两种奶牛结核病检测方法的比较研究

牛结核病是由牛分枝杆菌引起的一种人兽共患的慢性消耗性传染病,严重威胁着人类的健康。因此,对该病的定期检疫对公共卫生和食品安全具有重大意义。本研究采用提纯结核菌素(PPD)皮内变态反应试验和γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)ELISA试验,对扬州市的892头奶牛进行结核病检测。结果表明,PPD皮内变态反应检出的31头牛型结核阳性牛和可疑牛中,经IFN-γELISA试验检测仅检出9头禽型结核可疑牛。PPD皮内变态反应试验特异性较差,出现了较高的假阳性率,其原因可能与禽结核分枝杆菌感染或其他非特异性因素的干扰有关。     

新疆北疆某规模化牛场奶牛副结核病的检测与分析

为查明导致新疆北疆某规模化牛场奶牛腹泻、消瘦的主要病原菌,本研究采用微生物学与分子生物学方法对采集的患牛粪便进行检测与鉴定。结果显示:2份粪样抗酸染色阳性,IS900基因及亚型分型基因检测阳性,IS900基因与GenBank中多个副结核分枝杆菌序列同源性在99%以上,亚型分型基因与Ⅱ型同源性为99.81%,从而确定2份样本均被Ⅱ型(牛型)副结核分枝杆菌感染。     

用分离法检测牛粪便中副结核分枝杆菌及其与高倍显微镜检查染色涂片的比较

作者比较了用分离法检测牛粪便中的副结核分枝杆菌和用镜检Ziehl-Ne-elsen染色粪便涂片中抗酸性副结核分枝杆菌菌块。粪便采自自然或人工感染副结核分枝杆菌的牛,以及未感染牛。结果表明,镜检粪便染色涂片法不是检测副结核分枝杆菌的可靠方法。因为在177份培养分离阳性粪便标本中,镜检涂片只检出99份(55.9%)为阳性。此外,在18份非副结核病牛粪标本涂片中有3份为阳性,37份培养分离为阴性的副结核病牛粪标本涂片中有18份为阳性。抗酸性菌块不能与副结核分枝杆菌区分。将副结核分枝杆菌加到未感染牛粪中时,需在每克粪便中加入15个以上的副结核分枝杆菌,分离即为阳性。     

牛结核病的流行与防控技术

一、牛结核病的防控概述1.结核病是人兽共患的慢性消耗性传染病。病原是分枝杆菌中的结核分枝杆菌复合群,其中人结核病是由结核分枝杆菌(人型菌)引起,牛结核病是由牛分枝杆菌(牛型菌)引起。2.人感染牛结核的情况。(1)发达国家。美国牛奶巴氏消毒前(1908年),10%～30%的人结核病例是由牛分枝杆菌感染所     

牛结核病检测诊断技术研究进展

结核病是由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium)引起的人、畜、禽共患的一种慢性传染病,由人结核分枝杆菌(MTB)、牛分枝杆菌(MB)、禽型分枝杆菌(M,avium)、非洲分枝杆菌以及田鼠分枝杆菌(M,microti)所引起,统称这些病原为结核分枝杆菌复合物(或群)。目前已知,结核病除感染人外还能使50多种哺乳动物和25种禽类感染,牛是最敏感的动物。牛结核     

结核分枝杆菌复合群耐药性研究进展

<正>结核分枝杆菌复合群（Mycobacterium tuberculo-sis complex,MTBC）的成员包括结核分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MTB）、牛分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium bovis,bTB）、非洲分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium africanum）、田鼠分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium microti）和山羊分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium caprae）等。其中结核分枝杆菌和牛分枝杆菌分别是人结核病、牛结核病的主要病原菌。至今,结核病仍是威胁人类社会及畜牧业发展的重要人兽共患传染病。     

人用卡介苗对牛抗结核感染的效果观察

结核分枝杆菌分为人型、牛型和禽型3种分枝杆菌。牛结核病是由牛型结核分枝杆菌引起的人畜以及其他不同种属动物的一种慢性经过为主的人畜共患传染病。由于本病可在牛群之间,牛与野生动物和已驯化动物之间,牛与人之间、人与人之间相互交叉传染感染,所以本病在公共卫生学上具有     

牛结核病的防控

正牛结核病是由结核分枝杆菌引起的一种人畜共患慢性传染病,以组织器官的结核结节性肉芽肿和干酪样、钙化的坏死病灶为特征。我国将其列为二类动物疫病,世界动物卫生组织(OIE)将其列为B类动物疫病。1 病原及流行病学对人、畜有致病力的结核分枝杆菌主要有牛型、人型和禽型三个类型,引起牛结核病的病原主要是牛型结核分枝杆菌,人型、禽型也可引起本病。结核分枝杆菌可感染人及多种家畜、家禽,家畜中以牛,尤其是奶牛最易感,水牛易感性也很高,黄牛和牦     

特别策划：提高对牛结核病的重视——牛结核病检测诊断技术研究进展

结核病是由结核分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium）引起的人、畜、禽共患的一种慢性传染病,由人结核分枝杆菌（MTB）、牛分枝杆菌（MB）、禽型分枝杆菌（M,avium）、非洲分枝杆菌以及田鼠分枝杆菌（M,microti）所引起,统称这些病原为结核分枝杆菌复合物（或群）。目前已知,结核病除感染人外还能使50多种哺乳动物和25种禽类感染,牛是最敏感的动物。     

牛分枝杆菌特异性PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

根据已发表的牛分枝杆菌的pncA的基因序列，设计和合成了一对可扩增294bp目的片段的引物，建立了特异性检测牛分枝杆菌的PCR方法。对牛分枝杆菌国际参考株和国内分离株成功扩增出294bp的特异性基因片段；对人结核分枝杆菌、副结核分枝杆菌、鸟胞内分枝杆菌和草分枝杆菌DNA的PCR扩增结果均为阴性。本PCR方法检测的敏感度可达到50pg。对10份牛分枝杆菌培养阳性和10份阴性样品的DNA分别进行了PCR检测，结果10份阳性样品中有9份样品为PCR扩增阳性，阳性符合率为90％（9／10）；而10份阴性样品则PCR扩增全部为阴性，阴性符合率为100％（10／10）。本方法可做为牛分枝杆菌的快速检测和流行病学调查的工具。     

Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in calves sensitized by mycobacteria of the avium/intracellulare group

Because of the frequent exposure of cattle to mycobacteria of the avium/intracellulare group, an investigation was carried out into the possible repercussions thereof on the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Three calves from a bovine tuberculosis-free herd, scored avian reactors in the gamma-interferon assay for bovine tuberculosis, were sedated and inoculated endotracheally with a virulent Mycobacterium bovis strain. Then, three other avian reactors were housed with the above donor calves. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from the nasal swabs of the three endotracheally infected, donor calves. On these samples, TB complex-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for IS6110 were also positive, albeit with a different time kinetics. The three contact-infected calves showed clear immunological signs of infection; however, their nasal swabs were always PCR-negative and only Mycobacterium avium was isolated. In the endotracheally infected donor calves there was a rise of the gamma-interferon responses to avian and bovine purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculins, which reached the same stable plateau levels over the whole experiment. The above effect was also observed in the contact-infected calves, even though the response to avian PPD tuberculin always remained at a higher level. By using conventional bovine and avian PPD tuberculins, the comparative intradermal test was generally positive in endotracheally infected, as opposed to contact-infected calves; a positive intradermal test for M. bovis was obtained in two contact-infected calves by different bovine PPD tuberculins based on M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) secreted or somatic antigens. It was concluded that M. bovis infection may be concealed for some time in cattle sensitized by mycobacteria of the avium/intracellulare group and that different diagnostic procedures should be adopted for such animals.     

Comparative study of IFNγ and antibody tests for feline tuberculosis

This study describes the comparison of the cell-based interferon-gamma (IFNγ) test with serological rapid antibody tests (STAT-PAK and DPP VetTB) for the ante mortem testing of tuberculosis in domestic cats. The antibody specificities of rapid antibody test-positive cats were further discerned using multi-antigen print immunoassay. A total of 62 cats with culture-confirmed Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium microti, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium malmoense, as well as negative controls and dangerous-contact cats were tested. Tests were also applied longitudinally to one further cat undergoing TB chemotherapy for suspected M. bovis infection. Our data from this small study show excellent test specificity (100% for all tests) and encouraging levels of test sensitivity for M. bovis and TB Complex infections (IFNγ 70-100% depending upon test interpretation criteria; rapid tests both 90% for M. bovis infection and up to 46.2% for M. microti infection). The differential diagnosis of very pathogenic TB Complex (M. bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis), as opposed to less-pathogenic TB Complex (M. microti) was possible where positive responses to the protein cocktail ESAT6/CFP10 were observed (80% of M. bovis-infected cats in this study showed positive IFNγ responses to ESAT6/CFP10, while 20% had antibody responses to ESAT6/CFP10 using MAPIA). Finally, preliminary data from a longitudinal study of one M. bovis-exposed cat with a positive IFNγ test pre-treatment suggest that a decrease in bacterial burden may be reflected in the IFNγ response, and thus the IFNγ test may provide a monitor for TB chemotherapy.     

用多重PCR方法检测奶牛场麻雀中分枝杆菌感染情况

目的：利用可以鉴别分支杆菌属中结核分枝杆菌、牛分支杆菌、非结核分枝杆菌多重PCR方法,检测奶牛场麻雀组织中分支杆菌感染情况。方法根据结核分枝杆菌种特异基因目的片段MTP40、分枝杆菌属特异基因32kD、结核分枝杆菌复合群特异基因IS6110插入序列,设计合成三对特异性引物,扩增对32kD的506bp、MTP40的396bp和IS6110的984bp片段,以此方法检测奶牛场麻雀肺组织中分支杆菌感染情况,并对阳性结果的目的片段进行克隆测序。结果在分析的21份麻雀肺组织中,检测出2例非结核分枝杆菌阳性病料,阳性率9.52%。2例阳性样本PCR扩增得到的片段与GenBank收录的32kD基因同源性分别为95.8%和97.2%。结论麻雀肺组织中存在分支杆菌感染阳性病例提示该牛场中生物体内存在分支杆菌潜伏感染,并可能导致奶牛的潜伏感染以及干扰结核检疫。     

Use of a macrophage cell line for rapid detection of Mycobacterium bovis in diagnostic samples

Mycobacterium bovis isolation on bacteriological media from suspected cases of bovine tuberculosis (TB) demands laborious and time-consuming procedures. Even polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and radiometric analyses are secondary procedures and not alternatives to bacteriological procedures. Therefore, there is a need to develop new techniques aimed at rapid M. bovis detection in diagnostic samples. The human macrophage cell line THP-1 was thus investigated in experiments of M. bovis propagation and isolation from reference lymph node suspensions. THP-1 cells were shown to support a high-titered propagation within 48h of minute amounts of both M. bovis BCG and fully pathogenic M. bovis strain 503. A semi-nested PCR for TB-complex-specific insertion sequence IS6110 revealed M. bovis infection in THP-1 cells. The same was true of a flow cytometry (FC) assay for expression of M. bovis chaperonin 10 in infected cells. The reduced time for isolation and identification of M. bovis (48-72h) and the consistency of the test results make the use of macrophage cell cultures attractive and cost-effective for veterinary laboratories involved in TB surveillance.     

牛分枝杆菌重组蛋白TB27.4的表达、纯化及活性鉴定

为探索TB27.4蛋白在牛结核病鉴别诊断中的作用,本试验以牛分枝杆菌Vallee Ⅲ株基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增tb27.4全长基因片段,将其定向克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a(+)中,构建重组质粒pET-TB27.4,优化原核表达条件,并用AKTA Purifier对蛋白的纯化条件进行优化。SDS-PAGE结果显示重组蛋白为可溶性表达,且大小与理论值相符,用牛分枝杆菌阳性血清进行Western blotting检测有特异性条带,且可特异性地刺激牛分枝杆菌感染牛外周血淋巴细胞释放大量IFN-γ。结果表明,重组蛋白TB27.4具有良好的B细胞活性和T细胞刺激活性,为进一步研究其在牛结核病诊断中的作用奠定了基础。     

卡介苗与结核菌野毒株的基因差异的研究进展

人类结核已经存在数千年之久,无一个国家能幸免于难,尤其是第三国家。人们在感染结核病的同时也能感染艾滋病,这给人类的健康带来了巨大的挑战。现阶段,预防结核病的唯一方法就是接种BCG-减毒牛型结核分枝杆菌活疫苗。该疫苗是在1908年,由Leon Calmette和Camile Guerin将一株牛型结核分枝杆菌强毒株经历13年230次传代培养,使其毒力发生变异,成为对人无致病性,而保持了良好的免疫原性的菌株。本文主要是探讨结核分枝杆菌,牛型结核分枝杆菌和卡介苗之间的基因的差异。为卡介苗的改良和结核病的检测提供有益借鉴。     

Fluorescence polarization assay for the detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis in bovine sera

The performance of a fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) that detects antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis in bovine sera is described. The FPA reported here is a direct binding primary screening assay using a small polypeptide derived from the M. bovis MPB70 protein. A secondary inhibition assay confirms suspect or presumed positive samples. Specificity studies involved five different veterinary laboratories testing 4461 presumed negative bovine samples. FPA specificity was 99.9%. The FPA was used to identify herd status as either M. bovis infected or non-infected. Herd surveillance studies (nine herds) were performed in Mexico and South Africa. The FPA had a specificity of 100% (two negative herds), and correctly identified six of seven infected herds. Finally, sera from 105 slaughter animals that had gross lesions in lymph nodes similar to those seen with bovine tuberculosis were tested by the FPA. Thin sections from the associated formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of lymph nodes were stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for morphologic examination and using the Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) method for detection of acid-fast bacilli. Of the 105 animals, 78 were classified as TB suspect based on lesion morphology, 21 were positive by ZN, 9 were positive by FPA and 13 were positive by PCR for the tuberculosis group of Mycobacterium. Among the 21 ZN positives, 11 (52.4%) were PCR positive. Among the 9 FPA positives, 8 (88.9%) were PCR positive. For the 13 PCR positives, 8 (61.5%) were FPA positive and 11 (84.6%) were ZN positives. These results show that use of the FPA for detection of M. bovis infection of cattle has value for bovine disease surveillance programs.     

Pathologic findings and association of Mycobacterium bovis infection with the bovine NRAMP1 gene in cattle from herds with naturally occurring tuberculosis

OBJECTIVE: To determine necropsy and Mycobacterium bovis culture results in cattle from herds with tuberculosis, the role of the bovine NRAMP1 gene in resistance and susceptibility to infection with M bovis, and the association between magnitude of the tuberculous lesions and various types of M bovis isolates. ANIMALS: 61 cattle from herds with tuberculosis in Texas and Mexico. PROCEDURE: 61 cattle were evaluated by necropsy; 59 had positive and 2 had negative caudal fold tuberculin intradermal test (CFT) results. Thirty-three cattle with positive CFT results were genotyped to evaluate polymorphism of the 3' untranslated region of the bovine NRAMP1 gene, using single-stranded conformational analysis, 9 were resistant to M bovis with no tuberculous lesions and negative M bovis culture results, and 24 were susceptible with tuberculous lesions and positive M bovis culture results. Isolates of M bovis were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) on the basis of IS6110 sequences and direct-repeat fingerprinting patterns. RESULTS: 21 (35.6%; 21/59) cattle with positive CFT results had tuberculous lesions or positive culture results; in addition, 1 of 2 cattle with negative CFT results had tuberculous lesions and positive culture results. Tuberculous lesions were most common in the thorax (35/63; 55.5%) and lymphoid tissues of the head (10/63; 15.9%). Tuberculous lesions varied from 1 to 11/animal; 8 of 21 (38.1%) had solitary lesions. Associations were not found between resistance or susceptibility to infection with M bovis and polymorphism in the NRAMP1 gene or between the magnitude of the lesions and various RFLP types of M bovis isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The NRAMP1 gene does not determine resistance and susceptibility to infection with M bovis in cattle.     

Tuberculosis in deer: perceptions, problems and progress

Since the emergence of deer farming as an alternative farming enterprise over the past 30 years, there has been an increasing awareness of the potential threat posed by tuberculosis (TB) to domesticated deer. TB, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, has been found in deer in every country involved with deer farming. Different types of TB control policies, which vary from whole-herd depopulation to selective testing and slaughter of reactor animals, have been implemented. Extensive research has been carried out, incorporating modern microbiological and immunological concepts and advanced molecular methodologies, to find new solutions for the eradication of TB from domesticated deer. This work has resulted in valuable new insights into the aetiology, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and heritability of resistance to M. bovis infection in ruminants. This knowledge has complemented the existing literature database on bovine and human TB and will provide new strategies for improved diagnosis, vaccination and selective breeding to control TB, which should be relevant for human, domestic livestock and wildlife populations.     

Broad-scale possum and ferret correlates of macroscopic Mycobacterium bovis infection in feral ferret populations

AIMS: To examine the relationships between the prevalence of macroscopic Mycobacterium bovis infection (bovine tuberculosis) in feral ferrets (Mustela furo), the abundance of ferrets, and the abundance of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) . METHODS: Data on the prevalence of macroscopic M. bovis infection in ferrets, abundance of ferrets, and abundance of possums were analysed from 12 comparable independent broad-scale surveys. RESULTS: The prevalence of macroscopic M. bovis infection in ferrets was positively correlated with possum abundance but unrelated to ferret abundance, suggesting that possums are an important source of M. bovis infection in ferrets. The lack of any positive relationship between the prevalence of M. bovis infection in ferrets and ferret abundance does not support the hypothesis that per capita transmission rates, and therefore disease prevalence, should be higher at higher ferret abundance. CONCLUSION: The results support the hypothesis that tuberculous possums are the major underlying source of M. bovis infection for feral ferrets in New Zealand.