干缩法测定黄竹纤维饱和点的研究

以黄竹为研究对象，测定了不同含水率下黄竹的径向和弦向干缩率．采用曲线拟合建模法，用三次曲线对试验数据进行拟合，经检验拟合效果较好。根据曲线性质和试验数据的特点，找出曲线上变化的关键点，定义为竹材纤维饱和点。由弦向和径向干缩得出的黄竹纤维饱和点分别为24．64％和29．65％。     

Changes in physical properties of tropical and temperate hardwoods below and above the fiber saturation point

Changes in physical and mechanical properties of wood were analyzed using sorption tests combined with dimensional measurements and perpendicular-to-the-grain tangential compression tests. In order to determine the influence of wood structure on these changes, three hardwood species (Fagus grandifolia, Brosimum alicastrum and Cariniana domestica) presenting different anatomical structures were studied. Two experimental techniques were used to perform moisture sorption tests at 25°C. The first technique used saturated salt solutions (from 33 to 90% relative humidity) and the second used the pressure membrane method (above 96% relative humidity). Special attention was given to the “fiber saturation region”, where changes in wood properties started to take place. Results showed that at equilibrium moisture content (EMC), radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage, as well as changes in transverse strength occurred above the fiber saturation point (FSP). This behavior can be explained by the effect of hysteresis at saturation on wood properties. This hysteresis indicates that loss of bound water takes place in the presence of liquid or capillary water, which contradicts the concept of FSP. The initial EMC at which bound water starts to be removed varied largely among the wood species.     

Liquid penetration in different cells of two hardwood species

Two experimental techniques were used to test the water permeability of two Korean hardwood species: diffuse porous Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee (eunsasi poplar) and ring porous white oak, Quercus serrata Thunb (konara oak). The first technique measured the void volume filled at different moisture content (MC) levels. Samples were treated with water via a schedule of full-cell impregnation. A significant relation between MC and permeability (the fractional void volume) was found. A reduction in liquid permeability was observed at MC above the fiber saturation point (FSP), whereas the opposite result was observed at MC below FSP due to the effect of the voids available in the wood. However, the differences of increased permeability from MC level 20% to 0% were found satistically the same in either wood species. The second technique measured the speed of liquid penetration in vessels, fibers, and rays with no application of external pressure. In this method, liquid flow was captured via video and the penetration speed was measured. Vessels, fibers, and rays in poplar were found to be more permeable than those in oak. Different anatomical factors such as cell diameter, cell length, pit number, pit aperture area, and thickness of the pit membrane seemed to be responsible for the variation of liquid flow rate in different cells of the two hardwood species.     

Some studies on the shrinkage behaviour of wood

Summary Shrinkage observed on small clear specimens in radial and tangential directions and volumetric shrinkage obtained under the evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of wood have been analysed with reference to specific gravity and fibre-saturation point (FSP). It is observed that tangential shrinkage is 1.4 to 3 times that of radial shrinkage. The difference between FSP in radial and tangential direction is not so predominant; it is possibly governed by variation in specific gravity of the wood substance. The volumetric shrinkage is noted to be approximately equal to the sum of radial and tangential shrinkages. Shrinkage is found to depend on both the specific gravity of wood and FSP. Unlike Stamm's theory, their effect is found to be additive. The effect of specific gravity is found to be more than the effect of FSP.

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Zusammenfassung Die Radial- und Tangentialschwindung kleiner fehlerfreier Proben sowie die Volumenschwindung, die während der Bestimmung der physikalischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften der betreffenden Hölzer beobachtet werden konnten, wurden hinsichtlich ihres Zusammenhanges mit Dichte und Fasersättigungspunkt untersucht. Die Beobachtungen zeigten gegenüber der Radialschwindung eine 1,4... 3,0-fach größere Tangentialschwindung. Der Unterschied bei Erreichen des Fasersättigungspunktes in radialer und tangentialer Richtung ist nicht so auffällig; möglicherweise wird er überwiegend von der Dichte der Holzsubstanz bestimmt. Es konnte weiterhin festgestellt werden, daß die Volumenschwindung etwa gleich der Summe aus Tangential- und Radialschwindung ist und sowohl von der Dichte der Holzart als auch vom Fasersättigungspunkt abhängt. Entgegen der Theorie von A. J. Stamm wurde deren Wechselwirkung als additiv erkannt, wobei der Anteil der Dichte etwas größer als derjenige des Fasersättigungspunktes sein dürfte.

     

长白山阔叶红松林隙内物种种间关系研究

对长白山阔叶红松林的林隙环境状况、林隙内物种种间关系进行了研究。结果表明:林隙与林内物种丰富度不同,乔木物种丰富度略高于林内,而灌木和草本物种丰富度则明显高于林内;林隙内物种种间关系多数呈负相关,极显著正相关(P<0.01)和显著正相关(P<0.05)种对数较少(乔、灌、草),极显著负相关(P<0.01)和显著负相关(P<0.05)种对数也较少(乔)或没有(灌、草),物种间主要表现为竞争关系;林隙中小气候状况发生了显著改变,光照强度和空气温度显著高于林内(P<0.01),空气相对湿度和地温变化规律也表现出显著变化。     

Characterisation of pore size distributions in variously dried Pinus radiata: analysis by thermoporosimetry

The pore size distribution and networks within the wood cell wall tend to decrease on drying wood from its green state having implications for water ingress and further processing such as in preservative treatment. Thermoporosity measurements using differential scanning calorimetry have been applied to determine the pore size distribution of green Pinus radiata wood and how well this pore network is retained on supercritical fluid (SCF) dewatering compared with kiln drying. Generally, in green sapwood, the majority of bound water was distributed in pore sizes less than 50 nm diameter with only a small proportion present in pore sizes between 50 and 200 nm. On SCF dewatering, most bound water was found to reside in pore sizes <20 nm, consistent with dewatered wood being at fibre saturation point (FSP). Generally, on rewetting dewatered, kiln- or oven-dried wood, proportionately less bound water was present compared with green wood, consistent with reduced pore sizes and network accessibility for water ingress. Furthermore, on rewetting, there were distinctions between earlywood and latewood (LW) sections with the LW sections having a statistically greater proportion of water occupying smaller-sized pores (<20 nm). There was also greater variability of pore size distributions on sample rewetting, inferring drying does not uniformly reduce pore size volumes. Analysis suggests the extent of variability was generally less in the rewetted dewatered wood sample compared to kiln- or oven-dried samples, which may be a consequence of SCF drying only to FSP.     

Effects of moisture content and temperature on acoustic velocity and dynamic MOE of radiata pine sapwood boards

The effects of moisture content from 17 to 159% MC and temperatures from −71°C to +58°C on resonance-based acoustic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMOE) were investigated using 36 boards of radiata pine sapwood. Acoustic velocity decreased with increasing moisture content and temperature, although effects differed noticeably below and above fibre saturation point (FSP). Below FSP, acoustic velocity decreased rapidly and linearly with increasing moisture; whereas above FSP changes in velocity were rather gradual and curvilinear with marked differences in velocity patterns between temperatures below and above freezing. Acoustic velocity decreased linearly with increasing temperature but there was an abrupt discontinuity at the freezing point for wood above FSP. Changes in moisture content and temperature affecting wood density and acoustic velocity led to changes in DMOE, although this relationship was not straightforward because changes of velocity with moisture were linear or curvilinear and depended on whether wood was frozen or unfrozen, whereas changes of density with moisture content were invariably linear. For practical work, it is important to estimate the relative effect of changing moisture content or temperature with respect to standard conditions on DMOE, thus general guidelines were devised to account for significant changes.     

New monitoring concept of moisture content distribution in wood during RF/vacuum drying

A new method for monitoring moisture content during radio-frequency (RF)/vacuum drying was developed by measurement of temperature and pressure in wood. Temperature and pressure inside the wood were measured simultaneously during RF/vacuum drying at the same point. The relative humidity (RH) and moisture content (MC) below the fiber saturation point (FSP) were calculated based on temperature and pressure, and the relationship between the temperature, RH, and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) at the measurement point. When the moisture content was below the FSP, the calculated MC was slightly greater than the value given by oven drying. The absolute error was within 0.8% near the open cross side, and was within 1.8% at another measurement point. Thus, we concluded that it was practicable to monitor the moisture content below the FSP according to the temperature and pressure inside the wood. Part of this study was presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Chugoku Shikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, September 2003     

土壤活性有机碳及碳库管理指数对石漠化治理措施的响应

目的 探讨石漠化地区土壤活性有机碳库及土壤碳库管理指数对不同治理措施的响应,为喀斯特地区土地合理利用和石漠化生态治理提供科学依据。 方法 以喀斯特地区3种石漠化治理措施——梯田嵌套鱼鳞坑（NL）、鱼鳞坑（FSP）和梯田（TR）为研究对象,自然坡地为对照(CK),分析不同石漠化治理措施下土壤活性有机碳库及碳库管理指数分布特征。 结果 土壤活性有机碳含量和活性有机碳储量均在不同石漠化治理措施下总体呈鱼鳞坑最高,梯田嵌套鱼鳞坑次之,梯田最低的变化趋势,其中,鱼鳞坑土壤易氧化碳和可溶性碳含量及碳储量显著高于对照和其它石漠化治理措施。土壤碳库管理指数（CPMI）表现为鱼鳞坑措施大于其它2种石漠化治理措施,其中,石漠化治理措施在0～10 cm土层的土壤碳库管理指数均大于100.00%,表明石漠化治理措施提高了喀斯特地区表层土壤质量。 结论 石漠化治理措施显著影响了喀斯特坡地土壤活性有机碳储量。鱼鳞坑措施较梯田和梯田嵌套鱼鳞坑措施土壤活性有机碳储量和碳库质量明显提高。鱼鳞坑措施可作为喀斯特地区石漠化生态恢复优先考虑的治理措施。     

Crack formation due to weathering of radial and tangential sections of pine and spruce

The development of cracks and changes in appearance have been investigated on radial and tangential sections of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies Karst.) after exposure outdoors for 61 months. The degradation of the sections has also been studied at the micro-level. The annual ring orientation was the most important factor affecting crack development on weathering. After 61 months of outdoor exposure, the tangential sections of spruce had 1.7-2.2 times greater mean total crack length per area unit than the corresponding radial sections. In pine, the total crack length per area unit on the tangential sections was 2.2-2.6 times greater than that on the radial sections. Tangential and radial sections show the same colour change as a result of weathering. Tangential sections have more and deeper cracks than radial surfaces. The cracks on the tangential sections occur frequently in both earlywood and latewood. On radial sections, cracks occur primarily at the annual ring borders, but to a certain extent also in the earlywood. Decomposition of the cell wall takes place in both radial and tangential cell walls, and cracks tend to follow the fibril orientation in the S2-layer of the cell wall. The radial cell wall of the earlywood has a large number of pits which are degraded at an early stage.     

Modeling moisture absorption process of wood-based composites under over-saturated moisture conditions using two-part equations

The objective of this study was to investigate the moisture absorption process for wood-based composites subjected to over-saturated moisture conditions. Two stages are comprised in the moisture transfer process at the over-saturated moisture conditions, an initial stage which is the moisture transfer process mainly under fiber saturation point (FSP), and a second stage which is the moisture transfer process beyond the FSP. A model was developed based on two-part equations to describe the process, from which three coefficients (k ₁ , k ₂₁ , and k ₂₂) can be used to quantitatively describe the moisture transfer process under the conditions. Two different wood-based composites, wood fiberboard and wood fiber/polymer composites (polymer content: 30%), were used to test the model at four different ambient temperatures (30, 45, 62, and 80°C). It was shown that the two-part equation can accurately describe the moisture absorption process under over-saturated moisture conditions. The moisture absorption rate in the initial stage was about 30–60% greater than that in the second stage for most of the cases evaluated in this study. The higher the temperature, the greater moisture absorption parameters were obtained. At both moisture absorption stages (below FSP and above FSP), the calculated activation energy for the moisture absorption rate of wood fiberboard was very close to that of wood fiber/polymer composites.     

Effect of drying method as a pretreatment on CUAZ preservative impregnation in Japanese cedar logs

Green Japanese cedar logs 2 m in length and 18 cm in diameter were dried to a mean moisture content of less than 30% by either air drying or kiln drying. Dried logs were impregnated with copper azole (CUAZ) solution according to Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A9002. Preservative absorption was calculated from the log weight before and after preservative impregnation. Impregnated logs were then dried in the air and cut at the center to determine preservative penetration. The penetration area was determined after visualizing the preservative with chrome azurol S. The visualized area indicated that the preservative solution penetrated into the sapwood portion of almost all the air-dried logs. However, the kiln-dried logs did not show full penetration into the sapwood portion. The visualized area of some kiln-dried sapwood showed a penetration value of less than 80%, which is the minimum requirement set by the Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) for sawn timber. Statistical analysis showed that penetration in the air-dried sapwood was significantly better than that in the kiln-dried sapwood. It was concluded that air drying is more favorable than kiln drying as the predrying method for CUAZ impregnation. On the other hand, preservative absorption was not affected by the drying method.     

Stem tangential strain on the tension wood side of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus crenata</Emphasis> saplings

The tangential strain on the inner bark surface of Fagus crenata sapling stems was continuously measured using strain gauges. The total strain increased daily, increasing at night and decreasing during the day. When tension wood was induced by artificial inclination, the strain increased more on the upper side than on the lower side; and the increment in the strain at night was larger on the upper side than on the lower. The change in tangential strain on the inner bark surface arose from changes in the water content and the volume of differentiating cells. Differentiating tension wood fibers appear to contain more water and to expand more at night than differentiating normal wood fibers. We can determine whether tension wood is formed from the tangential strain during growth.     

Intratree Variability of Cleavage Resistance of Chinese Fir from Plantation

INTRODUCTION Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is a very important timber species in the southern China (Shi Jisen et al. 1987). It is good, fast-growing, and exempts from serious plant diseases. Its plantation is big in terms of size in the South of China and its storage stock is very rich, which is about 20% of the national commodity wood (Zhou Shuangquan et al. 2000). And the lumber becomes mainly commercial construction materials in China because of straight grain, light and so…     

Crack formation due to weathering of radial and tangential sections of pine and spruce

Abstract

The development of cracks and changes in appearance have been investigated on radial and tangential sections of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies Karst.) after exposure outdoors for 61 months. The degradation of the sections has also been studied at the micro-level. The annual ring orientation was the most important factor affecting crack development on weathering. After 61 months of outdoor exposure, the tangential sections of spruce had 1.7–2.2 times greater mean total crack length per area unit than the corresponding radial sections. In pine, the total crack length per area unit on the tangential sections was 2.2–2.6 times greater than that on the radial sections. Tangential and radial sections show the same colour change as a result of weathering. Tangential sections have more and deeper cracks than radial surfaces. The cracks on the tangential sections occur frequently in both earlywood and latewood. On radial sections, cracks occur primarily at the annual ring borders, but to a certain extent also in the earlywood. Decomposition of the cell wall takes place in both radial and tangential cell walls, and cracks tend to follow the fibril orientation in the S2-layer of the cell wall. The radial cell wall of the earlywood has a large number of pits which are degraded at an early stage.     

纤维饱和点概念的演变、测试方法及其应用

纤维饱和点(FSP)是木材科学中早期提出的概念,距今已超过1个世纪,在木材-水分关系、物理力学性能等木材科学研究各领域均发挥了重要作用。相较于FSP概念的最初形式,其无论从定义形式还是从物理含义等方面都有了变化,从最初以木材内水分状态及其存在位置的定性描述朝着水分与木材结合形式差异、木材内水分势能边界方向发展。目前国内关于FSP的研究相对滞后,也未见系统的FSP测试原理和方法介绍。本研究对FSP概念演变与发展、测试方法及其优缺点进行系统分析,并在此基础上总结FSP在木材-水分关系、木材干燥技术、改性效果评价中的应用及其进一步发展方向。根据木材-水分关系研究的不同阶段,FSP概念可归纳为4种类型:第1类概念强调以物理力学性质转折点及水分存在位置定义FSP;第2类概念以木材细胞壁容纳水分极限作为FSP,简化了限制条件;第3类概念强调水分与木材结合形式差异,从吸、放热的热物理角度等进行阐述;第4类概念引入溶液热力学概念,将FSP视为木材内不同状态水分的相态边界,给出了FSP明确的物理含义。FSP测试方法可归纳为7类,包括外推法、溶剂排出法、压力板法、示差量热法、离心脱水法、核磁共振法和溶液热力学计算法,除外推法、溶液热力学计算法获得的FSP为计算值外,其他方法都可获得细胞壁内吸着水真实含量,测定的FSP明显高于传统引用的FSP平均值30%,但具体应用时应根据实际需求而定。FSP可进一步在木材干缩湿胀特性分析、木材干燥基准制定等方面发挥作用,同时在木材改性效果评价及改性处理后微观构造分析等领域均可应用。在FSP热力学概念基础上衍生的全含水率区间木材-水分关系的化学势表达方式,以及在此基础上发展而来的木材-水分相态图,将成为今后建立木材-水分关系的科学评价体系机制,并进一步服务于科研与生产。     

PEG quantification and examination of molecular weight distribution in wood cell walls

The amounts of polyethylene glycol (PEG) of a range of molecular weights (200–20000) and their mixtures in wood cell walls were estimated by preferential extraction of PEG from the cell lumens. PEG extracted by toluene over 1 h extraction periods was examined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) spectroscopy. The assumption that a non-polar solvent would not extract PEG from the cell walls was shown to be invalid. Only about 0.07–0.08 g PEG per g dry wood was retained in wood after 12 h-toluene extraction and this value was not significantly affected by PEG molecular weight (MW). This relatively low cell wall content can result in as high as 50% cell wall bulking (CWB) which is dependent on MW. Samples treated with mixture of PEG MWs indicated preferential penetration of lower MW into cell walls.     

Effects of extraneous substances,wood density and interlocked grain on fiber saturation point of hardwoods

Abstract

Samples of nine tropical hardwoods from Peru and sugar maple wood from Quebec were selected for moisture sorption and swelling tests at 25°C. These tests evaluated the fiber saturation point (FSP) by two methods: following adsorption over distilled water, and from the volumetric swelling intersection point. Cold-water and hot-water extractives, sequential cyclohexane, acetone and methanol extracts, ash content, wood density and interlocked grain were also determined on matched samples. The results indicated that adsorption tests over distilled water were not applicable for determining FSP in all wood species. Condensation of water vapor apparently occurred, even though temperature during adsorption was controlled to the nearest 0.01°C. The volumetric swelling intersection point method was judged more appropriate. FSP ranged from 15 to 25% for tropical hardwoods and was 30% for sugar maple wood. FSP was negatively correlated with wood density, acetone extracted fraction, interlocked grain and ash content. These parameters each exerted similar effects on variability in FSP.     

Effects of extraneous substances, wood density and interlocked grain on fiber saturation point of hardwoods

Samples of nine tropical hardwoods from Peru and sugar maple wood from Quebec were selected for moisture sorption and swelling tests at 25°C. These tests evaluated the fiber saturation point (FSP) by two methods: following adsorption over distilled water, and from the volumetric swelling intersection point. Cold-water and hot-water extractives, sequential cyclohexane, acetone and methanol extracts, ash content, wood density and interlocked grain were also determined on matched samples. The results indicated that adsorption tests over distilled water were not applicable for determining FSP in all wood species. Condensation of water vapor apparently occurred, even though temperature during adsorption was controlled to the nearest 0.01°C. The volumetric swelling intersection point method was judged more appropriate. FSP ranged from 15 to 25% for tropical hardwoods and was 30% for sugar maple wood. FSP was negatively correlated with wood density, acetone extracted fraction, interlocked grain and ash content. These parameters each exerted similar effects on variability in FSP.     

杉木和I-72杨人工林木材干缩性质的研究

通过对杉木和I-72杨人工林木材南北向、不同高度位置、不同径向位置横向干缩(弦、径向)的测量,研究上述3个因素对2种木材横向干缩(弦、径向)的影响规律。结果表明:南北向的不同对杉木和I-72杨人工林木材的干缩均无显著影响;高度位置的不同对杉木和I-72杨木的弦向干缩均有显著影响,而对径向干缩则无显著影响;径向位置的不同对杉木和I-72杨人工林木材的径、弦向干缩均有极显著影响:从树皮到髓心,木材径、弦向干缩逐渐减小,与其基本密度的变化趋势一致。