Intergeneric Hybridization between Kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum, and Bream, Abramis brama orientalis, of the Caspian Sea

Artificial hybridization was performed between Rutilus frisii kutum and Abramis brama orientalis of the Caspian Sea. Synchronization of spawning of female broodstock of both species was induced by injection of carp pituitary extract. Reciprocal crossings between R. frisii kutum ♀×A. brama orientalis ♂ (RA) and A. brama orientalis ♀×R. frisii kutum ♂ (AR) produced viable hybrid larvae without any clear particular pre‐ or postzygotic isolation phenomena. RA and AR hybrid larvae were reared to fingerling stage with survival rates of 22.5 and 28% and average weight of 6.8 ± 0.17 g and 9.0 ± 0.79 g, respectively. A heterosis of 45% was calculated for weight at fingerling stage. RA and AR hybrid fingerlings were cultured in polyculture along with Chinese carps for 6–7 mo and reached an average weight of 190–195 g and 235–255 g, respectively. Karyotyping of these hybrids revealed a modal diploid number of 2n = 50 for both groups, which is similar to those of the parental species. Discriminant function analysis on 28 morphometric and meristic characteristics of two parental species as well as their hybrids could separate these groups at highly significant level (P < 0.001). These results indicated an overall intermediate inheritance of the studied characters.     

鲷科鱼类细菌病及其防治方法

随着鲷科鱼类养殖业的蓬勃发展,特别是高密度集约化养殖的发展和养殖种类的不断引进,由于检疫制度和方法的不严密,使国外的鱼类疾病也随之带入,并蔓延于全国,导致鲷类的细菌性疾病日趋严重,成为制约鲷类养殖发展的重大障碍。因此,较系统地介绍鲷类细菌性疾病的诊断和防治,对研究者和养殖业者都大有裨益。     

用RAPD技术探讨5种鲷科鱼类的亲缘关系

用RAPD技术对鲷科鱼类的黑鲷、真鲷、二长棘鲷、平鲷和黄鳍鲷进行亲缘关系的研究。在事先优化的反应条件下,在使用的60个随机引物中,有29个引物扩增出清晰稳定的片段,共计200条,大小在200～2500 bp之间。5种鲷均有其特异性扩增片段,可作为种类鉴别的依据。根据MEGA2.1软件的UPGMA和NJ程序构建的分子系统树显示：同属鲷属的黄鳍鲷和黑 鲷的亲缘关系最近,其次是二长棘鲷和真鲷,平鲷与二长棘鲷和真鲷的亲缘关系较近,与黄鳍鲷和黑鲷较远,黑鲷和二长棘鲷的亲缘关系最远。两种聚类的结果相一致。研究结果与借助形态学和生化特征进行的传统系统分析具有一致性。在40个个体之间遗传距离矩阵中,最大值达到0.8916。多数的遗传距离指数在0.50～0.85之间。通过分析,认为RAPD技术对分析属级间的亲缘关系具有一定的适用性。     

哲罗鲑与细鳞鲑属间远缘杂交的初步研究

通过性激素药物诱导和全人工繁育技术对野生哲罗鲑(Hueho taimen)与细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)进行远缘杂交.结果表明,哲罗鲑(♀)×细鳞鲑(♂)(HB,正交实验组)杂交的受精率、发眼率、孵化率和仔鱼上浮率与其双亲自群繁育效果无显著性差异(P＞0.05),而且在胚后的不同发育时期HB杂交子代的死亡率和畸形率均低于哲罗鲑自繁(HH)和细鳞鲑自繁(BB)对照组.在内源性营养时期(卵黄囊吸收早期),HB、HH和BB的仔鱼体质量分别呈负增长、正增长、零增长趋势变化;在混合营养时期(开口-转口时期),HB和BB组鱼体质量呈正增长趋势变化,HH组体质量呈负增长趋势变化;在外源性营养时期(驯化时期),HB、HH和BB的鱼体质量均呈正增长趋势变化;无论在哪个时期实验组和对照组的体长均呈正增长趋势变化.细鳞鲑(♀)×哲罗鲑(♂)(BH,反交实验组)的杂交经过2年多批次实验均未得到成活杂交子代,但在胚胎发育阶段BH的杂交受精率、发眼率均显著高于双亲(BB、HH)自繁对照组(P＜0.05),但其孵化率显著低于双亲对照组(P＜0.05),BH杂交子代在破膜后1～2 h内即死亡,刚破膜的仔鱼尾干中后段至尾鳍部分盘绕于卵黄囊表面不能伸展,且所有破膜仔鱼的尾干中后段均存在充血点,本研究认为,这种反交[细鳞鲑(♀)×哲罗鲑(♂)]子代不能成活的原因可能是由远缘杂交受精卵核质不相容所导致.     

鲷科鱼类属间远缘杂交的发育和生长

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中国鲷科鱼类分类和系统发育研究进展

鲷科(Sparidae)隶属于硬骨鱼纲(Osteichthyes),鲈形目(Perciformes),鲈亚目(Percoidei).目前已报道世界有34属133种,广泛分布于大西洋、印度洋和太平洋的温带至热带水域,在世界海洋渔业中占有重要地位.虽然此类群系统学研究已有250多年历史,但是在亚科、属、种(亚种)等不同分类阶元上仍然存在颇多争议和疑问,有必要对其进行深人研究.本文总结了近百年来有关鲷科鱼类的分类和系统发育研究的文献资料,厘定了中国鲷科鱼类的有效物种和种名,修订了过去文献中出现的主要同物异名和错误的命名种,初步确认中国鲷科鱼类现有7属18种(或亚种);在探讨鲷科鱼类分类地位的基础上,指出了当前中国鲷科鱼类系统分类研究中存在的问题,展望了今后研究的方向,旨在为深入研究M科鱼类以合理保护和利用其资源提供参考依据.     

荧光原位杂交概述

荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization，FISH)是在20世纪80年代末在放射性原位杂交技术的基础上发展起来的一种非放射性分子细胞遗传技术，以荧光标记取代同位素标记而形成的一种新的原位杂交方法，探针首先与某种介导分子(reporter molecule)结合，杂交后再通过免疫细胞化学过程连接上荧光染料。FISH的基本原理是将DNA(或RNA)探针用特殊的核苷酸分子标记，     

Hybridization in salmonids: Results and perspectives

This report presents a critical review of interspecific hybridization in salmonids and discusses the potentiality of hybrids for water management and fish farming.     

舟山海域4种鲷科鱼类线粒体Cyt b基因全序列克隆分析

克隆测序了分布于舟山海域的真鲷（Pagrus pagrus）、黑鲷（Sparus macrocephalus）、黄鳍棘鲷（Acanthopagrus latus）和二长棘鲷（Parargyrops edita）4种鲷科鱼类的线粒体Cyt b基因1 141 bp的全序列。通过对4种鲷科鱼类Cyt b基因序列的比对分析,发现了292个核苷酸变异位点,其中存在186个信息位点,序列中的转换大于颠换,碱基替换多发生于密码子第3位。遗传距离分析表明,4种鲷科鱼类的遗传差异在0.096 7~0.227 5之间,其中真鲷与二长棘鲷之间遗传距离最小,为0.096 7,黄鳍棘鲷与二长棘鲷的遗传距离最大,为0.227 5;序列变异的转换/颠换比值在2.293 0~7.358 7之间。以25种鲈总科鱼类构建的系统树表明鲷科鱼类与其他科的鱼类存在较远的遗传亲缘关系。     

舟山海域4种鲷科鱼类线粒体Cytb基因全序列克隆分析

摘要：克隆测序了分布于舟山海域的真鲷（Pagrus pagrus）、黑鲷（Sparus macrocephalus）、黄鳍棘鲷（Acanthopagrus latus）和二长棘鲷（Parargyrops edita）4种鲷科鱼类的线粒体Cytb基因1141bp的全序列。通过对4种鲷科鱼类Cytb基因序列的比对分析,发现了292个核苷酸变异位点,其中存在186个信息位点,序列中的转换大于颠换,碱基替换多发生于密码子第3位。遗传距离分析表明,4种鲷科鱼类的遗传差异在0．0967～0．2275之间,其中真鲷与二长棘鲷之间遗传距离最小,为0．0967,黄鳍棘鲷与二长棘鲷的遗传距离最大,为0．2275;序列变异的转换／颠换比值在2．2930～7．3587之间。以25种鲈总科鱼类构建的系统树表明鲷科鱼类与其他科的鱼类存在较远的遗传亲缘关系。     

Does water temperature determine year class strength in New Zealand snapper (Pagrus auratus,Sparidae)?

The abundance of 1+ snapper (Pagrus auratus) was estimated by trawl surveys and was found to vary 17-fold over 7 years. There was a strong positive correlation between year class strength and autumn (April-June) sea surface temperature during the 0+ year, with the latter explaining 94% of the variability in year class strength. The underlying mechanism is unknown, but three hypotheses relating snapper growth and survival to temperature are discussed. The strengths of the 1991 and 1992 year classes are predicted to be below average and extremely weak, respectively.     

个体生长对秘鲁外海茎柔鱼角质颚形态变化的影响

海洋生物的表型与其栖息环境密切相关,了解其与资源利用相关的表型特征有助于理解其资源利用方式及生态位特征。茎柔鱼广泛分布于东太平洋,是该海域生态系统的关键种,其个体形态受环境影响变化明显。为探究不同环境条件是否会对茎柔鱼的重要摄食器官角质颚的形态产生影响,本研究对东太平洋赤道海域加拉帕戈斯群岛东、西部两个群体共244尾茎柔鱼的角质颚进行了形态学分析。采用传统形态方法测量了角质颚的12项外部形态参数,并利用几何形态测量方法对其上、下角质颚图像分别设置20个地标点并进行数字化分析。结果显示,不同群体的茎柔鱼角质颚的11项外部形态参数均存在显著差异,但差异系数均小于1.28。几何形态分析显示,不同群体茎柔鱼角质颚的整体大小及形状均差异显著,并具有不同的异速生长模式,形状差异主要体现在上颚的喙部与侧壁、下颚的喙部与翼部。不同群体的上、下角质颚均具有较高的判别成功率,平均判别正确率分别为89.61%和85.88%。加拉帕戈斯群岛以东海域的茎柔鱼具有较小的角质颚、较弯曲和尖锐的喙部、较大的侧壁及较短较宽的翼部,可能与该栖息地的环境及食物类型有关。这些与资源利用相关的表型可塑性反映了茎柔鱼对于不同栖息环境的适应,有利于提高其生存能力。     

Morphoecology in larval fin-fish: a new candidate species for aquaculture, Diplodus puntazzo (Sparidae)

This study was aimed to acquire information ontrophic behavior of Diplodus puntazzolarvae and juveniles, by studing theontogenetic sensory development, except vision.D. puntazzo specimens were observed usinga scanning electron (n = 67) and a lightmicroscope (n = 7). The results concerned fourontogenetical stages of sharpsnout seabream:larval, post-larval, transitional, and juvenilestages. The yolk-sac larval stage was notdetected as the smallest larvae at our disposal(3.1 mm TL; 2nd day from hatching) showedno external appearance of the yolk. During thelarval stage (3.1–4.7 mm TL), sharpsnoutseabream is equipped with free neuromasts andolfactory ciliated receptor cells. In thepost-larval stage (5–28.6 mm TL), mechano- andchemo-reception is implemented: the inner andouter taste buds differentiation, the nasalformation, the lateral line system canalizationoccur. The precocious differentiation ofchemo-receptors makes post-larvae particularlysensitive to the organoleptic properties ofadministered preys. D. puntazzo, at theend of this phase, could be considered ajuvenile (complete squamation is acquired),except for the mouth and pharyngeal teeth.During the subsequent phase (`transitional'),in fact, eight chisel-type and two lateralseries of molar-like teeth progressivelysubstituted the conical ones on each jaw, andthree different types of teeth on the upper andlower pharynx differentiated. So, the juvenilephase is reached in individuals longer than58 mm TL.     

Landing,consumption, and DNA barcoding of commercial seabream (Perciformes: Sparidae) in Kuwait

1. To our knowledge, this is the first inclusive assessment of the status of Sparidae fisheries in the territorial waters of Kuwait, integrating information on catch trends, consumer preferences, recreational fishing behaviour, and molecular based identification of fish species by DNA barcoding
2. Fisheries landing data were obtained from the official fisheries bulletin released by the Kuwait Central Statistical Bureau. Surveys were conducted to assess consumer preferences on seabream species, landed seabream species, and the behaviour of recreational anglers towards seabream species. DNA barcodes were generated to authenticate commercial seabream using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COXI) gene and then compared with GenBank sequence entries; these sequences were then used to construct a neighbour-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree.
3. Yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus was the prime and most favoured commercial seabream species (45%), followed by Sparidentex hasta, which was the top-rated secondary, unassessed seabream species. Approximately 54% of households conduct recreational fishing more than twice a month, and most (77%) primarily target S. hasta and Ac. latus. Consumer demand for secondary seabreams, which were not assessed and are listed in the bulletin under the category ‘others’, was evident.
4. The NJ phylogenetic tree revealed that Arabian Gulf seabreams, including those of Kuwait, are genetically different from their counterparts inhabiting neighbouring waters.
5. The data presented here highlight the urgency to modify the existing fisheries list using accurate identification tools, such as DNA barcoding, for the sustainable and conservation-oriented management of local fisheries, which are in decline.

     

Hybridization in Australian Freshwater Crayfish—Production of All-Male Progeny

Abstract.— In freshwater crayfish aquaculture high densities can result from uncontrolled reproduction. Hence some farmers manually sex yabbies Cherax albidus and stock only mate crayfish in farm dams or ponds. Although male-only yabby populations produce an estimated 70% increase in gross income, hand sexing is time consuming and prone to error. A hybridization experiment using freshwater crayfish from the yabby species complex, collected from geographically isolated regions throughout Australia, revealed a hybrid between Cherax rotundus females and C. albidus males which consistently produces only male progeny. This has been confirmed in nine crosses of the same two species. The reciprocal cross of C. albidus females × C. rotundus males produces both male and female progeny. The consistent production of only male progeny by hybridization has not been recorded previously for a crustacean.     

海胆杂交育种技术研究进展

海胆属于棘皮动物门、游在亚门、海胆纲,具有较高的食用价值、药用价值、科研与教学价值,其部分种类的生殖腺味道极其鲜美,营养也很丰富。世界现存海胆种类约850种,全部为海产;中国发现的海胆约100种,其中能形成规模性渔获产量并具有一定经济价值的种类不足10种,北方有光棘球海胆(也称大连紫海胆)(Strongylocentrotus nudus)、     

Short-term hooking mortality of three marine fish species (Sparidae) caught by recreational angling in the south Portugal

Short-term hooking mortality was evaluated for three sparid species [Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire), Sparus aurata L. and Spondyliosoma cantharus (L.)] in the Algarve, south Portugal. Fishes were caught from the shore during October 2009 at a fish farm reservoir (Ria Formosa), using three different hook sizes. The relationships between hooking mortality and seven independent variables were analyzed using logistic regression models. In all, 384 fishes representing the three target species were caught during the angling sessions. The most caught species was S. cantharus (n = 181; 100% undersized), followed by S. aurata (n = 137; 89% undersized) and D. vulgaris (n = 66; 97% undersized). Mortalities ranged between 0% for D. vulgaris and 12% for S. aurata (S. cantharus, 3%). For S. aurata, anatomical hooking location was the main predictor of mortality, with 63% of the fishes that died being deeply hooked. Our results support the current mandatory practices of releasing undersized fish for the studied species, given the low post-release mortality rates observed.     

Successful Hybridization of Acipenser Species Using Cryopreserved Sperm

Successful hybridization of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) × Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), sterlet × Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti) and sterlet × European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) was carried out for the first time using cryopreserved semen of sturgeon males and sterlet × sterlet crosses as controls. Sperm of all three species was diluted with a cryodiluent composed of 23.4 mM sucrose, 0.25 mM KCl, 30 mM Tris (pH 8.0) and 10% methanol. The samples were frozen in plastic straws in the vapor of liquid nitrogen at the height of 3 cm above the level of nitrogen for 3 min. Following thawing approximately 3000 sterlet eggs were fertilized with six straws of frozen-thawed sperm. The hatching rate with sterlet sperm was 30.6% while the hatching rate of A. ruthenus × A. baeri, A. ruthenus × A. gueldenstaedti and A. ruthenus × A. sturio hybrids was 50, 17.4 and 34%, respectively. Morphometric markers as well as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay was used to verify interspecific hybridization.     

鮰鱼杂交F_1代鱼种LDH同工酶的研究

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶不连续圆盘电泳及特异性组织化学染色技术,结合CS910型双波长薄层扫描研究了鮰鱼杂交F_1代鱼种(斑点叉尾鮰×长鳍叉尾鮰)肌肉、肝脏、晶体、肾脏、心脏、脑6种组织中的LDH同工酶系统的分化表达谱式。结果表明,杂交F_1代鱼种的LDH同工酶系统具有明显的组织特异性。本文还论述了杂交F_2 代鱼种LDH同工酶的特征并推测其 LDH同工酶可能AB~1B~2或 LDH-A,-B,-C共同控制。     

人工养成达氏鳇与欧洲鳇的杂交繁殖技术

为掌握人工饲养的达氏鳇和欧洲鳇的杂交繁殖技术,利用工厂化养殖车间人工驯养达氏鳇和欧洲鳇.经过多年的精心培育,70%的达氏鳇、欧洲鳇亲鱼性腺发育成熟.于2010年12月选择2尾达氏鳇雌鱼与1尾欧洲鳇雄鱼进行杂交,获得受精卵41.8万粒,共孵化出优质鱼苗36.5万尾,平均受精率为82%,孵化率87.5%,亲鱼成活率100%.