鱼露特征挥发性化合物的研究进展

研究了鱼露浓郁独特的风味及现代快速发酵工艺所存在的风味品质问题,并综述了近20年来的鱼露特征挥发性化合物的研究,结果表明探究鱼露特征挥发性化合物的形成是可行的。结果显示,气味指纹技术与气相色谱—人工嗅辨仪—质谱(GC-O-MS)联用可以探讨鱼露特征风味的形成;鱼露的气味是融合了奶酪味、氨味、腌渍味、酸味、鱼腥臭味和肉香味的复杂刺激性气味,含硫与含氮化合物是特征挥发性化合物;鱼的种类、嗜盐微生物、酶解途径对特征挥发性化合物形成都有很大影响。研究表明,鱼露的挥发性风味是非常复杂的体系,挥发性化合物的形成不是简单因素作用或个别化合物转化导致的。鱼露挥发性化合物研究可以解决鱼露风味品质提升的难题。     

不同养殖模式的凡纳滨对虾品质的比较

仪器分析法(营养成份分析和质构分析)与感官评价法有机结合,以对虾口感为主要考核指标,建立对虾品质鉴定体系,并以此法对无公害海水养殖、传统海水养殖及传统淡水养殖对虾3种不同养殖模式下生产的对虾品质进行比较.结果表明:3种对虾的机体营养成分组成差异不大,只有无公害虾肌苷酸含量明显高于其余两组,达2.76 mg·g-1.氨基酸分析中表明:无公害海水养殖对虾的必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸及氨基酸总量等指标优于其余样品;无公害虾的感官指标基本上与海水虾相似,3种虾的色泽和气味指标差异不明显(P＞0.05),无公害虾的滋味及口感均比其它两组对照好;多汁性指标则以淡水虾最佳.在质构分析方面,3种虾硬度指标差异显著(P＜0.05),无公害虾与海水虾在肌肉的弹性及咀嚼性无显著性差异(P＞0.05),与淡水虾差异显著(P＜0.05),其结果与感官评价基本一致.本文全面比较3种对虾品质上差异,揭示对虾口感差异内在因素,为对虾品质评价提供了方法和手段.     

Effect of Acidification with Encapsulated Lactate on Microbiological,Textural and Sensory Properties of Cooked,Comminuted Fish Loaves

A standard formulation for cooked, comminuted fish loaf was supplemented with encapsulated lactate (melting temperature =60ºC) to assess the usefulness of this additive for shelf-life extension. Slices of standard (pH= 6.45) and acidified (pH =4.86) loaf were packaged in air and under vacuum, stored at 4ºC and subjected to bacteriological analysis (total mesophilic and psychrotrophic plate counts, enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria) at weekly intervals. Texture profile analysis and sensory evaluation were also performed to determine the effect of acidification on the physico-chemical properties of the loaves. Use of encapsulated lactate in the formulation doubled the shelf-life from 2 to 4 weeks, due in part to strong inhibition of the Enterobacteriaceae. Texture profile analysis revealed that acidified fish loaf was softer and less rigid than the standard product. Cohesiveness scores determined by sensory evaluation confirmed this change in texture. Panelists also recorded undesirable increases in juiciness, saltiness and acidity at the level of use employed in these studies.     

不同种类酵母抽提物对调理乌鳢鱼片风味及品质的影响

为探究添加不同种类酵母抽提物对生鲜鱼片风味及质构的影响,实验以调理乌鳢鱼片为原料,通过同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)提取挥发性成分,利用GC-MS联合电子鼻、电子舌对6组调理乌鳢鱼片(空白对照CK组、FA02组、KU012组、FG10组、FA39组和F55组)进行风味成分分析,再结合感官、色度和质构进一步评价了6组调理乌鳢鱼...     

利用大口黑鲈加工上海熏鱼的工艺及风味特点

为了弥补传统上海熏鱼的不足,实验以大口黑鲈替代草鱼制作上海熏鱼,采用单因素实验设计和正交实验设计改良上海熏鱼的加工工艺,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(SPME-GC-MS)分别测定油爆后的上海熏鱼、用油爆后浸渍液(仅由酱油、白砂糖和植物油组成)处理的上海熏鱼、上海熏鱼成品(油爆后浸渍液由酱油、白砂糖、植物油、食用盐和香辛料组成)中的挥发性风味活性物质,通过GC-MS的定性定量分析得出上海熏鱼的主要风味化合物,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定呈味核苷酸。结果显示,优化工艺参数为油爆时间6 min,油爆后浸渍液中酱油/白砂糖=4∶3。3个样品中的挥发性化合物分别有37、47和55种,其中醛酮类、醇类、烃类、芳香类和含氮含硫类物质是上海熏鱼的主要风味化合物。肌苷酸是主要鲜味核苷酸。研究表明,高温油爆过程中发生的美拉德反应、热降解、脂肪酸氧化有助于去除鱼腥味,形成上海熏鱼的特色风味。浸渍和油爆是提高鱼肉制品品质的优良加工工艺。     

The Influence of Crude Oil and Dispersant on the Sensory Characteristics of Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Marine Waters

The influence of crude oil and crude oil plus dispersant on the flavor and odor of steelhead trout was determined using a trained taste panel. Uptake of certain hydrocarbons in the fish flesh correlated with time of exposure, off-flavor and off-odor scores. The sensory changes that resulted were of the magnitude that could results in serious affects on the marketability of commercially harvested contaminated fish.     

Composition,Properties and Sensory Quality of Rainbow Trout Affected by Feed Formulations

Rainbow trout were fed a fish meal‐based diet or diets where 25, 50, 75, or 100% of the fish meal protein was replaced with a mixture of rendered animal protein ingredients. Diets were formulated to be iso‐nitrogenous (36% crude protein) and meet all known nutrient requirements of rainbow trout. The effect of five diets on dressing percentage, chemical composition, functional properties, and sensory characteristics of rainbow trout fillets stored up to 1 wk on ice in a refrigerated room (4 C) was determined. Dressing percentage based on body weight (from 724 to 811 g) did not show a significant difference due to the diet. Raw tissue pH, 24 and 144 h post mortem, were significantly lower than the control when 75 and 100% fish meal replacement were utilized. Assessment of color, texture, flavor, and tenderness indicated that fillet were lighter, less firm, more bland, and more tender after 144 h compared to 24‐h storage time. Fillets from fish fed all diets were considered as acceptable by the panel.     

不同产地传统海虾酱的风味特征

[目的] 为探究我国不同产地传统海虾酱的风味特征,探讨风味形成机理。[方法] 从感官量化描述分析和营养成分分析入手,应用气相离子迁移谱和顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用对不同产地传统海虾酱的风味特征进行探究。[结果] 不同产地传统海虾酱的挥发性风味有显著性差异,气相离子迁移谱和气质联用可以高效表征气味差异。[结论] 不同产地虾酱的挥发性成分的种类和含量均有显著差异,2-乙基己醇、3-乙基-2,5-甲基吡嗪、二甲胺、二甲基三硫和3-甲硫基丙醛等化合物是海虾酱的特征挥发性化合物。QDA结果显示粤港澳产虾酱样品的色泽与风味评分较好,蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量高于其他样品,但腥味也较明显。虾酱的粗脂肪含量与QDA评分没有明显关联。当水分含量介于18%-28%（w%）时,虾酱的粘稠度评分最高。粤港澳产虾酱的特征香气化合物为吡嗪类,如2,6二甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪等。三甲胺及二甲胺是传统海虾酱的特征风味物,含硫化合物是发酵水产调料的特征风味化合物,但也有可能源于配料中的葱、蒜等香辛料。     

Enrobed Snack Product from Devis’s Anchovy (Stolephorus commersonnii) and its Quality Evaluation during Frozen Storage

Enrobing of fish improves physical as well as consumer acceptance of low value fish. The present work was undertaken to utilize a low value fish with its bones by enrobing with cereal flour based coating. Three combinations of batters were prepared, and the fish was coated and fried; based on the sensory quality, 1:2 batter to water ratio was selected for product preparation. To determine the storage life, frozen par-fried samples were prepared and stored at ?18°C. Quality parameters such as pH, total volatile basic nitrogen, free fatty acids, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, color, and sensory attributes were evaluated on a monthly basis. It was observed from chemical parameters and sensory scores of the product that the par-fried form can be stored for up to 5 months. This technology will provide a better opportunity for employment of coastal women.     

不同盐度条件下鱼露发酵前期挥发性风味物质的指纹图谱

为探明一定盐度条件下传统鱼露发酵前期挥发性风味物质随时间变化的规律,建立鱼露发酵前期挥发性风味物质的指纹图谱及明确主要风味物质。采用气相色谱—质谱联用(GC-MS)方法分析了180和230两种盐度条件下日本鰒鱼露发酵液的挥发性风味成分。结果显示,有80%的鱼露样品相似度良好,与对照图谱相似度达到了90%;180盐度下发酵150 d的鱼露挥发性风味物质变化较大。盐度180发酵的鱼露样品组有51个共有峰,盐度230有58个共有峰,并在对照图谱中加以标定。通过对指纹图谱共有峰化合物指认,确定了乙醇、丙酮、异戊醛、1-戊烯-3-醇和2-甲基丁酸为鱼露前期发酵液的主要挥发性风味物质。研究表明,盐度180发酵的鱼露更早地进入基础物质转化阶段,有利于鱼露海鲜味的生成;230盐度发酵的鱼露整体发酵进程较为缓慢,但更有利于鱼露中乳酪味和肉香味的形成。在实际生产中可根据需要选择不同的盐度进行发酵。研究结果为揭示鱼露发酵前期主要基础挥发性风味物质及变化规律和鱼露品质控制等提供科学依据。     

Production of Fish Sauce and Acceleration of Sauce Fermentation Using Proteolytic Enzymes

The effect of addition of trypsin and chymotrypsin (0.3%, w/w) at various proportions (100:0, 50:50, and -0:100) was investigated to accelerate fish sauce fermentation using herring as raw material. Results showed that supplementations with trypsin and chymotrypsin significantly increased protein hydrolysis (P<0.05). Fish sauce prepared form herring with enzyme supplementation contained significantly more total nitrogen, soluble protein, free amino acid content and total amino acid content compared to fish sauce with no added enzyme (P<0.05). Supplementation with tryspin and/or chrymotrypsin mixture *ratios 50:50 and 0:100) enzyme produced the most favorable results in term of protein hydrolysis, while there was no difference among enzyme treated sauce in term of free amino acid composition. With the exception of the amino acid profile, and microbiological composition compared to Nampla, a first grade commercially produced Thai fish sauce. Sensory analysis of products for color, flavor and aroma indicated that panelist preferred the lighter colored fish sauce prepared with enzyme supplementation compared to the darker colored commercially produced Nampla. However, There was no significant preference (p<0.05) for aroma and flavor of the enzyme supplemented sauce or Nampla. The results of this stuffy indicate that an acceptable fish sauce product can be produced form herring and the addition of enzymes has the potential to reduce the fermentation time to --2 months without compromising product quality.     

冷藏草鱼片新鲜度分级方法的建立

现有淡水鱼片评价方法存在评价体系单一、不稳定的问题,为提供一种冷藏草鱼片新鲜度分级方法,实验以生鲜鱼片的色泽、气味、组织形态、肌肉弹性和熟鱼片的气味、滋味、汤汁形态各细分感官描述为指标,依据主成分分析(PCA)和系统聚类分析(HCA)划分鲜度区间;将K值等理化指标和肌间线蛋白、肌钙蛋白T等生化指标与细分感官描述指标比较...     

Characterization and distribution of Staphylococcus sp. implicated for improvement of fish sauce odor

ABSTRACT:   The two Staphylococcus strains that had been isolated from fish sauce mush (moromi) made from frigate mackerel in Japan and proved to improve fish sauce odor, were examined for their taxonomic positions. The sequence analysis based on 16S rRNA and rpoB showed that the two strains, R4Nu and R5G, had an identical sequence with sequence identities of 99.5% and 99.0% to the above two genes from the closest species of S. nepalensis , respectively. A DNA hybridization test of the two strains showed more than 80% DNA similarity with S. nepalensis , thus confirming the above-mentioned species identification. Polymerase chain reaction primers specific to the strain isolated from fish sauce mush were designed from rpoB and examined for the distribution of this species to various fish sauces made in Asian countries as well as to fish sauce starter (malt) made from soy beans and barley in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. The amplified DNA fragment bearing the S. nepalensis gene was detected in the enriched culture of the malt, although no positive reaction was shown with fish sauce samples. These results suggest that S. nepalensis indebted to improve fish sauce odor was originated from the fish sauce starter malt.     

鲐鱼休闲鱼肉粒加工工艺实验

对利用鲐鱼制作休闲鱼肉粒的生产工艺进行了研究。通过L9(34)正交实验设计和感官评定确定辅配料配方。实验结果表明,制作鲐鱼休闲鱼肉粒的较佳工艺配方为精盐1.5%,白砂糖12%,麦芽糊精3%和卡拉胶1.5%。用该工艺和配方生产的鱼肉粒产品呈浅黄色,质地均匀,软硬适中,有嚼劲,具有鱼肉的特有风味。     

池塘养殖和大湖养殖对“华海1号”团头鲂鱼肉品质的影响

为探究不同养殖模式下新品种“华海1号”团头鲂的品质差异，实验以不同养殖模式(池塘组及大湖组)的“华海1号”团头鲂为对象，采用色差仪、质构仪对其表观及质地进行测定，采用超高效液相色谱仪或气相色谱-质谱联用仪等对营养特性和风味物质进行测定。结果显示，大湖养殖团头鲂肉质的亮度、白度、弹性、咀嚼性、回复性均显著高于池塘组，且大湖组肌肉水分含量更高，粗脂肪含量更低。池塘组和大湖组鱼肉EAA/TAA及EAA/NEAA比值分别为0.41、0.82以及0.38、0.72，均符合FAO/WHO推荐的理想必需氨基酸构成。池塘组必需氨基酸指数虽高于大湖组，但其必需氨基酸中仅赖氨酸含量显著高于大湖组，而大湖组鱼肉中非必需氨基酸及半必需氨基酸含量分别为池塘组的1.05倍及1.01倍，且大湖组总脂肪酸含量下降21.09%，多不饱和脂肪酸占比提升4.00%,EPA和DHA含量分别为池塘组的14.20倍和7.51倍，故大湖组鱼肉营养更为均衡。池塘组鱼肉谷氨酸及丙氨酸TAV值均大于1，大湖组赖氨酸TAV值大于1，但大湖组鱼肉中鲜味及甜味氨基酸总占比更高，苦味氨基酸总占比更低，且大湖组呈鲜味的AMP及IMP含量为池塘组的...     

Chemical and Organoleptic Comparison of Fish Sauce Made from Cold Water Species and Typical Thai Fish Sauce

ABSTRACT

Organoleptic and chemical properties of fish sauce made experimentally from the four cold water fish species–Arctic capelin, Atlantic herring, Atlantic cod and blue whiting–were compared with three first grade commercial fish sauces made from tropical anchovies. Although the flavor of the fish sauces made from cold water species were judged as inferior to the flavor of the tropical fish sauces, the blue whiting and Atlantic herring sauces obtained fair ranking. Chemical analyses revealed that sugar had been added in all the three commercial sauces. Although sugar is added during blending just before bottling, flavor enhancing chemical reactions, between amino groups and reducing sugars, probably occur during storage of the final product. Accordingly, this procedure should be adapted also in preparation of fish sauce from cold water species.     

基于GC-MS联用技术分析传统鱼露发酵过程中挥发性风味成分和脂肪酸组分变化

为探明鱼露在不同发酵时间点挥发性物质的差异以及脂肪酸对传统鱼露的香气物质形成的影响,实验采用气相色谱—质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析鱼露发酵过程中的挥发性风味成分和脂肪酸组成。结果显示,在5个不同发酵时间点的鱼露样品中共检测出7大类56种挥发性化合物,并用内标法对各挥发性化合物进行定量。以OVA值为依据,从56种挥发性化合物中筛选出12种对鱼露风味轮廓贡献显著的主体呈香化合物如3-甲硫基丙醛等。鱼露的主体特征风味可描述为蘑菇香味、土豆香味、麦芽香味、香草味、水果香味和鱼腥味。鱼露中的脂肪酸主要分布范围为C15~C26,不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)相对含量高达67.23%。在鱼露发酵过程中,风味相关的亚油酸和亚麻酸变化较为显著,与主体挥发性风味化合物的变化呈现一定的相关性,证明不饱和脂肪酸是鱼露发酵过程中产生特征风味的重要前体物质。     

Comparison of Moist and Dry Cooking on Sensory Quality,Consumer Acceptance and Marketability of Canned Bighead Carp

Abstract

Canned bighead carp has shown potential as a freshwater fish product. Canned products made from bighead carp loins that had been either cooked in steam or a convection oven were evaluated by a consumer panel of 90 individuals. The consumers were not told the identity of the fish under consideration. Acceptability was estimated by use of hedonic scales for sensory attributes, open-ended questions about how the products compared to similar canned fish products, and the just right scale for attribute direction for change. Willingness to pay compared to similar products also was determined for each product. Both carp products were light in color and contained less than 1% crude lipids. Acceptability of both products was good with the steam-cooked carp products being slightly more preferred in most categories. For the sensory attribute, “overall liking,” 54% of panelists rated the steam-cooked product as either like very much or like moderately. Likewise, over 60% of panelists indicated that either carp product was better than or equal to canned tuna and that they would be willing to pay as much for either product as tuna.