Aphanizomenon flos-aquae,A Toxic Blue-Green Alga in Commercial Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,Ponds:

During the summers of 1990 and 1991 in the Lowcountry region of South Carolina, high mortality rates (50-90%) of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in production ponds were attributed to the toxic form of the blue-green alga (Cyanobacterium) Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Toxicity varied with algal strain and/or stage in life history, and a simple bioassay was developed to account for the differential toxicity of algae within ponds. The bioassay required an intraperitoneal injection of a sonicated, 30X concentrate of algal cells that are injected into 8- to 20-g fish. Injection with 0.05 ml of concentrate from the toxic strains caused hyperactivity and paralysis in fish within 10 minutes and mortality within an hour. The endotoxin from A. flos-aquae (aphantoxin) was neutralized with the equivalent of 1.7 mg/L potassium permanganate beyond demand. In production ponds, an application of copper sulfate followed with potassium permanganate had variable success. Muddying the ponds had only limited success but appeared promising. Water and soil chemistry in this geographic area probably influenced the frequency of toxic A. flos-aquae blooms.     

高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在海水和半咸水中,用高锰酸钾(KMnO4)对黑鲷幼鱼进行急性毒性试验。结果表明:在海水盐度27.3和半咸水盐度10.4条件下,高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼24h的LC50分别为3.41mg/L和4.78mg/L;最高安全使用剂量分别为1.12mg/L和1.68mg/L。半咸水条件下,高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼的急性毒性相对较低,因此,高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼进行药物处理比在海水条件下更安全。高锰酸钾引起鱼体组织发生病理变化是暂时的,一旦受试鱼转到无高锰酸钾的清水环境中,鱼体就会恢复正常。     

高锰酸钾对虎斑乌贼胚胎和幼体的毒性研究

采用静水试验法研究了高锰酸钾对虎斑乌贼胚胎和幼体的毒性作用。试验结果表明：高锰酸钾对虎斑乌贼胚胎24h和48h半致死浓度（LC50）分别为64.150、50.433mg/L,安全浓度为9.3513mg/L。高锰酸钾对虎斑乌贼幼体的24h、48h半致死浓度（LC50）分别为0.5343、0.4897mg/L,安全浓度为0.1234mg/L。虎斑乌贼在胚胎期与幼体期对高锰酸钾的敏感性强度为：幼体期〉胚胎期。     

基于FUNWAVE-TVD模型的离岸养殖围网内外波浪场数值模拟研究

本研究利用完全非线性Boussinesq数值模型FUNWAVE-TVD耦合多孔介质模型,建立了模拟围网波浪场的数值模型。将计算结果和实验数据进行对比分析,验证了该模型计算规则波在穿过网箱后传播过程的准确性。进一步研究了波高和周期等因素对围网内外波浪场特性的影响,探讨了围网波浪场特性与这些水动力因素的内在联系。结果显示,离岸养殖围网的存在使波浪场背浪侧出现衰减,波高衰减率受波浪周期影响较大,最大波高衰减达到93.3%。同时,较低频规则波的波高衰减区域呈辐射状趋势扩散,并随着波浪进一步传播,最大波高衰减位置开始向两侧扩散,围网背浪侧的波高衰减程度减小,波高有恢复趋势,而高频波浪的波高衰减区域则较为集中。本研究可为实际海域桩网围护的位置和构造提供分析依据。     

A non‐classical biomanipulation experiment in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu: control of Microcystis blooms using silver and bighead carp

A non‐classical biomanipulation experiment was carried out in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu in 2009. Silver and bighead carp were stocked in a large fish enclosure to control cyanobacterial blooms. Water quality, plankton abundance, and the intracellular and extracellular microcystins (MCs) in lake water were investigated monthly in 2009. The concentrations of nitrogen nutrients were significantly lower in the fish enclosure than in the surrounding lake, while phosphorus (especially total phosphorus) concentration was higher in fish enclosure. During the blooming period, Cyanophyta contributed to more than 90% of the phytoplankton in the surrounding lake, whereas it represented only 40–80% in the fish enclosure. The phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton biomasses and the zooplankton/phytoplankton ratios were all significantly lower in the fish enclosure than in the lake. This result suggested that silver and bighead carp can effectively suppress the phytoplankton biomass with the initial stocking density of 7.5 g m^?3 for silver carp and 1.1 g m^?3 for bighead carp, despite a simultaneous decrease in the grazing pressure of the zooplankton on the phytoplankton. During the blooming period, the intracellular and extracellular MCs in the fish enclosure were reduced by 93.8% and 69.8% compared with the surrounding lake. MCs content varied from 0.34 to 18.8 ng (mean 4.8 ng) MC‐LReqg^?1 wet weight in the muscle sample of silver and bighead carp in the experimental enclosure, which suggested that these fish were safe to consume for human. However, the long‐term effects of MCs on aquatic ecosystem and on public health cannot be overlooked.     

高锰酸钾胁迫及毒后恢复对锦鲤肝脏组织的影响

为了解高锰酸钾消毒对锦鲤幼鱼毒性毒理的影响,采用静水生物测试法研究高锰酸钾(KMnO4)对锦鲤幼鱼的急性毒性并进行安全评价.以(16.36±0.01)g锦鲤幼鱼为试验对象,设定0.5、1、2mg·L-1和3 mg·L-14个KMnO4浓度梯度进行48 h急性暴露试验,统计累计死亡率,将剩余幼鱼进行48 h恢复试验.在胁...     

对虾养殖实验围隔中的固氮作用及其氮输入

１９９７年６～１０月,以乙炔还原法进行了不同放养模式下对虾养殖实验中生物固氮作用的测定。结果表明,各围隔中,对虾单养（Ｙ－４）和对虾＋海湾扇贝（Ｙ－５）的固氮作用较高,均值分别为２．６２μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）和２．６５μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）;对虾＋罗非鱼＋缢蛏（Ｔ－５）的最低,为１．５３μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）,对虾＋缢蛏（Ｙ－６）和对虾＋罗非鱼（Ｙ－７）的分别为２．３０μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）和１．８９μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）。各围隔中固氮速率较高与水体有效氮含量较低及有效氮磷比值不高有关。水层固氮蓝藻主要为蓝球藻（Ｃｈｒｏｃｏｃｕｓ）和念珠藻（Ｎｏｓｔｏｃ）。估算各围隔实验期间固氮作用输入分别为Ｙ－４∶１７．７２ｇ;Ｙ－５∶１９．６３ｇ;Ｙ－６∶９．０５ｇ;Ｙ－７∶１０．５９ｇ;Ｔ－５∶７．９９ｇ。     

Effects of zooplankton refuge on the growth of tilapia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis niloticus</Emphasis>) and plankton dynamics in pond

Effects of zooplankton refuge on the growth of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and plankton dynamics in pond were assessed by using 12 land-based experimental enclosures (7 m× 4 m) in a saline–alkaline pond. There were 4 treatments resulting from a combination of 2 stocking densities of tilapia (5 and 10 kg per enclosure) and 2 enclosure types (refuge and nonrefuge). Each treatment had three replicates. In the enclosures with refuge, all fish were excluded from a water column ¼ of the enclosure’s size with a polyethylene net (1.5 cm mesh size). Our field experiment showed that the individual gain in weight of tilapia increased 6.4 times with refuge treatment at the stocking density of 5 kg per enclosure than that in nonrefuge treatment. But at the stocking density of 10 kg per enclosure, the individual fish weight in all enclosures decreased due to the excessive density of fish stocking. Our results also showed that the refuge significantly increased the rotifer biomass and phytoplankton diversity and decreased the phytoplankton biomass (P < 0.05), but the copepod biomass was not affected by the refuge.     

采用化学氧化法降解贝类养殖水中扑草净残留的研究

为去除贝类养殖过程中残留的农药扑草净,研究了不同处理(正常、超声波震荡、紫外线照射和不同pH)条件下高锰酸钾、过氧化氢和次氯酸钠对扑草净的降解效果.结果显示,次氯酸钠对扑草净的降解率最高,其降解效果不受紫外线照射、超声波震荡以及水体pH变化的影响.高锰酸钾和过氧化氢对扑草净的降解率较低,超声波震荡和紫外线照射辅助处理对...     

4种药物对彩鲫鱼苗的致死毒性试验

在常温静水条件下,采用甲醛、硫酸铜、食盐和高锰酸钾4种常用水产药物对彩鲫鱼苗进行急性毒性试验。试验鱼规格3.0～4.5cm/尾,平均体重2.5g/尾。结果表明：彩鲫鱼苗对试验药物的敏感性大小依次为：硫酸铜〉高锰酸钾〉甲醛〉食盐。硫酸铜、高锰酸钾、甲醛和食盐的安全浓度分别为0.64、1.80、21.00和4500.00mg/L。     

高锰酸钾药浴治疗对虾聚缩虫病初报

<正> 聚缩虫病是对虾养殖中的常见病,在有机质含量高,换水条件差的养虾池中更为多见。严重感染的病虾,在体表及附肢出现浅黄色的微毛丛(见图1),常浮在水面及池边,行     

高锰酸钾氧化池塘藻毒素的研究

研究了高锰酸钾KMnO4 对池塘微囊藻毒素(MC - LR) 的去除效果, 探讨反应影响因素(高锰酸钾质量浓度、温度、pH 值、反应时间)对去除率的影响。结果表明, 高锰酸钾能有效地去除水中的微囊藻毒素。高锰酸钾对MC- LR的去除率与高锰酸钾投加的质量浓度、温度、反应时间成正相关, 其中高锰酸钾质量浓度对去除率的影响最大; 其次为温度和pH, 当温度为35e 时, 去除率可达96. 65%, 当pH 为3时, 去除率也达到了95. 1%; 反应时间对去除率的影响不太显著。正交试验的结果也进一步证明了这一点。     

Potassium Permanganate is Not an Effective Pond Disinfectant to Control Dero digitata

Proliferative gill disease (PGD) is a major problem in cultured channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. This parasite requires Dero digitata to complete its life cycle. It is believed potassium permanganate disinfects ponds and reduces D. digitata populations, but this practice has not been verified experimentally. We evaluated potassium permanganate as a pond disinfectant to reduce D. digitata populations before stocking fish. In the first study, 2 L catfish pond mud and 18 L pond water were placed in each of 16 20‐L microcosms. Four microcosms were dosed at each of four potassium permanganate treatment levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/L). After treatment, D. digitata present in the sample were counted. In a second study, benthic populations were compared in 10 0.04 ha ponds before and after treatment with 20 mg/L potassium permanganate. In the microcosm study, all treatment levels significantly (P < 0.05) reduced D. digitata populations relative to controls. However, in the field trial, there were no significant (P < 0.05) differences pre‐ and post‐treatment with potassium permanganate at 20 mg/L in Dero populations or total benthic organism populations. Although we believed such high levels of potassium permanganate would sterilize the pond, the results of the pond treatments in this study indicate otherwise.     

Phosphorus budget in shrimp aquaculture pond with mangrove enclosure and aquaculture performance

ABSTRACT:   An experiment in which water was circulated between shrimp aquaculture ponds stocked with 10 000 or 20 000 PL-15 stage Penaeus monodon , and mangrove enclosures each planted with 476 Rhizophora mucronata per enclosure, was carried out at the Samut Songkhram Coastal Aquatic Research Station, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand. Shrimp survival rate was significantly higher ( P  < 0.001, Fisher's exact test) in ponds where 10 000 larvae was stocked and water was exchanged with the mangrove enclosure, compared with the control pond with no water exchange, over the 136 day experimental period. Phosphorus transport to the mangrove enclosure was estimated to be 0.41 kgP and 0.18 kgP over the experimental period and change in phosphorus content in mud was reduced there compared with the control pond. A load reduction effect to the environment was confirmed in this aquaculture system with mangrove enclosure compared with the phosphorus budget in the control pond, and 6.2 or 8.9 ha of mangrove area was estimated to be required by 1 ha shrimp ponds to fully process the phosphorus.     

5种药物对异育银鲫"中科3号"受精卵孵化的影响

在水温21~23℃,pH 6.2~6.5条件下,采用半静水试验法,按等对数间距设置药物质量浓度梯度,日换水50%,补充药物50%,24 h观察记录1次,比较美婷Ⅱ、霉灵、纳他霉素、杀毒矾和高锰酸钾5种药物对异育银鲫"中科3号"受精卵水霉抑制作用及孵化率的影响。试验结果显示,试验药物对受精卵水霉生长均有一定抑制作用,其抑霉率为美婷Ⅱ>霉灵>高锰酸钾、纳他霉素和杀毒矾,但杀毒矾对异育银鲫"中科3号"受精卵的毒副作用较大,显著降低了受精卵孵化率,不宜使用;美婷Ⅱ、霉灵、纳他霉素和高锰酸钾对异育银鲫"中科3号"受精卵的适宜使用质量浓度分别为4.90~6.50、1.97~3.87、1.50、2.50 mg/L,使用方法为长时间浸浴,可有效抑制受精卵孵化过程中水霉的生长,显著提高受精卵孵化率,适合在异育银鲫"中科3号"受精卵孵化过程中使用。     

浅海围栏牧场中柱桩受力及波浪场分布试验

通过物理模型试验的方法,对浅海围栏牧场设施中柱桩的受力及内部波浪场进行了研究。试验模型整体采用1∶20比尺,试验波要素设定五个波高,原型分别为1、2、2.5、3、3.5m,五个波浪周期分别为5、6、7、8、9s,五个流速分别为0.5、0.76、1、1.25、1.57m/s。测量在不同波流组合以及不规则波单独作用和流单独作用下迎浪侧最前方单根桩柱的受力情况及围栏牧场内波浪场情况。试验结果显示,随着波高和流速的增加,桩柱所受到的波流力逐步增大,在计算柱桩受力时,需要考虑到网衣受力带来的影响。波高及周期越大,围栏设施内的波浪场分布规律越明显,沿着波浪传播方向呈逐渐减小趋势,小波高及短周期时波浪场分布规律不明显。     

4种药物对叶尔羌高原鳅的急性毒性试验

在水温(17±2)℃条件下,采用水生生物急性毒性试验方法,研究了福尔马林、高锰酸钾、硫酸铜和敌百虫,4种药物对叶尔羌高原鳅的24h、48h的半致死浓度(LD50)和安全浓度(SC)。结果表明:福尔马林、高锰酸钾、硫酸铜和敌百虫24h的LC50分别为:113.89、6.43、3.37和14.18mg/L。48h的LC50分别为97.03、4.50、2.38和11.28mg/L。4种药物的SC分别为24.08、0.94、0.50和2.69mg/L。在对叶尔羌高原鳅疾病预防和治疗过程中,建议高锰酸钾不要用于疾病的治疗,硫酸铜的使用要谨慎,福尔马林和敌百虫可用于疾病的治疗。     

罗氏沼虾与三角帆蚌、鲢和鳙混养模式优化

研究了罗氏沼虾、三角帆蚌、鲢和鳙不同混养系统的养殖产量、饲料系数、增长率、总氮(TN)/总磷(TP)利用率和综合养殖效果,以期获得最优养殖模式。采用基于陆基围隔的比较实验方法,设6个实验组,分别为罗氏沼虾单养(G),罗氏沼虾与三角帆蚌二元混养(GH2)、罗氏沼虾、鲢和鳙三元混养(GSB),罗氏沼虾、鲢、鳙和三角帆蚌按照不同密度放养的四元混养(GSBH1、GSBH2和GSBH3),各实验组设置4个重复。结果表明:GSBH2组罗氏沼虾产量最高[(14.71±0.33)kg/32 m2],显著高于G组[(12.44±0.60)kg/32 m2,P0.01];GSBH1组饲料系数最低(1.43±0.04);GSBH1组增重率最高(4.66%±0.12%),G组最低(3.80%±0.23%);TN平均相对利用率在(0.92±0.09)~(1.60±0.23)之间,GSB组最高,G组最低;TP平均相对利用率为(0.23±0.03)~(1.46±0.32),GSBH3组最高,G组最低;综合养殖效果指数在(0.91±0.02)~(1.25±0.05)之间,GSB组最高,GSBH1组次之,G组最低,且三元、四元混养组显著大于G组和GH2组(P0.05)。研究表明,混养组能显著提高罗氏沼虾养殖的经济效益和生态效益。     

浅海围网养殖鱼类捕捞网箱的设计与试验

为解决浅海围网设施养殖鱼类的捕捞和分级,以浮绳式围网养殖为研究对象,根据养殖围网设施的结构和大小、敷设技术和主要性能,结合围网养鱼方式和养殖生产的特点,设计并制作了一种分级捕捞网箱。网箱由框架钢筋、网衣、绳索、分级栅等构件制作而成,网箱网身呈圆柱形,顶部呈倒圆台形,整体高1 515 mm,体积约为1 m3,分为入鱼口、分级栅、取鱼口等3部分。在实验室用鲫鱼对分级栅进行了试验,结果表明,分级栅间距为15 mm和20 mm时,小规格鱼残留率平均为7.78%和4.75%,大规格鱼逃逸率平均为2.38%和3.00%。海上试验结果显示,大规格鱼捕获率90%以上。研究表明,通过日常投饵养鱼驯化将养殖鱼引诱至网箱内,通过提升网箱、驱使箱内小规格鱼群从分级栅游离,剩下的大规格鱼提出水面后迅速放入活鱼舱,从而达到捕大留小的目的。     

四种水产药物对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在溶氧(7.0±0.3)mg/L,水温(18±1)℃,pH 7.8±0.1条件下,采用国家标准半静态方式水生生物急性毒性实验法研究了高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂(5∶2)、敌百虫和甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤(Gymnocypris potanini firmispinatus Wu et Wu)幼鱼的急性毒性试验。试验结果显示,高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂、敌百虫和甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼的24 h半致死浓度(24 h LC50)分别为4.57、2.74、8.00和54.69 mg/L,48 h半致死浓度(48 h LC50)分别为4.13、2.35、7.34和47.03 mg/L;96 h半致死浓度(96 h LC50)分别为3.37、1.92、4.76和40.44 mg/L;其安全浓度分别为1.01、0.52、1.85和10.43 mg/L。根据国家标准和本实验数据表明,甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼微毒,高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂和敌百虫对其中毒。