粉肉火龙果选育初报

[目的]为了选育出果肉颜色新颖,品质优良的火龙果株系,[方法]通过对“从化之星”火龙果实生后代中所有粉肉单株的栽培试验,对所有粉肉单株生长习性,丰产性及果实经济性状和内在品质等进行了分析比较。[结果]从156个粉肉单株中选出各方面均表现较佳的单株。结果表明,单株80-1综合品质最好。[结论]该粉肉火龙果既有红肉火龙果的甜度,又多了白肉火龙果的酸味,且果肉颜色新颖,在市场推广中必能占据一定优势。     

外红内白果肉类型火龙果优良单株评价筛选初报

摘要：[目的]为了选育出果肉颜色新颖,品质优良的火龙果株系,[方法]通过对“从化之星”火龙果实生后代中所有果肉颜色为周边粉红色、中心白色（以下简称“外红内白”）的单株的栽培试验,对所有外红内白肉单株生长习性,丰产性及果实经济性状和内在品质等进行了分析比较。[结果]从156个外红内白肉肉单株中选出各方面均表现较佳的单株。结果表明,单株94-3综合品质最好。[结论]该外红内白肉火龙果既有红肉火龙果的甜度,又多了白肉火龙果的酸味,且果肉颜色新颖,在市场推广中必能占据一定优势。     

两个红肉枇杷品种幼树期及其后代实生苗的童期比较

本文通过观察‘早钟6号’和‘东湖早’两个红肉枇杷品种的嫁接苗幼树期,以及‘早钟6号’ב东湖早’的实生苗的童期,探索亲本幼树期长短对杂种后代童期的影响,结果表明,‘早钟6号’枇杷的嫁接树幼树期比‘东湖早’枇杷的嫁接树短10.3个月,‘早钟6号’枇杷的杂种后代实生苗的童期比‘东湖早’枇杷的实生后代童期短6-9.3个月。说明以幼树期短的‘早钟6号’枇杷为母本的杂种后代实生苗童期也短,早实性更强,与童期短的母本其杂种后代童期也短的枇杷育种规律一致。所以在枇杷育种中,幼树期长短可作为杂种后代童期长短的预测依据,幼树期短的母本其杂种后代实生苗童期也短。相同的杂交亲本组合应选择幼树期短的品种作母本,以缩短育种周期,提高育种工作效率。     

基于田间表型性状的火龙果优异种质资源评价研究

为了科学确定火龙果优异种质资源评价标准,本文以农业农村部南宁火龙果种质资源圃内保存的种质为对象,从植物学特征、开花结果特性、果实品质性状、抗性性状等方面进行综合评价及比较分析,研究结果共筛选确定了19项优良、特异种质资源评价性状,其中用于筛选优良种质的性状有生长势、柱头与花药相对位置、单果重、果肉质地、果肉风味、可溶性固形物含量、开花结果批次、座果率、商品果率、丰产性、溃疡病抗性、抗寒性、抗热性共13项,重点是影响经济价值性状和抗性性状。用于特异种质资源筛选的性状有花瓣颜色、茎蔓上刺的强弱、果皮颜色、果肉颜色、单果重、可溶性固形物含量、开花结果批次、丰产性、溃疡病抗性共9项;获得丰产性高的种质69份,大果种质5份,高糖度种质22份,果皮颜色优异的种质5份,果肉颜色优秀的种质14份,无草腥味且风味较好的白肉种质4份,高抗溃疡病种质1份等具有优异性状的种质资源,这些优异种质资源可作为育种和基础研究材料在今后火龙果育种及科研中发挥重大作用。     

基于B/S三层网络架构和领域驱动模式的火龙果种质资源数据库构建与应用

本文就农业部南宁火龙果种质资源圃从广西、广东、海南、福建、上海、云南、贵州、台湾、越南和以色列等地收集引进的359份资源进行鉴定分析,将相关资源数据通过建立数据库形式进行共享应用。火龙果种质资源数据库基于B/S三层网络架构,采用ASP.NET和SQL Server2008数据库技术和领域驱动模式进行开发。系统录入各火龙果种质资源相关数据,包括基本信息、植物学性状、农艺性状、果实品质等信息,系统具有数据可视化管理、检索、图片管理等功能。数据库的构建与应用,旨在实现火龙果种质资源信息化、规范化、标准化的管理,提升火龙果种质资源信息共享利用率,为育种和产业发展提供助力。     

野牦牛种用价值的研究和利用

通过对野牦牛多学科研究和利用结果,阐述野牦牛作为牦牛复壮育种父本,其自身在血液生化遗传、繁殖性能及后代杂交优势等方面显示种质特性,评述野牦牛种用效果.     

桑树品种资源的收集引进与创新研究

30多午来收集和保存广西地方栽培的桑树种质资源250份、野生桑资源30多份;从省外、国外引进和保存桑树种质资源211份：用鲁桑、白桑等与广东桑杂交选育成的中间类型种质资源71份：用82个桑树杂交组合的后代植株2万多株诱变创造桑树人工四倍体种质603份;从四倍体种质的杂交后代及四倍体种质与二倍体种质的杂交后代选育出多倍体种质120多份。利用桑树种质资源育成高产优质杂交桑“桂桑优12”、“桂桑优62”已推广种植130多万亩;新育成的优良三倍体杂交桑“桑特优2号”、“桑特优1号”、“桑特优3号”均通过广西农作物品种审定,正在大面积推广。     

栽植桑树为什么要用无性繁殖系?

桑子播种获得的实生苗,是有性繁殖系。由于多年生植物的有性繁殖的后代有返祖野生性,即往往表现出生长势旺、花果多等对生物本身有利的性状,而不能保持优良的经济性状。桑是异花授粉植物,遗传性上高度杂合,使自然杂交的后代相当复杂,难以保持原有无性系品种的纯一性。无性繁殖是桑树营养器官一部分个体发育的继续,又是人们选用具有优良经济性状     

低温储藏对火龙果种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探寻火龙果种子最佳的储藏条件及其储藏期,以低温恒湿种质库为平台,以储藏温度为环境因素,探究不同低温(8、4、-1、-10℃)冷藏和室温(CK)储藏下3个火龙果品种的种子萌发及幼苗生长特性随储藏期延长的变化规律。结果表明：随着储藏天数的延长,3个火龙果品种的种子发芽率、发芽指数和健康幼苗率、苗高和10苗鲜重变化趋势基本一致,均呈现下降的趋势。火龙果种子冷藏367 d后,其发芽率由100%降低至92.33～98.00%,室温种子降为54.00～86.33%;冷藏种子健康幼苗率由96.33～98.00%降低至77.33～97.33%,室温降为12.00～68.33%。各低温储藏的3个火龙果品种的发芽率、发芽指数和健康幼苗率、苗高在储藏期367 d内均明显高于室温。8℃储藏的3个品种的发芽率与其它低温之间差异均不显著,而在储藏367 d时发芽指数明显低于其他低温处理。综上可知,低温-10至8℃储藏均可显著延长火龙果种子活力及储藏时间。综合考虑试验结果及储藏成本等因素,采用4℃下干燥储藏火龙果种子为佳,储藏1年种子发芽率均可保持在90%以上,健康幼苗率在85%以上。研究结果为火龙果种子的保存和利用提供参考依据。     

表达AMV、WCMV外壳蛋白基因红三叶T1、T2代植株的分子生物学分析

随着生物技术的发展,转基因技术已经越来越多的应用到植物育种领域并发挥着重要的作用,将传统育种技术与转基因技术相结合,既可以缩短育种时间,并具有良好的经济效益.为最终获得能稳定遗传且性状优良的转基因植株,对其后代进行鉴定及筛选是非常重要的.本研究以抗苜蓿花叶病毒(AMV)转基因红三叶和抗白三叶花叶病毒(WCMV)的转基因红三叶人工杂交后代T1,T2代植株为研究对象,通过PCR及RT-PCR等分子生物学手段,对T1代34株植株进行PCR检测,筛选出12株阳性植株,其中兼有两种抗病基因的植株5株,各有一个抗病基因的植株7株,在这些植株中进行杂交组合,大部分杂交组合都结了种子,最终得到30株性状优良的T2代植株,对其进行PCR及RT-PCR检测,结果表明AMV与WCMV外壳蛋白基因能够在大部分T2代转基因植株中整合并表达,并且通过人工杂交,得到9株兼有两个抗病基因的杂交后代,外源基因稳定地从T0传至T2.同时也表明人工杂交是转基因植株基因累积的一种有效方法.     

火龙果芽接技术探究

旨在找出一种低成本且高效简洁的火龙果育苗技术,并找出该技术中可能存在的问题及注意事项。选择需要繁育的火龙果枝蔓上饱满且完整的刺座做为接穗,以‘莞华白’火龙果做为砧木,进行单刺嫁接试验。火龙果的单刺嫁接(以下称芽接)成活率最高可达96.7%,利用极少的火龙果茎蔓即可短时间内得到大量的嫁接苗。芽接技术对于苗木较少且较为珍贵的火龙果品种是最好的繁育方式,由于成本较低、操作简单易学,芽接技术在当前的火龙果育苗技术中已经占有一席之地。     

育肥牛养殖存在问题及改进措施

在长时间育肥牛养殖管理中,由于很多农民群众一直秉持传统的养殖管理模式,整体的养殖效益较差,育肥牛养殖周期较长。需要进行深入细致的分析和研究,制定完善的养殖管理措施,更好地推动育肥牛养殖产业的健康发展。该文主要论述育肥牛养殖中存在的问题和改进措施。     

Optimum contribution selection using traditional best linear unbiased prediction and genomic breeding values in aquaculture breeding schemes

The aim of this study was to compare genetic gain for a traditional aquaculture sib breeding scheme with breeding values based on phenotypic data (TBLUP) with a breeding scheme with genome-wide (GW) breeding values. Both breeding schemes were closed nuclei with discrete generations modeled by stochastic simulation. Optimum contribution selection was applied to restrict pedigree-based inbreeding to either 0.5 or 1% per generation. There were 1,000 selection candidates and a sib test group of either 4,000 or 8,000 fish. The number of selected dams and sires to create full sib families in each generation was determined from the optimum contribution selection method. True breeding values for a trait were simulated by summing the number of each QTL allele and the true effect of each of the 1,000 simulated QTL. Breeding values in TBLUP were predicted from phenotypic and pedigree information, whereas genomic breeding values were computed from genetic markers whose effects were estimated using a genomic BLUP model. In generation 5, genetic gain was 70 and 74% greater for the GW scheme than for the TBLUP scheme for inbreeding rates of 0.5 and 1%. The reduction in genetic variance was, however, greater for the GW scheme than for the TBLUP scheme due to fixation of some QTL. As expected, accuracy of selection increased with increasing heritability (e.g., from 0.77 with a heritability of 0.2 to 0.87 with a heritability of 0.6 for GW, and from 0.53 and 0.58 for TBLUP in generation 5 with sib information only). When the trait was measured on the selection candidate compared with only on sibs and the heritability was 0.4, accuracy increased from 0.55 to 0.69 for TBLUP and from 0.83 to 0.86 for GW. The number of selected sires to get the desired rate of inbreeding was in general less in GW than in TBLUP and was 33 for GW and 83 for TBLUP (rate of inbreeding 1% and heritability 0.4). With truncation selection, genetic gain for the scheme with GW breeding values was nearly twice as large as a scheme with traditional BLUP breeding values. The results indicate that the benefits of applying GW breeding values compared with TBLUP are reduced when contributions are optimized. In conclusion, genetic gain in aquaculture breeding schemes with optimized contributions can increase by as much as 81% by applying genome-wide breeding values compared with traditional BLUP breeding values.     

火龙果根螨的为害规律和防治方法

本文研究了火龙果根螨的为害规律,针对根螨只为害火龙果根系,不为害地上部分的主干和枝条的特点,提出一种包括铲除受害的地下根系、保留地上部分主干枝条扦插繁殖、浇灌药剂杀螨、浇灌生根剂和水肥的防治方法。经过本方法处理后,根螨得到有效清除和控制,受害火龙果3个月后恢复正常生长,6个月后能正常开花结果。     

对楼房猪舍的再认识

楼房养猪是18亿亩耕地红线制约养殖用地的宏观背景下，向空间要发展、向楼房要效益的创新之举，为中国生猪养殖产业的持续健康迅速发展做出了可贵的探索、尝试与贡献。对于拥有悠久农耕历史和“猪粮安天下”理念的中国大农业而言，楼房养猪将是一个历史发展潮流与产业升级趋势。在业界的一片喝彩声中，我们更应该保持理性和清醒。要对楼房养殖模式有一个客观、理性、科学和正确的认知。惟有澄清了楼房养猪领域的偏见和误区、甄别了空间养殖的特点与优势，并及时总结源于实践的楼房猪舍建设经验和分享楼房养猪相关数据成果，中国全域包含楼房养猪在内的畜牧产业才能步入可持续的良性循环的快车道。     

育肥牛养殖关键技术要点

育肥牛养殖周期相对较短,经济成分投入较低,有利于创造更高的经济收入,备受基层地区养殖户推崇,已经成为地方畜牧经济的重要组成部分。但传统育肥牛养殖过程中由于各项管理不到位,饲料搭配不科学,使育肥牛养殖周期相对较长,不利于提高养殖效益。该文主要探讨育肥牛养殖关键技术要点。     

Surgical correction of rectovaginal fistula in mares and subsequent fertility

Objective To evaluate the fertility of mares bred at various intervals relative to surgical management of rectovaginal fistula (RVF). Materials and Methods Surgical repair of RVF was performed in 28 mares at variable times relative to foaling (30 days to 24 months) and also relative to rebreeding (same cycle or delayed). Postoperative fertility was then evaluated. Results Two mares were already pregnant at the time of surgery and 20 of 23 mares (87%) that were bred immediately prior to or following surgery conceived from their first service. When mares were bred in the same cycle as surgery, the next cycle following surgery or in the following breeding season after surgery the pregnancy rate was 5/5, 5/6 and 10/12, respectively, and the foaling rates were 4/5, 4/6 and 7/12. The two mares already pregnant at the time of surgery foaled successfully. Conclusions Excellent fertility can be achieved following surgical repair of RVF and our results suggest that delaying breeding until the following breeding season is not necessary. In addition, breeding in the same cycle as the surgical repair is a previously unreported technique that should be considered to maintain normal fertility and a yearly foaling interval.     

倡导主动养殖模式养猪

本文主要从传统养殖的诟病着手,从饲养管理、营养、繁殖、防疫等几个角度分析了以充分尊重猪的生活习性为基础的主动养殖模式在生产实践方面的应用,为当前传统的畜牧生产提出相悖的思维模式。     

Chelated mineral supplementation in the barren mare: A preliminary trial

Twenty-four Thoroughbred mares with breeding histories of having been barren for at least the previous 12 months were evaluated in a double-blind feeding trial to determine the effects of chelated mineral supplementation upon subsequent breeding performance. At the start of the trial (Day 0), mares were split into three dietary treatment groups of eight mares each and fed: (a) control diet with macro- and microminerals fed at NRC recommended levels for maintenance of the mature horse, (b) chelated minerals supplementation and (c) inorganic minerals supplementation at levels equal to Group B. Sixty days after initiation of the trial, there were no differences (P>0.05) between age, endometrial biopsy classification, calculated body weight and body condition score for mares between dietary treatment groups. A breeding performance trial was initiated at this time (Day 60). The number of first cycle and cumulative (i.e. over 3 estrous cycles) conceptions, number of first cycle and cumulative pregnancies and the number of total embryonic losses were not different (P>0.05) between the control and either the chelated mineral or the inorganic mineral groups. There were no harmful effects observed from feeding the chelated minerals 60 days prior to, and during, this breeding trial.     

整合生物学先验信息的全基因组选择方法及其在家畜育种中的应用进展

相较于传统的育种方法,全基因组选择（genomic selection,GS）通过对拟留种的个体进行早期选择和增加选择的准确性进而加快育种的遗传进展。通过改进GS方法无法再缩短育种的世代间隔,因而如何提高GS的准确性以获得额外的遗传进展一直是GS研究的核心问题。当前,各种组学技术不断成熟,从公开的资料或前期的研究积累获取生物学先验信息已比较容易。因而,如何在GS模型中整合已知的先验信息进而提高GS的准确性以获得额外的遗传进展成为当前育种研究的热点问题。本文对生物学先验信息的类型以及整合先验信息的GS方法进行综述,探讨了这些方法在家畜育种中的应用和前景,以期为家畜育种中开展整合生物学先验信息的GS研究提供借鉴与参考。