasons.The MB-C (P 0.0001),MB-N (P 0.001) and MB-P (P 0.0001) were positively correlated with organic C,while the relationship between soil moisture and MB-C,MB-N and MB-P (P 0.001,P 0.01 and P 0.0001,respectively) was negative.The decreasing order of MB-C,MB-N and MB-P along study ecosystems was natural forest mixed deciduous forest savanna grassland.The results suggested that deforestation and land use practices (conversion of forest into savanna and grassland) caused the alterations in soil properties,which as a consequence,led to reduction in soil nutrients and MB-C,MB-N and MB-P in the soil of disturbed sites (grassland and savanna) compared to undisturbed forest ecosystems.     

福建省土地适宜性及使用变化研究

To present the current status of land quality and distribution and the trends in land use change, the physical suitability of cropland and forestland and the associated changes in Fujian Province were evaluated and analyzed using data obtained from geographical information systems （GIS） and remote sensing （RS）. Of the total land area of Fujian Province, first class suitable cropland accounted for only 4.21%, whereas unsuitable cropland accounted for 84.78%. The percentage of first class suitable cropland in the southeastern region （5.32%） was much higher than that in the northwestern area （2.91%）. Only 13.63% of the existing cropland area consisted of first class cropland and 70.08% was classified as unsuitable for cultivation. Of the total land area of Fujian Province, the first class forestland comprised 55.25% and the unsuitable forestland （including third class） comprised 21.2%. The percentage of unsuitable forest area in the existing forestland was only 5.5%. From 1996 to 2001, cropland and unused land decreased significantly, whereas forestland and land used for urban and transport increased rapidly. Therefore, the major tasks ahead will be the land development for full grain production potential, the better coordination of allocating land to different uses, and the regulation inappropriate activities that damage agricultural ecosystems.     

中国滇池流域土地利用方式对土壤侵蚀和养分状况的影响

Soil erosion and loss of soil nutrients have been a crucial environment threat in Southwest China. The land use and its impact on soil qualities continue to be highlighted. The present study was conducted to compare soil erosion under four land use types(i.e.,forestland, abandoned farmland, tillage, and grassland) and their effects on soil organic carbon(SOC), total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) in the Shuanglong catchment of the Dianchi Lake watershed, China. There were large variations in the erosion rate and the nutrient distributions across the four land use types. The erosion rates estimated by137 Cs averaged 2 133 t km-2year-1under tillage and abandoned farmland over the erosion rate of non-cultivated sites, and the grasslands showed a net deposition. For all sites, the nutrient contents basically decreased with the soil depth. Compared with tillage and abandoned farmland, grassland had the highest SOC and TN contents within 0–40 cm soil layer, followed by forestland. The significant correlations between137 Cs, SOC and TN were observed. The nutrient loss caused by erosion in tillage was the highest. These results suggested that grassland and forestland would be beneficial for SOC and TN sequestration over a long-term period because of their ability to reduce the loss of nutrients by soil erosion. Our study demonstrated that reduction of nutrient loss in the red soil area could be made through well-managed vegetation restoration measures.     

森林生态系统中土壤有机质组分的固态13C核磁共振波谱表征

Forest management practices such as prescribed burning and thinning in forest ecosystems may alter the properties of soil organic matter (SOM).In this study,surface soils from field plots in the Bankhead National Forest,Alabama,USA,were used to investigate possible SOM transformations induced by thinning and burning.Elemental analysis and solid-state 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy were used to characterize SOM fractions in whole soils,humic substances,and density fractions.Our data revealed that the changes in SOM fractions due to the repeated burning carried out in the forest ecosystem studied were involved mainly with alkyl C,O-alkyl C,and carbohydrate functional groups,implying that most prominent reactions that occurred involved dehydrogenation,de-oxygenation,and decarboxylation.In addition,burning and thinning might have also affected the distribution and composition of free and occluded particulate SOM fractions.The limited structural changes in SOM fractions suggested that low-intensity prescribed fire in the forest ecosystem studied will not create major structural changes in SOM fractions.     

基于多时相TM/ETM+数据的浙江省沿海地区土地利用变化研究

Landsat Thematic Mapper （TM） and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus （ETM＋） images in 1985, 1986, 1993, 1994 and 2001 were used to quantify the land use and land cover changes （LUCC） in the Zhejiang coastal region with a stratified unsupervised classification technique in conjunction with visual interpretation and to attempt an identification of the socioeconomic driving forces. In level I an overall accurate classification was achieved using a modified Anderson＇s Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ-level classification scheme. The overall accuracy of the land use classification at Anderson level Ⅰ were 89.7% （1985）, 91.6% （1993）, and 90.4% （2001）. The most rapid land use change was a dramatic increase in urban or built-up areas, which quadrupled from 1985 to 2001. Over 90% of this newly expanded built-up area was originally paddy fields or other croplands. In different parts of the Zhejiang coastal region, urban land expansion was spatially uneven. Temporally, land use development did not stabilized, and the two study periods of time （1985-1993 and 1993-2001） had different transition styles. Socioeconomic factors, such as gross domestic product, total population, and financial expenditure, were all highly correlated with the expansion of urban or built-up areas. Based on the degree of urban sprawl and socioeconomic factors, cities and towns were further divided into six subgroups, which may help decision makers improve land use for the region.     

中国坡耕地分布特征与退耕还林草政策影响分析

The Grain-for-Green Policy in China could not only improve China's ecological quality, but also influence grain supplies for a short term. Based on data from the detailed nationwide land use survey in 1996 and the steep cultivated land survey update in 2000, a regression model for the driving forces affecting steep cultivated lands was developed, and cluster analysis was used to identify seven steep cultivated land types in order to analyze the grain availability impact of the project with land usage estimates for 2010 and 2030. The results suggested that consecutive days with minimum daily temperature over 10 ℃ and the dominant slope in a county constrained the spatial distribution of steep cultivated lands. In terms of socioeconomic factors, steep cultivated land was a complex interaction of population size, gross domestic production level, and the richness and quality of cultivated lands having slopes less than 15°. The trends for steep cultivated land in 2010 and 2030 were forecast using a driving forces model and China's grain security criteria and showed that the Grain-for-Green Policy at the national level would not cause a grain shortage or threaten food security criteria. However, if steep sloped lands were to be retired from production, some regions would need grain supplements as early as 2010. Also, assuming that only 60% of the cultivated land at the national level was needed, population and economic development pressures in 2030 would require some steep cultivated lands to be used for grain production.     

四十年来嘉陵江中下游土地利用/覆被动态变化研究

运用GIS空间分析方法,以1960年1:5万地形图、1972年、1986年和2000年LandsatTM/MSS影像数据为基础,分析了1960─2000年40年来嘉陵江中下游地区各土地利用类型数量变化和空间变化特征。结果表明:1960─2000年间土地利用/覆被变化的总趋势是林地和草地减少,减少量分别为27087.0hm2和37696.5hm2,建设用地和耕地增加,分别增加15252.3hm2和14871.8hm2;但以1986年为界分为两个时期:1960─1986年土地利用的总趋势是林地大面积地转化为草地和耕地,林地面积减少;而1986─2000年间耕地向林地转化加快,导致林地面积有所增加,而耕地面积相对减少。在40年中建筑用地一直在增加。同时结合历史资料分析了自然和人文特别是政策因素在动态变化中所起的作用。     

生态建设重点区域土地利用变化及驱动因素分析——以潮河流域为例

以密云水库的重要水源地和生态建设重点区域——潮河流域为研究区,基于GIS技术,分析了20世纪80年代中后期到2005年流域的土地利用/覆被变化;在此基础上,构建了土地利用变化驱动力指标体系,对流域土地利用变化的驱动力进行了主成分分析,分析了1981—2005年政策、经济、人口、科技进步等驱动因素对该流域土地利用变化的影响。结果表明:潮河流域的土地利用类型以林地为主,20世纪80年代中后期到2005年,流域林地、草地的变化最为显著,其中林地面积增加最多,草地面积则大幅减少;政策因素是影响该流域土地利用格局变化的主导因素。     

岷江上游景观格局与土壤侵蚀变化——以杂古脑流域为例

[目的]探索不同景观格局对流域土壤侵蚀过程的影响及动态变化,为岷江上游的生态保护和恢复工作提供依据。[方法]应用景观生态学理论与通用土壤流失方程(USLE)分析岷江上游杂古脑流域1990年和2015年的景观格局变化与土壤侵蚀变化。[结果]杂谷脑流域景观类型动态主要表现为草地面积由70 125hm~2增加到82 568hm~2,林地和耕地面积少量增加,未利用的其他地类面积减少了12 542hm~2。该区域25a来植被覆盖度显著提高,土壤侵蚀程度显著下降;2015年中度侵蚀强度以上的土壤侵蚀发生面积均出现下降,极强度侵蚀活动的发生面积下降了36 102.69hm~2。[结论]25a间杂古脑流域以草地为主的植被恢复和景观格局变化,有效降低了该区域的土壤侵蚀强度,减少了水土流失。     

杂谷脑河流域近30年景观格局时空演变研究

杂谷脑河流域是岷江上游典型的干旱河谷区。以1980年和2006年两期Landsat TM遥感影像为主要信息源,从时间序列和空间尺度上分析近30 a杂谷脑河流域LUCC过程与景观格局动态变化,揭示其景观格局的时空演变规律,探讨土地利用变化对景观格局的影响机制,以期为其脆弱生境恢复与重建提供依据。结果表明:该流域土地利用变化显著,且以林地大面积减少和灌木林地显著增加为主要特点;区域呈现以自然景观为主,人为景观处于支配地位,以云、冷杉暗针叶林为地带性植被并主导该区域森林景观的格局现状;杂谷脑河流域的景观多样性和均匀度两指数增加,优势度减小,处主导地位的森林景观类型与其它景观类型所占比例的差异在缩小,景观结构趋于均匀,森林景观对流域景观控制作用减弱。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用景观格局变化分析——以延河流域为例

为了给黄土丘陵沟壑区土地资源的合理利用和生态环境的改善提供依据,以延河流域为研究对象,应用GIS技术和景观格局指数分析方法,对研究区1978—2010年的土地利用景观结构特征、斑块特征和空间格局的变化规律进行了系统分析。结果表明:（1）延河流域各景观类型的变化幅度表现为:耕地 > 林地 > 草地 > 建设用地 > 水域,研究区1978—1990年变化速率最快的景观类型是草地,1990—2000年是林地,2000—2010年是建设用地,由以耕地为主导的景观结构转变为林地—草地复合的景观结构;（2）研究区破碎度较高的景观类型是耕地和草地,斑块形状也较复杂,主要是受地形地貌因素的影响。林地、建设用地和水域受人类活动的干扰强烈,斑块分布趋于集中化,破碎度较小,形状较为简单;（3）32年来,延河流域土地利用景观格局经历了“耕地主导—相对平衡—林草主导”的变化过程,向着集中化和简单化的方向发展,抗干扰能力降低,不利于景观的稳定性,但有利于生态环境的改善。     

闽江流域上下游县域土地利用变化对比分析

本文采用福建省1985年和2000年两期TM卫星遥感解译数据,在GIS软件支持下,定量分析闽江流域土地利用变化总体态势以及各种土地利用类型间的相互转化状况,并以建阳市和长乐市为例,分析了流域上下游县域土地利用变化的差异及其驱动力。结果表明人口增长、工业化和城镇化以及宏观政策是15年来流域内耕地、林地和建设用地增加,草地、未利用地减少的主要原因。     

生态恢复背景下无定河流域土地利用时空变化

以恢复林灌草植被为核心的黄土高原生态建设的直接结果就是引起了土地利用格局变化。选取黄河中游区无定河流域为对象,以1985,1995,2000和2008年土地利用数据为基础,综合运用GIS分析技术、土地利用动态分析方法与模型,系统研究了生态恢复背景下流域土地利用时空变化过程。结果表明,草地始终是该流域优势土地利用类型,生态恢复以大规模治理沙荒及未利用地,恢复林草地景观为主要形式;随着退耕还林还草工程实施与推进,耕地转出明显,林、草地新增明显;1995年前后,流域土地利用类型相互频繁流转,土地利用总动态度在2000年达到了最高水平;在植被恢复因素驱动下,流域土地利用重心空间漂移明显,主要表现为耕地重心均向流域东部下游地区偏移,林、草地重心向西北方向偏移。     

秦巴山区土地利用时空格局及地形梯度效应

自然景观的垂直地带性为区域土地利用的垂直景观格局奠定了基础,同时也决定了垂直景观带上土地利用的强度及其变化情况。该文采用地形位指数、分布指数、土地利用程度综合指数和土地利用信息图谱法等,分析了1989-2010年秦巴山区土地利用格局的地形梯度效应和图谱信息,揭示地形控制下土地利用时空格局和土地转移的变化规律。结果表明:1)秦巴山区土地利用以林地和耕地为主,呈西林东耕分布;1989-2010年间林地减少显著,建设用地增加明显,其中耕地是建设用地主要转入来源,林、草地是耕地主要转入来源。2)秦巴山区各生态亚区用地类型差异明显,各生态亚区土地利用转移方向也存在差异性。3)秦巴山区土地利用强度指数呈东高西低,中高周低的态势;土地利用强度变化率稳定少动,增加趋势不明显;土地利用动态度呈中高周低的态势,整体变化不大。4)水域、建设用地和耕地主要集中在地形起伏度小和坡度小的低地形位,且耕地主要转移为其他两种用地类型,建设用地有向中低地形位分布的趋势。林地和草地集中在地形起伏大、坡度陡的中高地形位,且存在着相互转移演替现象,中低地形位往往是耕地、林地、草地间的相互转换,未来势必加强坡耕地和低山丘陵区林草地的管治工作。     

新疆典型绿洲阜康地区土地利用/覆被及景观格局变化分析

利用1977,1990和2006年的3期遥感影像,将GIS及景观生态学的分析方法相结合,对新疆阜康地区1977-2006年土地利用/覆被和景观格局变化进行了分析.结果表明:(1)研究区土地利用/覆被变化显著,耕地和建设用地持续增加,林地、草地、水域、盐碱和未利用土地逐步减少,且有明显加快的趋势;耕地增加主要来源于草地和盐碱地,建设用地主要来源于耕地、草地及未利用土地.(2)在类型水平上,耕地、建设用地和未利用土地连通性增强,优势度增加;林地、水域和盐碱地斑块趋于均匀而分离,破碎度增加,连通性降低;草地形状趋于规则,破碎度增加,但连通性变化不大;沙地几乎没有变化.在景观水平上,景观整体异质性增强,表现出多样化和均匀化的发展趋势.(3)驱动力分析表明,气温对水域,降水对草地影响较大,但人为因素是主要驱动因素,其中人口增加是直接动力,政策环境的改善及产业结构的调整加快了土地利用的变化速度.     

黄土高原汾河流域地表景观演变特征研究

黄土高原是中国高度脆弱的生态系统之一,基于2000年和2008年两期TM遥感影像,以黄土高原脆弱区独立的流域单元——汾河流域为例,综合运用GIS和RS技术及景观生态学的基本原理与方法,分析该流域地表景观特征及其变化趋势,同时利用DEM数据,探讨景观演变的空间分异规律,为进一步研究流域景观演变驱动机制提供有价值的信息。结果表明:（1）农田、森林、草地始终是该流域的主要景观构成,但绝对优势景观（农田）所占比例大幅下降;（2）就整体景观尺度而言,形状趋于规则,连通性增强,多样性增大,蔓延度下降,整体景观格局受人为活动的干扰越来越强;（3）流失的农田主要流向了草地、森林和聚落,成为该流域8 a来主要的景观演变类型;（4）农田向聚落景观的演变主要发生在地势平坦、海拔低的中部两大盆地地区,农田向林草景观的演变则主要发生在海拔较高、坡度较大的上游、中游南部以及中下游外围的山地丘陵区。