Limnological Factors Influencing Growth of Cage-Cultured Bighead Carp ♀ x Silver Carp ♂ Hybrids

Four 2-m³ cages each stocked with 120 bighead carp ♀ X silver carp ♂ hybrids were placed in each of four ponds varying in trophic status from mesotrophic to hypereutrophic. Fish were cultured, without feeding, from 13 March to 1 October, 1987. All fish survived but lost weight (-0.37 g/fish/day) in the mesotrophic pond. Maximum fish growth rate occured in the two eutrophic ponds (6.61 and 7.04 g/fish/day). Fish growth in the hypereutrophic pond was about one-half (3.64 g/fish/day) that in the two eutrophic ponds until a sudden thermal destratification and dissolved oxygen depletion killed all the fish. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that gross phytoplankton primary productivity accounted for 68% of the variation in fish weight gain (R² = 0.68; P < 0.0001) in all ponds. When eliminating primary productivity data from the statistical model, number of algal taxa comprising phytoplankton communities explained 49% of the variation in fish growth (R² = 0.49; P < 0.0001). Conditions of hypereutrophy believed to be detrimental to fish growth were: a decline in cladoceran density; a preponderance of blue-green algae, especially colonial forms with mucilaginous sheaths; a shift from numerous, relatively small plankton algal taxa to fewer but larger forms; degraded water quality.     

增温水体对鲢、鳙的生长、血液及生理指标的影响

陡河水库纳入电厂热排水后,年均水温升高3℃左右。根据水温及等温线分布情况,将库区划分为增温区、弱增温区、自然水温区三个区域。通过一年的定点网箱监测,结果表明:自然水温区鱼类生长最好,其次为增温区,弱增温区最差。增温不仅改变了鱼类生长,而且鱼类血液及生理指标也发生了改变。     

南四湖鲢、鳙增殖放流后生长的跟踪监测

2012年6月-11月,对2012年4月在南四湖增殖放流的鲢、鳙生长状况进行了连续5次跟踪调查。结果表明：鲢体质量变化在50-400g范围内,为1-2龄;鳙体质量集中在50-350g,为1-2龄;增殖鲢生长（L,体长;W,体质量）与捕捞时间的关系方程为：L=12.633＋2.3391M＋0.0648M2,W=-89654＋61.933M＋2.3341M^2;鳙L=13.186＋1.004M＋0.2449M2,W=99.204-33.203M＋12.141M2。捕获南四湖鲢、鳙个体远未达到渐进体质量乃至拐点体质量,尚处于快速生长期,在增殖放流与捕获中应加强科学规范与管理。     

鲢、鳙非经典生物操纵作用的研究进展与应用现状

鲢、鳙作为内陆水域主要的滤食性经济鱼类,通过对浮游生物的摄食行为抑制蓝藻水华的发生,这种干预现象在水域生态学领域称为非经典生物操纵。综述了鲢、鳙非经典生物操纵作用的研究与应用进展。目前关于鲢、鳙非经典生物操纵作用存在2种不同的观点。一种观点认为鲢、鳙大量滤食浮游生物,在控制蓝藻水华的同时还可将水中有机物转化为鱼产品移出,能够有效控制水体富营养化;另一种观点认为,放养鲢、鳙实际加快了水体营养盐的周转速率,在抑制蓝藻水华的同时加快了水体的富营养化进程。针对这2种不同观点开展的实验与调查表明,鲢、鳙放养对于抑制藻类水华的爆发作用明确,但同时导致浮游动植物小型化,浮游生物的数量会由于水体营养盐周转速率的加快而出现大幅波动。综合各方观点作者认为,鲢、鳙对于水体蓝藻水华形成的预防和抑制作用证据较为明确,但对于一定时期内水体营养盐变化的影响存在较大的不确定性,与水文条件、鲢鳙存量、集水区状况等有密切的关联。     

鲢、鳙非经典生物操纵作用的研究进展与应用现状

鲢、鳙作为内陆水域主要的滤食性经济鱼类,通过对浮游生物的摄食行为抑制蓝藻水华的发生,这种干预现象在水域生态学领域称为非经典生物操纵。综述了鲢、鳙非经典生物操纵作用的研究与应用进展。目前关于鲢、鳙非经典生物操纵作用存在２种不同的观点。一种观点认为鲢、鳙大量滤食浮游生物,在控制蓝藻水华的同时还可将水中有机物转化为鱼产品移出,能够有效控制水体富营养化;另一种观点认为,放养鲢、鳙实际加快了水体营养盐的周转速率,在抑制蓝藻水华的同时加快了水体的富营养化进程。针对这２种不同观点开展的实验与调查表明,鲢、鳙放养对于抑制藻类水华的爆发作用明确,但同时导致浮游动植物小型化,浮游生物的数量会由于水体营养盐周转速率的加快而出现大幅波动。综合各方观点作者认为,鲢、鳙对于水体蓝藻水华形成的预防和抑制作用证据较为明确,但对于一定时期内水体营养盐变化的影响存在较大的不确定性,与水文条件、鲢鳙存量、集水区状况等有密切的关联。     

红旗泡水库鲢鳙饵料生物调查及鱼产潜力估算

于2013年6月和2014年9月对红旗泡水库6个采样点进行2次浮游生物调查,共采集到浮游植物48种,分属6门,平均密度375ind./L,平均生物量0.991mg/L;浮游动物14种,其中包括原生动物2种、轮虫类4种、枝角类3种、桡足类5种,平均密度114ind./L,平均生物量0.598mg/L。由此可估算鲢鳙鱼产潜力为133 489kg,其中,鲢生产潜力为50 460kg,鳙生产潜力为83 029kg。按照起水规格鲢2.0kg、鳙2.5kg计算,鲢和鳙鱼种理论放养比例大概为2∶3。     

滆湖鲢和鳙肠道生长格局研究

肠道形态种间差异是动物对食物质量的长期进化响应,本文研究了滆湖鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)鳙(Aristichthysnobilis)肠长(GL)和肠重(GM)两种肠道形态参数的生长格局,并探讨了它们对鲢鳙食性差异的指示作用。结果表明,滆湖鲢、鳙GL相对身体大小(体长BL和体重BM)、GM相对GL、肠道内含物重(GCM)相对BM均呈正异速生长或增加,鲢鳙GM相对BM分别呈等速和负异速生长。相对肠长(RGL)、ZI指数、相对肠道内含物重指数(RGCM)鲢显著大于鳙,GM/GL比值正好相反,相对肠重(RGM)鲢鳙间无显著差异。根据文献对比及RGL与营养级的经验公式,鲢鳙均为偏浮游植物杂食性鱼类,这与鳙为偏浮游动物食性鱼类的普遍认识不太一致,说明国内需要更多的研究以增加RGL对鱼类食性的指示作用。与鳙相比,鲢从更多且质量较低的食物中满足营养和能量需求的主要机制是增加肠道长度而不是分配更多组织给肠道。肠长能而肠重不能识别体型相似的2个近缘物种(鲢鳙)的食性差异。     

孟家段水库鲢、鳙的生长及提高鱼产量措施

孟家段水库渔获鲢鳙中，鲢年龄组成不合理，5～7龄鱼占其总尾数67%。鲢、鳙生长较慢。应加大放养规格至13～14cm，降低放养量至每年2.5万kg，鲢鳙比例调整为3:7，加大对凶猛的捕捞力度。     

小(二)型水库鲢鳙暴发病的防治方法

小(二)型水库立体养殖场建立后，鲢鳙鱼暴发病频频发生，通过反复观察、治疗的比较分析，探索出一种行之有效的治疗方法。     

太泊湖浮游生物初步调查及鲢鳙鱼产力评估

2013年5、7、9和11月,对太泊湖浮游生物和水体状况开展了调查,评估了鲢鳙鱼产力。总碱度变化范围为62.92~89.09 mg/L;总氮、总磷及氨氮含量均严重超过地标水环境质量标准的Ⅱ类标准限值。共监测到浮游植物7门51属,平均密度1 593×104个/L,平均生物量20.166 mg/L;绿藻门、蓝藻门、硅藻门以及裸藻门为优势种群,生物量分别占浮游植物总生物量的24.3%、8.9%、16.2%和25.84%。共采集到浮游动物25种,其中原生动物5种、轮虫13种、枝角类5种、桡足类2种。浮游动物平均数量1 771.85个/L,平均生物量2.508 mg/L;枝角类、轮虫、原生动物、桡足类的生物量分别占总生物量的15.9%、78.7%、0.1%和35.2%,浮游动物多样性指数为0.36~0.46,均匀度指数为0.34~0.41。综合判断太泊湖处于富营养化状态。太泊湖鲢鱼产力151.2 kg/hm2,全湖约322 t;鳙鱼产力56.4 kg/hm2,全湖约120 t。     

调水调沙的小浪底水库中大规格鲢鳙网箱生态养殖

小浪底水库每年需进行调水调沙,水库水位剧降,最高落差可达50m,最大流量达4 000m~3/s以上,严重破坏水库水生动植物资源和渔业生态环境,影响小浪底水库网箱养鱼等。2013年以前,小浪底水库通常以6m×6m×2.5m和15m×8m×2.5m网箱养殖鲤和草鱼。本文针对小浪底水库调水调沙的特点,研究一种新型、环保、生态、高效、优质的网箱生态养殖大规格鲢鳙模式,2014年11月-2015年6月进行试验。试验网箱6m×6m×4m,箱间距5m,箱行距30m,每箱投放体质量800~1 000g/尾的鲢鳙鱼种150尾左右,养殖240~260d,出箱规格达到1 500~2 500g/尾,成活率91.5%,箱产值3 500~4 500元,净利润1 862元。养殖过程中不投喂。     

汤河水库的浮游生物与鲢鳙生产潜力估算

对汤河水库的浮游生物和底栖生物的种类和生物量进行调查,得出浮游生物的存在量及其季节变化,从而对鲢鳙生产潜力进行估算。     

密云水库鲢鱼、鳙鱼营养成分分析与评价

为全面了解密云水库鲢鱼、鳙鱼的营养特征,以密云水库秋季鲢鱼和鳙鱼为研究对象,对其肌肉的水分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、灰分、矿物质元素含量以及氨基酸、脂肪酸组成进行分析。研究结果表明,密云水库鲢鱼和鳙鱼肌肉蛋白质含量分别为(18.40±0.40)%和(18.60±0.57)%,粗脂肪含量为(0.60±0.10)%和(1.48±0.91)%,富含人体所需的钾、钠、钙、镁、磷等常量元素及铁、锰、锌、硒等微量元素;鲢鱼、鳙鱼肌肉中,18种常见氨基酸均被检出,其中谷氨酸含量高,必需氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的40.00%和40.16%,必需氨基酸指数分别为99.15和98.76;鲢鱼、鳙鱼肌肉中分别检出脂肪酸12种和19种,相对含量均表现为多不饱和脂肪酸>饱和脂肪酸>单不饱和脂肪酸,而多不饱和脂肪酸中均以二十二碳六烯酸相对含量最高,其次为二十碳五烯酸,两者之和分别达30.64%和23.79%。研究结果表明,密云水库鲢鱼、鳙鱼是良好的蛋白质来源,氨基酸组成合理,富含矿物质和有益脂肪酸,具有很好的营养价值和可食用性。     

鲢鳙幼鱼临界游泳速度的比较研究

通过比较不同鱼类的游泳能力,为鱼道建设和鱼类行为学研究提供基础资料。在(20±1)℃水温下,使用丹麦Loligo System公司的鱼类行为视频跟踪系统,采用Brett流速递增法,以鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)为研究对象,体长作为划分依据,分别测定不同体长组鲢鳙临界游泳速度。结果表明:(1)鲢鳙绝对临界游泳速度随着体长的增加而增大,相对临界游泳速度随着体长的增大而减小,鲢体长与绝对临界游泳速度拟合方程为:Y1=0.10X21-0.11X1+55.86(R2=0.85),与相对临界游泳速度拟合方程为:y1=0.02x21-0.87x1+12.86(R2=0.94),鳙体长与绝对临界游泳速度拟合方程为:Y2=0.03X32-1.29X22+21.04X2-29.21(R2=0.85),与相对临界游泳速度拟合方程为:y2=0.02x22-0.87x2+14.81(R2=0.98);(2)相近体长组鲢(10.11±0.24)cm和鳙(10.78±1.34)cm临界游泳速度分别为(65.50±2.08)cm/s和(80.89±4.03)cm/s,可知鳙鲢,且差异性显著(P0.05);(16.90±0.55)cm鲢和(15.39±0.62)cm鳙的临界游泳速度为(83.92±3.03)cm/s和(91.62±3.54)cm/s,无显著性差异(P0.05);(3)通过比较鲢鳙临界游泳速度与突进游泳速度能力,发现鲢的突进游泳速度大于鳙,而临界游泳速度小于后者,可知鲢鳙有氧运动和无氧运动能力之间存在权衡作用,临界游泳速度与突进游泳速度不一定呈现正相关关系。鱼类能否顺利完成上溯需求取决于鱼道内水力条件和自身游泳能力。     

阳澄湖3个湖区鲢鳙控藻效应的比较研究

阳澄湖是江苏省重要的淡水湖泊之一,全湖分为东、中、西3个湖区。近年来阳澄湖内加大了鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)的控藻力度,西湖藻华消失,而中湖和东湖仍偶有藻华出现。为了比较不同湖区水质和浮游植物的差异,在3个湖区分别布设南、北2个采样位点,于2017年夏季、秋季及2018年春季采集水样进行鲢鳙控藻效应分析。结果表明,阳澄湖3个湖区总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)均达到劣Ⅴ类水质标准,营养盐浓度由西向东逐渐下降。西湖3个季节叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度都低于15μg/L,透明度最高。调查期间共发现浮游植物8门、77属、177种,其中西湖种类数最少,仅有8门、59属、105种。从浮游植物多样性看,阳澄湖水质处于轻污染状态。西湖浮游植物细胞密度年均(3.50±0.49)×10~6个/L,分别约为中湖和东湖的1/10和1/4。中湖和东湖于夏、秋季检出超富营养化(ɑ-ps)指示藻类,但西湖三季均未检测到。2017年10月,西湖鲢鳙存鱼密度分别为中湖的3.8倍和东湖的2.3倍,规格和肠道饱满度指数显著低于中湖和东湖(P0.05)。研究显示,现阶段阳澄湖藻华发生与否不完全由营养盐水平决定,可能还与鲢鳙牧食藻类有关。     

Growth, Yield, Dressout, and Net Returns of Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Stocked at Three Densities in Fertilized Earthen Ponds

Abstract.— Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis have been raised in the United States for two decades and sold through the livehaul market, but their profitability in monoculture has not been evaluated. Three studies were conducted in 0.10-ha earthen ponds to evaluate the effect of bighead carp stocking density on growth, yield, dressout yield. and net returns. Initially, bighead carp (average weight of 0.36 kg) were stocked at rates of 500, 320, or 130 fish/ha with three replicates of each treatment. Stocking rates for 2-yr-old fish (average weight of 2.45 kg) were reduced to 320, 220, or 130 fish/ha in the second year. Net yields of bighead carp stocked at 500 fish/ha (963 kg/ha) were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) than net yields at the 320 fishha density (771 kg/ha), and these were significantly greater ( P < 0.05) than net yields at 130 fish/ha (369 kg/ha) in the first growing season. Net yields in the second growing season were not significantly different ( P > 0.05) among densities. There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) among treatments in yearly growth which ranged from 11–17 g/d in the first and from 6–13 g/d in the second growing season. Dressout percentages for whole-dressed, steak, shank fillet, and shank fillets with white meat only did not differ with stocking density ( P > 0.05). Enterprise and partial budget analysis indicated that monoculture of bighead carp in fertilized ponds is profitable only in the short run at average livehaul market prices, because revenues exceeded variable but not fixed costs. The negative net returns, when all costs were accounted for, indicated that it is not profitable to construct ponds solely for monoculture of bighead carp.     

低盐水体南美白对虾与鲢鳙鱼混养的试验

在6口低盐淡水(盐度2～10)池塘中放养体长0 8～1 0cm的南美白对虾(Penaeusvan namei)(30万尾/hm2),其中三口塘再放养鲢(Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix)、鳙(Aristichthysno bilis)夏花(体长2 0～3 0cm)(1500尾/hm2,鲢:鳙=1:1)。鱼、虾分别精养90d和60d。混养池塘中对虾的成活率(24 6%)为单养池(9 1%)的2 7倍,产量(800 0±86 7)kg/hm2为单养池的3 2倍;鱼产量为(93 9±7 9)kg/hm2,鳙的出塘规格大于鲢,产量高于鲢。混养池塘水中氨氮、亚硝态氮和溶解氧含量低;透明度和活性磷含量高;pH值波动幅度小。     

Survival and Growth of Bighead Carp Fry Exposed to Low Salinities

Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis Oshima) fry of various ages (11, 18, and 35 days post-hatch) were exposed to the low salinities encountered during the annual intrusion of seawater in Laguna Lake, Philippines. Practical indices of salinity tolerance assessed the effect of a 96 h direct exposure to low salinities (0–16). Mean (MST) and median survival times (MST50) of fry decreased as salinity of rearing medium increased. Younger fry were less able to tolerate exposure to these salinities than their older cohorts. Median lethal salinity after 96 h (MLS) revealed higher tolerance among 35–day old fry (7.6) than 11 (2.3) and 18–day old fry (6.0), demonstrating that survival in saline water depends on their age at initial exposure to low salinities. Mean body weight of 18–day old fry reared in 0 and 2 for 3 and 4 weeks was higher than for those reared in 4 and 6 for the same period. Growth over these periods was inversely related with the range of salinities tested. These results demonstrate that, despite their known stenohalinity, bighead carp fry possess some degree of osmoregulatory capability, allowing them to survive and grow in lakes subjected periodically to saltwater inflow.     

Growth, Yield, Dressout, and Net Returns of Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Stocked at Three Densities in Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Ponds

Abstract— Alternative fish species that can be cultured together with catfish Ictalurus punctatus provide an opportunity to diversify caffish farms. A 2-yr study was conducted in 0.10-ha earthen ponds to evaluate the effect of bighead carp (BHC) stocking density on growth, yield, dressout yield, and net returns. Initially, bighead carp (average weight of 22 g) were stocked at rates of 380, 750, or 1,130 fishha in ponds with catfish. Caffish were cultured under commercial conditions by stocking caffish at a density of 12,500/ha, aerating nightly and feeding at an average rate of 82 kgha per d. Stocking rates for 2-yr-old fish were reduced to 77, 260, and 435/ha in the second growing season. There were no significant differences among treatments ( P > 0.05) in summer growth of bighead carp in either year. Bighead carp stocked at 1,130 fishha had significantly higher yields than those stocked at 380/ha, but did not reach minimum market size of 2.2 kg during the first year ( P > 0.05). There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) in caffish growth, yield, survival, or feed conversion ratios due to the bighead carp stocking densities. Partial budget analysis indicated that net benefits were positive for all three treatments over a range of prevailing prices of bighead carp. Bighead carp production in catfish ponds is economically feasible over a wide range of prices. Given the market risk of producing smaller fish at the higher density, the medium density is the preferred stocking density of fingerling bighead carp in catfish ponds.     

白石水库网拦库湾培育鲢鳙鱼种技术

2处库湾面积共37．3hm^2,每处库湾均设2道拦网，间距10－20m，拦网装好前用刺网和地笼除野。外购鲢鳙和团头鲂鱼苗，施肥培育。拉网、插箔、刺网测产验收。产鱼种44085kg，总收入24．7万元，盈利6．33万元。