鲤科疱疹病毒Ⅱ型射阳株的分离与鉴定

对患"鳃出血"病的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)病灶组织进行分离,并通过回归感染试验、细胞分离鉴定、电镜观察以及PCR几种方法结合来鉴定。结果显示:健康异育银鲫注射组织滤液5 d后开始发病,且症状与原发病症状一样,死亡率为80%,对照组没有死亡。对患病鱼内脏组织经超薄切片,电子显微镜观察发现组织内有大量的病毒颗粒,成熟的病毒粒子直径大小170~200 nm,与疱疹病毒Ⅱ型病毒粒子相符。滤液经疱疹病毒Ⅱ型特异性的PCR检测,获得阳性目的片段,同时将无菌处理的病样滤液接种胖头鲤细胞(FHM),培养1 d后出现明显的细胞病变(CPE),单层细胞网状收缩,坏死细胞聚集。收集细胞培养液,进行病毒特异性的PCR检测,并检测到436 bp的阳性片段。结果表明:从江苏射阳某"鳃出血"病异育银鲫养殖鱼塘分离到的病毒为疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(Cy HV-2)病毒。     

酵母核苷酸对异育银鲫生长和免疫酶活性的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照组)、86、172、258、344和430 mg/kg的酵母核苷酸,饲喂异育银鲫(Car-assius auratus gibelio)75 d,研究酵母核苷酸对其生长和免疫酶活性的影响。结果显示:添加344 mg/kg和430mg/kg的酵母核苷酸组显著促进了异育银鲫的生长和降低了饲料系数,添加172 mg/kg的酵母核苷酸显著提高了异育银鲫血清中溶菌酶活力和碱性磷酸酶活性。考虑生长和免疫酶两方面因素,异育银鲫饲料中酵母核苷酸的适宜添加量为344 mg/kg。     

异育银鲫造血器官坏死症病鱼体内鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型的电镜观察与超微病理学特征

为分析患鲫造血器官坏死症异育银鲫Carassius auratus gibelio体内不同器官组织中鲤疱疹病毒(CyHV-2)粒子的形态结构、分布和发生过程,采集患病异育银鲫体肾、脾脏、头肾、肝胰脏、肠道、鳃各组织样本,利用透射电镜观察疱疹病毒和组织细胞超微病理学。在所采集器官组织中均观察到鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型的DNA内核、空衣壳、实心核衣壳、含包膜成熟病毒共4种不同成熟时期的病毒粒子,不同时期的病毒粒子直径分别为65~90nm、90~180nm、90~180nm、170~220nm;体肾和脾脏中含有大量的Cy HV-2病毒,而头肾、肝胰脏、肠道和鳃中病毒粒子较少;CyHV-2病毒主要感染体肾、头肾、脾脏的吞噬细胞,导致机体免疫机能改变;组织细胞病理学观察发现吞噬细胞核边缘化,核内染色质变性,核膜溶解,线粒体嵴断裂,出现空泡,个别细胞溶解坏死。通过PCR检测和电镜观察病毒粒子结构特征,确诊异育银鲫感染Cy HV-2病毒,主要器官组织细胞中均有CyHV-2病毒,且在细胞核中完成复制和组装,在细胞质中获得外膜。感染Cy HV-2病毒的异育银鲫主要器官组织均受到一定的损伤。     

异育银鲫病原维氏气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从患病的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)肝脏中分离得1株优势菌DF-1。将菌DF-1进行人工回感试验,其患病症状同自然发病症状,证明其对鲫有致病性。该菌的形态特征、主要理化特性、16S rRNA序列测定结果及系统发育树的构建均表明其为维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)。药敏试验结果表明,该菌对甲哌利福霉素、链霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、阿洛西林、氟苯尼考等12种药物敏感,对青霉素、苯唑西林、氨苄西林、罗红霉素、克林霉素等15种药物表现出耐药性。     

外源木聚糖酶对异育银鲫生长、超氧化物歧化酶及溶菌酶活性的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg的木聚糖酶,饲养初始体重6.71 g左右的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)56 d后,研究了木聚糖酶对异育银鲫生长、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶活性的影响。结果表明:添加100 mg/kg木聚糖酶组异育银鲫的增重率和特定生长率最大,显著大于对照组(P<0.05),同时该组异育银鲫的饲料系数最低,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。添加50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg木聚糖酶可显著提高异育银鲫血清、脾脏、肝胰脏、头肾SOD活性以及血清、头肾、脾脏溶菌酶活性。     

聚六亚甲基胍对异育银鲫造血器官坏死症的防治效果研究

分别采用腹腔注射含鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(Cyprinid herpesvirusⅡ,Cy HV-2)的组织浆和患病鱼直接感染的方法进行人工感染实验,并对实验鱼发病组织病毒DNA进行巢式PCR检测,将扩增产物进行测序比对,研究聚六亚甲基胍(Polyhexamethylene guanide,PHMG)对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)感染鲫造血器官坏死症(Crucian Carp Hematopoietic Necrosis)的防治效果。结果显示:两种人工感染的方法出现相似的感染症状,但后者感染周期相对较短;实验毒株与Gen Bank中已报道的Cy HV-2毒株的DNA解旋酶基因具有高度同源性(99.0%),该毒株与JSSY、YC110907等Cy HV-2其他病毒株属同一分支。药物预防实验表明:当PHMG浓度≥0.5 m L/m3时,保护率可达60%以上,对该病有显著抑制作用。治疗实验表明,药物对感染3 d后的鲫具有显著抑制作用,当PHMG浓度≥0.75 m L/m3时,保护率达63.33%以上,对该病有较好的治疗效果;当PHMG浓度≥2.5 m L/m3时,对感染5 d后的鲫具有显著抑制作用,保护率达63.33%以上。低浓度的药物治疗效果虽不显著,但可延长病鱼的存活时间。     

寡糖-中草药复合物和黄霉素对异育银鲫生长、免疫及抗病力的影响

在基础日粮中分别添加6 mg/kg黄霉素、0.1%寡糖-中草药复合物、0.2%寡糖-中草药复合物,连续投喂600尾异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)56 d后,测定鱼的生长、血清溶菌酶活性,丙二醛含量,超氧化物歧化酶活性,谷丙转氨酶活性,谷草转氨酶活性及血液生化指标等。结果显示:与对照组相比,添加6 mg/kg黄霉素显著提高了异育银鲫血液甘油三酯含量、血清溶菌酶活性;添加0.1%寡糖-中草药复合物显著提高了异育银鲫增重率、特定生长率、血清溶菌酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性;添加0.2%寡糖-中草药复合物显著提高了异育银鲫增重率、特定生长率、血液葡萄糖含量、血清溶菌酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性,显著降低了谷丙转氨酶活性、谷丙转氨酶/谷草转氨酶(即GPT/GOT)活性比值。鱼攻毒试验也表明试验各组都有死鱼,但是对照组死亡率是最高的。因此添加0.2%寡糖-中草药复合物能提高机体免疫机能与抗氧化能力,抵抗病原菌感染,保护肝脏,能促进鱼体生长。     

聚六亚甲基胍对异育银鲫鳃出血病药效的初步研究

通过PCR检测及序列对比分析,确诊江苏海丰农场两塘口内异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)所患疾病为鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(Cyprinid herpesvirusⅡ,Cy HV-2)引发的鲫造血器官坏死症(Crucian CarpHematopoietic Necrosis),而后分别每10 d使用0.5 m L/m~3和0.75 m L/m~3聚六亚甲基胍(Polyhexamethylene guanide,PHMG)泼洒治疗,并定期采样,利用Real Time PCR测定样品中病毒表达量。结果显示:该病毒(DF2015)Cy HV-2的DNA解旋酶基因序列长为316 bp,与绝大多数病毒株有较近的亲缘关系(99%),但与病毒株ST-J1和H.Fukuda的亲缘关系相对较远(63%)。与其余病毒株等有较近的亲缘关系(99%);治疗近2个月后,两塘的病毒相对表达量均呈下降趋势,且具有显著差异性,但0.75 m L/m~3治疗塘病毒相对表达量极显著降低,治疗效果相对更显著。     

藕塘鱼、蟹、藕综合种养试验

为提高藕塘综合效益、探索渔藕综合种养模式,2020年在试验点开展藕塘鱼、蟹、藕综合种养试验示范,对藕塘进行改建,选用适宜藕种,放养异育银鲫、鲢、鳙和中华绒螯蟹,适量投喂,合理施肥,选用低毒高效的农(渔)药防治病虫害.与单一种植莲藕相比,藕塘综合种养模式鱼、蟹、藕产量共增加2940 kg/hm2,产值增加67800元/h...     

Distribution of the introduced cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in a wild population of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), which causes a lethal disease in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and koi, C. carpio koi , first occurred in Lake Biwa, Japan in 2004. To elucidate distribution of CyHV-3 in a wild common carp population, we conducted a PCR survey of CyHV-3 among such fish in Lake Biwa in 2006. Only 6% (1/18) of the common carp smaller than 300 mm were positive with PCR, whereas 31% (18/58) of fish larger than 300 mm were positive. To evaluate their past exposure to CyHV-3 infection based on the presence of antibodies, we also measured the levels of serum anti-CyHV-3 antibodies in the carp, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. None (0/26) of the fish smaller than 300 mm was positive for the antibodies, whereas 54% (33/61) of fish larger than 300 mm were positive. Of the antibody-positive individuals, 44% (14/32) were also positive by PCR strongly suggesting that wild common carp that survived infection become CyHV-3 carriers. Five individuals were positive by PCR but negative for antibodies indicating that their infection with CyHV-3 had occurred recently. These results suggest that transmission of CyHV-3 from carriers to naïve common carp is still occurring in Lake Biwa.     

Isolation of a cyprinid herpesvirus 2 from goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), in the UK

Haematopoietic necrosis virus [cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2)] was isolated during disease outbreaks in goldfish, Carassius auratus, at an ornamental fish retail site in southern England in 2004. Signs of disease included lethargy and inappetence and were first seen after water temperatures increased from 14-15 to 19-21 degrees C. External gross pathology included pale patches on the gills and skin and internally the spleen was enlarged, often with distinctive white nodules. The most prominent histopathological changes observed were necrotic lesions in the spleen and kidney and focal patches of necrosis in the gill lamellae. Necrotic cells often contained nuclei with marginated chromatin and pale intranuclear inclusions. Ultrastructural examination of the spleen tissue revealed typical herpesvirus-like particles measuring 100 nm in diameter. The virus was isolated from extracts of gill tissue in KF-1 cells at 20 degrees C and oligonucleotide primer sets were designed based on conserved gene sequences and used to amplify viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR assays were then used to detect the virus in DNA extracted from tissues sampled during earlier disease investigations at the retail site owner's holding facility in 2002 and 2003 and stored at -70 degrees C since then. Polymerase gene-specific PCR amplification products obtained from tissue samples and from the virus isolated in cell culture shared 100% nucleotide sequence identity with the published sequence for CyHV-2.     

Persistence of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in asymptomatic goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) that survived an experimental infection

Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV‐2) is the causative agent of herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) in goldfish, Carassius auratus, and Prussian carp, C. auratus gibelio. In this study, we investigated virus persistence in goldfish experimentally infected with CyHV‐2. Virus DNA presence in organs was monitored in survivors reared at a virus permissive temperature and also in survivors treated with a non‐permissive temperature for 4 days, initiated at three different time points post‐infection in order to obtain fish with different virus loads. We detected virus DNA in all organs tested at 51 days post‐infection (dpi) and in the spleen, trunk kidney and gills of survivors at 81 dpi, although the virus load in fish influenced the subsequent number of organs that tested positive for virus DNA. In addition, some organs dissected from four out of five asymptomatic survivors tested positive by PCR following incubation in vitro in a medium for 5 days. Following inoculation with the homogenate of PCR‐positive kidney incubated in vitro, one of the three inoculated fish died, showing that the detected virus by PCR produced infectious particles. This study suggests that CyHV‐2 can establish a persistent infection in some organs, especially the spleen and trunk kidney, and that asymptomatic surviving fish can be a source of infection.     

Analysing codon usage bias of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 and adaptation of this virus to the hosts

The codon usage patterns of open reading frames (ORFs) in cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV‐3) have been investigated in this study. The high correlation between GC₁₂% and GC₃% suggests that mutational pressure rather than natural selection is the main factor that determines the codon usage and base component in the CyHV‐3, while mutational pressure effect results from the high correlation between GC₃% and the first principal axis of principle component analysis (Axis 1) on the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) value of the viral functional genes. However, the interaction between the absolute codon usage bias and GC₃% suggests that other selections take part in the formation of codon usage, except for the mutational pressure. It is noted that the similarity degree of codon usage between the CyHV‐3 and goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), is higher than that between the virus and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., suggesting that the goldfish plays a more important role than the common carp in codon usage pattern of the CyHV‐3. The study of codon usage in CyHV‐3 can provide some evidence about the molecular evolution of the virus. It can also enrich our understanding about the relationship between the CyHV‐3 and its hosts by analysing their codon usage patterns.     

Protection of Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) against the white spot syndrome virus using specific chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins by oral delivery

Two kinds of specific chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgYs), IgY‐WSSV and IgY‐VP28, were, respectively, raised against the 2 mM binary ethylenimine (BEI)‐inactivated white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and a principal envelope protein VP28. The activity of purified specific IgYs was stable under the conditions of 20–70 °C, pH 3.0–10.0 and 0–700 g L^?1 sucrose solution. In the neutralization assay, these high‐affinity IgY antibodies can specifically bind with the virus particles to protect shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) against WSSV infection. After oral delivery for 20 days, the IgY‐WSSV exerted a higher protection effect (RPS: 71.5%) than IgY‐VP28 (RPS: 63.7%). Moreover, an increase in RPS (79.2%) was found on addition of IgY‐WSSV:VP28 (0.1% IgY‐VP28 plus 0.2% IgY‐WSSV). This may indicate that neutralization of WSSV refers to the multiple‐hit model. By time‐course study of the levels of the specific IgYs in vivo, the data showed that the titre was enhanced to a relatively high level (P/N=8.35±0.45) at 3 days post administration, declined slightly (P/N=7.13±1.01) at 7 days post administration and then remained stable for further investigation. The stable antibody level potentially contributes towards blocking a large number of WSSV particles from entering and infecting on the major tissues at the early and late stages after challenge in shrimp.     

Rapid visual detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick

Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HVHN), caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV‐2), causes significant losses in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) aquaculture. Rapid and convenient DNA assay detection of CyHV‐2 is useful for field diagnosis. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a novel isothermal DNA amplification and detection technology that can amplify DNA within 30 min at ~37°C by simulating in vivo DNA recombination. Herein, a rapid and convenient detection assay based on RPA with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) was developed for detecting CyHV‐2. The highly conserved ORF72 of CyHV‐2 was targeted by specific and sensitive primers and probes. The optimized assay takes only 15 min at 38°C using a water bath, with analysis of products by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis within 30 min. A simple lateral flow strip based on the unique probe in reaction buffer was developed for visualization. The entire RPA‐LFD assay takes 50 min less than the routine PCR method, is 100 times more sensitive and displays no cross‐reaction with other aquatic viruses. The combined isothermal RPA and lateral flow assay (RPA‐LFD) provides a simple, rapid, reliable method that could improve field diagnosis of CyHV‐2 when resources are limited.